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Beyond the Bias and Barriers

- Women in STEM Careers in Japan-

Tokyo, Japan, March 8, 2018 　

Hisako Ohtsubo1, Haruko Ogawa2, Megumi Sato3, Noriko Hirata-Kohno4

1SeniorResearcher,NihonUniversity.Email:ohtsubo.hisako@nihon-u.ac.jp2Professor,OchanomizuUniversity.Email:ogawa.haruko@ocha.ac.jp

3Lecturer,NihonUniversity.Email:sato.megumi@nihon-u.ac.jp4Professor,NihonUniversity.Email:hirata@math.cst.nihon-u.ac.jp

ERN2018#2:GENDEREQUALITYINRESEARCH&DUALCAREERS

LowRaJoofFemaleResearchersinJapan

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•  NumbersofFemaleResearchersareincreasing.　

2005: 98,700（11.9%) --→　2017: 144,100（15.7%）

•  RaJoofthefemaleresearchersaresJlllow,becauseofitslowraJointhecompaniesandindustries(8.2%).

Japan’sNumericalTarget:202030

(15.7%in2017)�

1．One Numerical Target, 30% by 2020 (2003)　(30% of female ratio in leading positions in all the area in society)

2. Two Basic Plans Every 5 years (since 2005, 2010, 2015) 1) The Basic Plan for Science and Technology 2) The Basic Plan for Gender Equality 3. Three Programs by MEXT (2006 - present) 1) Supporting Activities for Female Researchers (2006 - present )

Supporting Positive Activities for Female Researchers (2009-2011) (“KASOKU”-Program/Acceleration-Program)

2) Restart Postdoctoral (RPD) Fellowship (2006 - ) 3) Support for Female High-School Students into Science(2006 - )

Policies & Measures Supporting Gender Equality in STEM Field in Japan

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％

男女雇用機会均等法 Basic Law for a

Gender-Equal Society

科学技術基本法

第2期科学技術基本計画

第3期科学技術基本計画

モデル育成事業RPD制度理系選択支援

加速プログラム

第4期科学技術基本計画

年0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

合計(理工農)

教授(理工農)

助(准)教授(理工農)

講師(理工農)

助教+助手(理工農)

助手(理工農)

助教(理工農)

合計(全体)

2004

独 法 化

Increase of Female Ratio of Researchers in STEM　

4

Equal Employment Opportunity Law

The Basic Act on Science and Technology

The 2nd Basic Plan for Science and Technology

The 4th Basic Plan for Science and Technology

Megumi Sato et al., Transactions of Nihon University School of Dentistry 44, 69-75

The 3rd Basic Plan for Science and Technology

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Almost 100 Universities/Institutions have been participating in these MEXT Programs.　(2006 ~ present)

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1.  Supporting Activities for Female Researchers (2006 ~)“Common Programs” among the Institutions Next slides!!

“Unique self-check system”(2010 – present)•  Ochanomizu University

Supporting Positive Activities for Female Researchers“KASOKU-Program”/Acceleration-Program (2009-2011)

Good Examples:•  Kyushu University•  Nagoya University

2.  Restart Postdoctoral (RPD) Fellowship (2006 ~) “Restart from childcare leave”

A kind of“Quotas System” brought spillover effects

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http://www.kyodo-sankaku.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp

Up-skilling Program

Work-LifeBalance

MentoringProgram

Gender Equality

Office

On-CampusNursery

Climate Change

On-CampusChildcareAfter school

Support for Women Students

Supporting Program

HeForShe(UN Women)

Various Programs for Promoting Gender Equality by Nagoya University

Annual Reports

LocalNetworking

http://www.kyodo-sankaku.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp

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•  Since 2010 ~ present•  In 2016,

Excel Sheets to 98 institutions. 41, recovered (41.8% recovery)

•  50 questions →　 100 points•  Average score: 61.8 points

Top: 80 points, Bottom: 17 points•  Popular items:

ü  Set up the Organization (eg: GE Office)

ü Offering information support via Homepage

ü  Ｔaking measures to prevent sexual harassment

•  Various use:ü  self-check and follow changes over

the years, ü  data-based evidence for

negotiation to the top.

“Ochadai Index”, A Self-Check INDEX for leveling the field

①

②

③

④

⑤

⑥

⑦②

③

⑤

①

④

⑦

⑥

http://www-w.cf.ocha.ac.jp/leader/cosmos/contents/consolidation/ochaindex/howtoochaindex/

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“KASOKU-Program”/Acceleration-Program

Women Researchers Promotion Program by Kyushu University

by courtesy of Prof. Eriko Jotaki@ Kyushu University

Two steps competition are required in selection procedure.

