Commercialization of Livestock Agriculture in Africa: Challenges and opportunities

WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN LIVESTOCK MARKETS IN KENYA

Presented by NJUKI, J, KARIUKI , J., WAITHANJI, E., MBURU, S. and LYIMO-MACHA, J. for the 5th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture and the 18th Annual Meeting of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, October 25-28, 2010

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Presentation Outline

• Introduction

• Objectives

• Methodology

• Results

• Conclusion

• Recommendations

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Introduction

• Livestock production and marketing are considered a promising pathway out of poverty (ILRI, 2002)

• Strategic focus on women can contribute to long term poverty reduction (Kristjanson et al, 2010)

• Women’s access to livestock production resources inhibited by gender-based constraints (World Bank, 2009)

• Minimal research analyses women’s participation at different levels of livestock value chains (Kristjanson et al 2010)

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Objectives

To identify key issues that hinder equitable

participation of women in the

livestock value chain

To identify key issues that hinder equitable

participation of women in the

livestock value chain

2. To analyze livestock value chains (LVC) in order to determine women’s participation in them and identify the constraints they face

2. To analyze livestock value chains (LVC) in order to determine women’s participation in them and identify the constraints they face

1. To analyse differences in market participation for livestock and livestock products

1. To analyse differences in market participation for livestock and livestock products

3. To analyse which LVC have the most economic benefits for women

3. To analyse which LVC have the most economic benefits for women

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Methodology: Study area

• Study conducted in 4 districts in Kenya: Kajiado, Kiambu, Meru and Tharaka

• Kiambu and Meru are high potential with mixed crop-livestock production economy

• Kajiado and Tharaka are semi-arid with a livestock-based economy

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Methodology: Data collection

• Data collection methods

– Household surveys (243) - Quantitative

– Focus group discussions (5) - Qualitative

• Multi-staged sampling: Purposive sampling of sub-locations within districts and random sampling of households within sub-locations

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- 5 livestock value chains analysed: Dairy cattle; dairy goats; meat goats, sheep, honey and poultry – indigenous and exotic chicken eggs and meat

- Gendered market preferences- Gendered market participation- Intra-household income control - Intra-household decision-making

Methodology cont.: Data analysis

From FGDs

From HH surveys

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Results 1: Gendered difference in market participation in male headed households?

• Most women sold chicken and cow milk from the farm gate to traders and other neighbouring farmers

Chart 5: Gendered sale of live chickens in different markets

Chart 6: Gendered sale of cow milk in different markets

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Household head Spouse

Live chicken sales

Per

cen

tag

e

From home to other farmers

From home to traders(bicycle traders etc)

Delivered to traders / shops /hotels

Regional / City market

0102030

40506070

Household head Spouse

Cow milk sales

Per

cent

age

From home to other farmers

From home to traders(bicycle traders etc)Delivered to traders / shops/ hotelsVillage market

Regional / City market

Collection centre

Chilling plant / co-op plant

• Most men delivered their chickens to traders / shops / hotels

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Market outlet Women Men

Commodity preferences  

Cow milk 3.8 4.2

Indigenous chickens and eggs

4.1 3.5

Beef and / or goat meat 4 3.4

Goat milk 4.4 2.8

Informal Markets  

Brokers 3.5 2.9

Neighbours 3.2 2.8

Restaurants/ kiosks 2.8 2.7

Shops 1.9 3.3

Individual buyers NA 3.8

Butcheries NA 3.2

Formal Markets  

Dairy cooperatives 3.7 4

Results 1 cont.: Gendered differences in benefits from livestock commodities and market participation

Table 1: Mean rankings for livestock commodity and livestock markets

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Results 2: Women’s participation in value chains

• Dairy goat value chain most commercialised and dominated by men

• Most women participated at the production stages of the dairy goat value chain

• Most of the butchers, brokers and commercial sales people were predominantly male

Chart 5: The dairy goat value chain

GOATS AT THE FARM Labour: 50% Women

EMERGENCY SALES TO BROKERS

Sales: 100% Men

LOCAL FARMERS 50% Women

Meru Goat Breeders Association AND OTHER BROKERS Management: 60% Women

BUTCHERSKsh 23 per kg100% Men

SALES TO (DISTANT) END USERSMale ¾ Toggenburg at Ksh 10,000 (any weightFemale ¾ Toggenburg at Ksh 9,000100% Men

COMMERCIAL USE AS BREEDING STOCKKsh 200 per kg plus Ksh 2000 breeding value

Sales: 100% Men

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FARMActors – 100% womenValue – Ksh 8.00 a piece

DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION

FARM SALES TO BROKERS

Actors – 100% WomenValue – Ksh 10.00 a piece

FARM SALES AND GIFTS

SHOPSActors – 50% womenValue – Ksh 10.00

RESTAURANTS IN NGONGActors – 60% menValue – Ksh 15 – 20 a piece

END USER / CONSUMER

DAGORETTI MARKET

Actors – 100% Women Value – Ksh 10.00 a piece

•Indigenous egg value chain least commercialised and mainly dominated by women

• Women participated the most at the production stage of the value chain, and also in sales to brokers and from the market

• A smaller proportion of women sold eggs from shops and restaurants

Results 2 cont: Women’s participation in value chains

Chart 6: The indigenous egg value chain

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Results 2: Determinants of women’s participation in livestock and livestock product sales

Table 2: Determinants of participation in egg sales by women in MHH

* Dependant variable: whether women sold eggs

0.019Constant

0.011dist14=Tharaka

0.024dist12=Kiambu

0.873Received training

0.574Dependency ratio

0.213Transport asset

0.020Communication asset

0.121College

0.041Primary education

0.172Age

0.020Belong to group=1

P>zVariable

Table 3: Determinants of participation in goat and sheep sales in MHH

* Dependant variable: whether women sold goat and sheep

0.007Constant

0.016**dist14=Tharaka

0.689dist13=Meru

0.15dist12=Kiambu

0.027**Received training

0.559Dependency ratio

0.01***Transport asset

0.18Communication asset

0.32Secondary education

0.555No education

0.044**Age

0.937Belong to group=1

P>zVariables

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Chickenincomes

Eggsincome

Cattleincomes

Milkincomes

Shoatsincome

Honeyincome

Per

cen

tag

eResults 3: Which LVC have the most economic

benefits for women?

• Intra-household income control varied with different livestock and livestock products

• Most female spouses managed incomes from shoat and chicken sales

Chart 7: Percentage income from livestock and livestock products managed by female spouse in male headed households

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Conclusion: Women’s Participation in livestock markets in Kenya

• Participation in livestock enterprises differ by gender: Women prefer to sell goat milk and indigenous chicken and eggs over cow milk and beef

• Market participation differs by gender: Women accessed local informal markets close to their homes

• Commercialisation of livestock and livestock products influences women’s ability to maintain participation in higher levels of the LVC

• Determinants of participation in markets by women in MHH varied according to access to resources and services

• Women controlled most income from sale of shoat and chicken sales

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Recommendations• Livestock development projects need to

take into account livestock species and products that have the highest likelihood of benefiting women.

• Future research on intra household dynamics to identify ways of reducing womens loss of income control resulting from increased commercialisation.

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THANK YOU