Wood Design & Building Winter 2015-16

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Roy-Lawrence ResidenceModern-day home reflects

its natural environment

Wood Design AwardsMeet the

2015 winners

Glued CompositesNew connections extend the use of wood in complex applications

Against the Grain 6Bridges

Wood Chips 8News and events on wood-related subjects

Wood Ware 46Canoes

O C

Roy-Lawrence Residence 14Modern-day home heavily influenced by iconic Swiss architecture reflects its natural environment.

Above and on the cover: Roy-LawRence Residence, sutton, QcPhoto cRedit: chevalier Morales architectes

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2015 Wood Design Award Winners 10Wood Design & Building recognizes inspiring wood projects that have made their mark.

Fire Station 76 18Understated functionality is complemented by a dark, charred exterior.

Videotron Centre 26Quebec City’s multipurpose arena evokes a snowy, northern aesthetic.

French Pavilion 30Part of the Expo 2015 Universal Exhibition, the pavilion was designed as an archetypal marketplace to showcase France’s agricultural identity.

Feature 34In light of the recent United Nations Climate Change Conference and growing concern about the environment, we compare the environmental and cost savings benefits of wood versus steel.

Technical Solutions 44Glued connections are the latest trend in adhesive technologies, as a stiff but ductile alternative to screwed connections.

c o n t e n t s

Ideas & Applications 40Putting the Pieces Together Prefabrication of wood components can shorten construction time and lower costs, when applied to the right project.

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Theresa RogersExecutive [email protected]

A New Year

Wood Design & Building magazine invites you to submit your project for consideration and possible publication. We welcome contributed projects, bylined articles and letters to the editor, as well as comments or suggestions for improving our magazine. Please send your submissions to Theresa Rogers at [email protected].

At Wood Design & Building magazine, we take great pride in the fact our award-winning magazine is the only one in North America dedicated exclusively to articles about timber architecture and engineering. Our goal is to inspire you with creative solutions for wood design and construction.

The emphasis on sustainable solutions has never been greater and wood has a unique distinction as both a cost-effective and environmentally friendly building material that, especially given new technologies, can be used in more and more applications. In this issue, our story on glued composites (p. 44) details how innovations in connections technology are making the use of wood in the most demanding of applications – wind turbines and bridges – even more feasible.

As our publication looks toward 2016, we will continue to explore inspired wood architecture and feature trends in wood design and construction. Prefabrication (p. 40) is one current trend that is transforming the world of construction, and the development of taller wood buildings (and accompanying code changes) is redefining the way wood is viewed as a structural material.

This issue also features winners from our very own Wood Design Awards. From sports facilities to a fire station to an airport and a bar, this year’s winners truly showcase a diversity of wood projects. (You’ll have to get the 2015/2016 North American Wood Design Awards book next fall to see all of the winners!)

We hope you will join us for another year as we feature the top creative designs and solutions in the world of wood architecture.

www.wooddesignandbuilding.com

Winter 2015-16, Volume 20, Issue 72

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WhAt I’ve fAlleN for thIs moNth...

inspiration BoaRd

100 Contemporary Wood Buildingsa double-volume of books exploring contemporary wood buildings around the world.

the Vogue, Paris review says timber is “undoubtedly one of the most elegant modern building materials.”

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Toronto Christmas Marketi recently visited the toronto christmas Market. though small, i found it a faithful

recreation of some of the large christmas markets i’ve visited in France and Germany. i loved the wooden christmas decorations. even Forests ontario had a

stall with a representative selling christmas trees of all sizes. #iheartforests www.torontochristmasmarket.com

Celebrating Excellence in Wood Architecture 2014/15this is our new book and i think it’s my favorite cover ever. order your

copy and add to or start your own collection today. www.cwc.ca

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Against the GRAIN

BridgesKelly Townsend

1. Bow River Footbridge (2013) architect: structurecraft Builders inc. Location: Banff, aB Photo cRedit: Paul Zizka Photography

2. De Luchtsingel (2014) architect: Zus Location: Rotterdam, netherlands Photo cRedit: ossip van duivenbode

3. Henderson Waves Bridge (2008) architect: RsP architects Planners & engineers Pte Ltd and iJP corporation Location: southern Ridges, singapore Photo cRedit: RsP architects Planners & engineers Pte Ltd and iJP corporation

4. VLM Bridge (2009) architect: and-RÉ Location: Vilamoura, Portugal Photo cRedit: João soares

5. Onepoto Pedestrian Footbridge (2008) architect: Beca architects Location: auckland, new Zealand Photo cRedit: simon devitt Photographer

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The modern concept of a bridge is usually visualized as a functional steel or concrete structure that enables vehicles and pedestrians to cross from point A to point B. The wood bridges featured here have not only challenged that per-ception from an architectural point of view, but from an aesthetic one as well.