Qualities of candidates as well as motivation of the departments are examined.

(2009~2018)

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“KASOKU-Program”/Acceleration-ProgramNo one could say any more “Is there any female applicants?” and so on,

Such as “It is deterioration of academic level” !!

by courtesy of Prof. Eriko Jotaki @ Kyushu University

High spillover effect was observed!

Quotas

Numbers of Female Faculty Members

1010

Division of Biological Sc.i, Graduate School of Sci., Nagoya Univ.http://www.bio.nagoya-u.ac.jp/introduction.html

2006 2016

Three is a magic Number!

by courtesy of Prof. Narie Sasaki @ Nagoya University

Drastic Increase in 11 years in Biology Division@Nagoya-U.

Numbers of AwardeesIncluding the continued

fellows

Applicant

Awardee

Adoption rate

63.2

90

10.5

3.7

10.5

1.710.5

3.15.3 1.4

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

RPD PD

Jobsa*er5years

unemployedpart-?mejobpart-?meresearcherpostdocfull-?meresearcher

RPD*：Advancement in the past decade

*: Restart Pstdctoral Fellow ¥ 362,000/month for 3yrs

2006　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2016

2006　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2016

Numbers of Applicants & Awardees

https://www.jsps.go.jp/j-pd/rpd_gaiyo.html

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The association of 90 academic societies in STEM (2015)　

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EPMEWSE ─ Renraku-kai (established at 2002)

Japan Inter-Society Liaison Association Committee for Promoting Equal Participation of

Men and Women in Science and Engineering (EPMEWSE)

1.  Large-scale surveys every 5 years2.  Proposals and Requests to the Government3.  Annual symposium every fall 4.  Surveys of female ratio in each societies5.  Summer camp & Workshop for high-school girls

The Major Rolls

<http://www.djrenrakukai.org/en/index.html>

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Visibility Surveysof Female Scientistsin Scientific Societies& Scientific Meeting

Large Scale Surveys every 5 years

Analysis & Reports

Proposals & Requests

WELCOME to EPMEWSE: English Homepagehttp://www.djrenrakukai.org/en/index.html

VisibilityoftheFemaleScienJstsinScienJficSocieJes

TheMathemaIcalSocietyofJapan

TheChemicalSocietyofJapan

PhysiologicalSocietyofJapan

ThePhysicalSocietyofJapan

TheZoologicalSocietyofJapan

Ordinarymembers

Studentmembers

President/VPs

Directors

SpeakersinvitedtoSymposium

Organizers:MenonlyMen&Women

ArewevisibleenoughinthescienIficsocieIes?WeseeUnconsciousBiaseverywhere!

HommaMK.,MotohashiR.andOhtsuboH.GenestoCells18(07):529-532(2013)

h^p://annex.jsap.or.jp/renrakukai/doc_pdf/2013_raIo/2013_raIo_table.pdf

FemaleRa?ooftheSocie?es(2013)

(10/82havefemaleP/VP.)

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Large-Scale Survey in STEM Every 5 Years

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The 3rd Large-Scale Survey of Actual Conditions of Gender Equality in Scientific and Technological Professions

August 2013

Contents of the Report:Chapter 1 　Summary of Results Chapter 2 Gender Gap in Job Positions Chapter 3 Child and Nursing Care Chapter 4 Limited-term Employment and Postdocs Chapter 5 Programs and Policies Chapter 6 Written Comments

81 Scientific Societies in STEM field, Survey was done in the fall of 2012Numbers of respondents: 16,314 (Male 11,958 & Female 4,356)http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

Under 39

Numbers of children in younger generation

Numbers of children Numbers of children they wish and they could

More than two children are desired, but it is difficult for younger generations.

The reasons why they do not have children

Men financial matterWomen difficult to maintain career and family

Male Female Male Female

Over 40

0.9 at 40 years old

http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

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Heavy family responsibility to women’s side (2007)

in the Lab

http://www.djrenrakukai.org/2007enquete/h19enquete_report_v2.pdf

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Male

Female

Shorter working hours (11‐14 hrs/week) in the Lab

Longer working hours (20 hrs/week) at home

Female<Male Female>Male

00.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.55

Male

Female

at home�

Hours at workplace per week Hours for household & childcare per day

1818

Childcare Leave: The rate is increasing, but・・・

1368 700 272 1262

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

Didnottakeleave

Tookleave,butnotasrequested

Tookleaveasrequested

17737 17

32

78

247

19

13482 48

210

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

Didnottakeleave

Tookleave,butnotasrequested

Tookleaveasrequested

7736 18

9

107

2

4

37 6

29

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Didnottakeleave

Tookleave,butnotasrequested

Tookleaveasrequested

Male (Universities) Female (Universities) Female (Corporations)