The Bow River Footbridge, built in Banff, AB, one of Canada’s most iconic tourist destinations, is considered one of the world’s longest timber foot-bridges at 262 ft. Its 13-ft.-wide deck is constituted entirely of pre-stressed timber panels, with two tuned mass dampers constructed underneath to ensure a 75-year lifespan. Timber was specifically chosen as the primary building material, not only for environmental purposes, but for a natural aesthetic.

Rotterdam’s De Luchtsingel has the distinction of being the world’s first crowd-funded public infrastructure. More than 8,000 of the wooden boards along the 1,312-ft. pedestrian bridge bear the inscriptions of donors, which residents can read as they make their way to the three districts connected by the bridge.

The Henderson Waves Bridge proves that functionality and art aren’t always opposites. The bridge has become a landmark in Singapore, with its wave-like structure overhanging Henderson Road. Indigenous yellow balau timber was used to create the modular decks and balustrades which were sourced from certified sustainable timber farms.

The VLM Bridge in Villamoura, Portugal, redefines the idea of moving pictures. Artist Domingos Loureiro created two images by painting on either side of the bridge’s 180 wood boards. While the artwork is invisible from a direct view, as drivers approach the bridge from an angle, the artwork comes to life, as if they are the frames of a movie.

The Onepoto Pedestrian Footbridge in Auckland’s North Shore, was inspired by local history. The timber boards along the walkway mimic the skeleton of a whale. This is in tribute to local Maori who once fished in the Onepoto basin that lies below the 492-ft. walkway.

The use of wood in these bridges plays a key role in connecting the often divergent lines of art and functionality, and brings modern innovation to traditional design.

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When Execution Matters

Innovative Glulam &

Timber Solutions

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WOODCHIPS

k New Student Residence to be among world’s Tallest wood Buildings

The tallest wood building in Canada will soon be con-structed at the University of British Columbia (UBC). When completed in 2017, the $51.5-million residence will stand at 174 ft. or 18 stories. It will consist of a mass timber superstructure atop a concrete base. “The UBC project will serve as a great example of the research and technology that is involved in taking wood construction to new heights,” says Michael Giroux, President of the Canadian Wood Council. The project’s architect, Vancouver’s Acton Ostry Architects, is working in collaboration with tall wood advi-sor Architekten Hermann Kaufmann from Austria. Fast + Epp, another local firm, is the structural engineer. The group is aiming for LEED Gold certification.www.ubc.ca www.cwc.ca

k Students Reproduce Traditional first Nations wood finishes

University of British Columbia (UBC) students Jun Lee and Vinicius Lube have reproduced traditional wood finishes used by First Nations people in B.C. With help from the Museum of Anthropology (MOA) at UBC, Lee and Lube, graduate students in chemical engineering and wood sci-ence, collected a number of natural pigments that First Nations people along the coast of the Pacific Northwest would have used to paint totem poles or other decorative wooden objects. These pigments included bone black, green earth and red ochre, among others. In order for a pigment to stain wood, Lee and Lube used salmon eggs, which had to be chewed and spit out to create the right consistency and color. Lube said the process and time needed to repro-duce these finishes provides insight as to why traditional First Nations people may have adopted commercial prod-ucts so quickly. Lee and Lube’s detailed technical report on how to produce the finishes will be housed in the MOA’s archives. They hope their findings can be used by anyone interested in reproducing the traditional finishes them-selves, including indigenous artists.https://youtube/7WwI91iqkG0