1135

21

241

59

32

10

666

154

118

70

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Male

FemaleWasunnecessary

Didnotwishtotakeleave

Homeenvironment

Workplaceenvironment

Noprovisionexisted

Why Parents with Pre-school Children did not take Childcare Leave!

http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

Requirements for Balancing Family and Work

0 20 40 60

仕事中心の考え方の変化

上司の理解 職場の雰囲気

介護サービスの拡充 勤務時間の弾力化

男女役割分担の意識の変化 学童保育の拡充

休業中に自宅で仕事を継続できる仕組み 病児保育

保育園のサービスの拡充 女性

男性

％

Female

Male

Expanded Nursery Service�

Flexible Working Hours�

Workplaces Atmosphere�

Sick Child Care�

Changes in “work as center” concepts�

Understanding from Supervisor �

Changes in male and female roll�

Expanded after-school care for children �

Expanded Nursing-care sirvice�

Variety of provisions for leave of absence�

The analysis of “The 4th Large-Scale Survey” has done in 2017.New data is open in our Homepage (http://www.djrenrakukai.org/enquete.html#enq).

http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

Dennis Normile 記者（Science)

Science 349 Issue 6244 p127-128､ July 10, 2015 by Dennis Normile, in Tokyo

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“WOMEN IN SCIENCE”, Interviewed by “Science”

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051015202530354045

　

大学で主宰（男性）

大学で主宰（女性）

企業で主宰（男性）

企業で主宰（女性）

（％）

PIatUniversity(Men)

PIatUniversity(Women)PIatCompany(Men)

PIatCompany(Women)

MEXTprogramshavechangedtheaPtudeofWomenscienQsts.

Yes,wewanttobeleaders!!

TheProgramsStarted.

FromEPMEWSELargeScaleSurveys(2003–2017)

FromtheReportsonthe4thSurvey,October14,2017hcp://www.djrenrakukai.org/report/20171014_15th/4th_enq_report_S.pdf

•  Introduction�•  Unconscious Bias is a Relatively New Concept.�•  Unconscious Bias Schema�•  Unconscious Bias in Action (Examples)�•  Unconscious is most extreme when…�•  Implicit Association Test (IAT)�•  Tools to Interrupt Unconscious Biases�•  Closing Remarkes�

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Leaflet“UnderstandingUnconsciousBias”EPMEWSEpublishedtheleafletinordertounderstandUnconsciousBiasweface,suchashiring,promoIon,awardingandsoon.

Englishversion:publishedinMarch,2018h^p://www.djrenrakukai.org/en/index.html

h^p://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/2017/UnconsciousBias_leaflet_eng.pdf

References

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The Large-Scale Survey by EPMEWSEThe 3rd Large-Scale Survey of Actual Conditions of Gender Equality in Scientific and Technological Professions (Survey Report: Concise Summary)http://www.djrenrakukai.org/doc_pdf/3rd_enq_report_en.pdf

Letters, Articles and Interviews Repoｒｔｓ:1. Homma MK, Motohashi R. and Ohtsubo H.: Japan's Lagging Gender Equality. Science Apr 26; 340 (6131): 428-30 (2013) 2. Homma MK., Motohashi R. and Ohtsubo H.: Maximizing the Potential of Scientists in Japan: promoting equal participation for women scientists through leadership development. Genes to Cells 18(07): 529-532 (2013) 3. Still Less Equal: Japan’s government must stick by its promise to help women’s careers to prosper. Nature Editorials, 497 535, 30 May, 2013 4. Japan Aims high for growth: Innovation in science is at the heart of government plans to boost the economy. By David Cyranoski, Nature Letters, 497 548, 30 May, 2013 5. Women in Science: Plan to drop goals for women roils Japanese Science: Change stirs debate about how underrepresentation of women. Science 349 Issue 6244 p127-128､ July 10, 2015 by Dennis Normile, in Tokyo 6. Yokoyama, M., Ohtsubo, H., OGAWA, M., et al: The Policies Promoting Women’s Participation in STEM Fields in Japan from 2006 to 2015.:ジェンダー研究 : お茶の水女子大学ジェンダー研究所年報 (Gender Research Institute: Ochanomizu University. Annual Report) Vol.19 p.175 -192

URLs:Kyushu Univ.: Women Researchers Promotion Programs, http://wrp.kyushu-u.ac.jp/eng/busi/index.php#aNagoya Univ.: http://www.kyodo-sankaku.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp

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Thankyou!

Girl’sDayand/orWomen’sDayinJapan!!