Robert Glowinski and usFs chief tom tidwell

k awC wood Panel Highlights Merit of wood ConstructionThe American Wood Council (AWC) is shining a spotlight on the merits of mass timber construction. AWC joined with reThink Wood to host an “Urban Sustainability, Rural Prosperity” panel discussion at the National Press Club during National Forest Products Week. “It is our hope that this discussion will lead to new insights that can be used in designing buildings and planning communities,” AWC President and CEO Robert Glowinski says. Panel discus-sions included U.S. Forest Service’s efforts to promote renewable wood products, changing perceptions of tall wood buildings, the carbon sequestration properties of wood products and what some cities are doing to lead the way on tall wood buildings.http://awc.org/nfpw

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WOODCHIPS

k Ontario wood WORKS! 2015 wood Design award winners announced

Some of Ontario’s leading architects, engi-neers, and project teams received Wood Design Awards at the 15th annual Wood WORKS! Ontario celebration in Toronto. The awards program recognizes people and organiza-tions that are advancing the use of wood in all types of construction. The group handed out 12 awards at the event; nine went to specific wood projects and three were given to professionals whose contributions to the design/build community made them stand out as wood design experts and advocates. “Wood has significant environmental advantages over competing materials and, in many applications, designers and devel-opers are reporting significant time and cost savings,” says Marianne Berube, Executive Director of the Ontario Wood WORKS! program. Find the entire list of winners online.http://wood-works.ca/ontario

k accoya wins 2015 Innovator award Accoya wood, manufactured by Accsys Technologies, recently received the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovator Award, which recognizes leaders across industries that are designing for upcycling and making perpetually cycled and environmentally friendly products. Accsys Technologies’ Accoya wood is produced in a low-energy process using only sustainable sourced timber made from the fastest-growing species. Through the acetylation process, the part of the wood that readily bonds with water is replaced by acetyl groups, which are naturally occurring in wood. At the end-of-use, Accoya can be treated in a similar way to untreated wood and be recycled or upcycled. www.C2CProductSymposium.org www.accoya.com

k Study Underscores Importance of forests and forest Products in Mitigating Climate Change

The Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC) is applauding an issues paper released by the Canadian Climate Forum that documents how forests and products made from tree fiber will play a critical role in the transition to a low carbon economy. The study, “Contributing to Climate Change Solutions,” authored by scientist Dr. Stephen Colombo, explains how forests and trees absorb carbon. “We are delighted to see this paper confirm how our renewable forests can play a role in mitigating climate change,” says David Lindsay, former President and CEO of FPAC.www.fpac.ca/wp-content/uploads/

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2015 Wood

desIgN AWArds

JuRoRs

DaviD KeltnerPrincipalhackerwww.hackerarchitects.com

Stéphan langevinPrincipalSt-Gelais Montminy + Associés / Architecteswww.stgm.net

Dean MaltzManaging PartnerShigeru Ban Architects Americawww.shigerubanarchitects.com

Wood Design & Building magazine is pleased to announce the recipients of the 2015 Wood Design Awards. A jury panel selected 22 winning projects, including nine international entries, from 140 submissions. With a nod to the caliber of entries, the panel of three judges remarked on the excellence of the submissions throughout the judging process. All projects demonstrated a commitment to architectural excellence in wood. Special awards were also granted by the Cana-dian Wood Council as well as this year’s award sponsors, Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) and Western Red Cedar.

In partnership with the Canadian Wood Council, Wood Design & Building would like to thank everyone who participated in the 2015 Wood Design Awards program. A special thank you is also extended to SFI, Western Red Cedar, as well as our esteemed jurors. Congratulations to the winners!

noRth aMeRicanHONORundeRhiLL, Matinecock, ny, Bates Masi + architects LLc

stade de socceR de MontRÉaL, Montréal, Qc, saucier + Perrotte architectes and hughes condon Marler architects

GuiLdFoRd aQuatic centRe, surrey, Bc, Bing thom architects, shape architecture (associate architect)

MERITLiGhtBox, Point Roberts, wa, Bohlin cywinski Jackson

Roy-LawRence Residence, sutton, Qc, chevalier Morales architectes

FoRt McMuRRay inteRnationaL aiRPoRt, Fort McMurray, aB, office of mcfarlane biggar architects + designers inc.

toRonto PuBLic LiBRaRy scaRBoRouGh ciVic centRe BRanch, toronto, on, LGa architectural Partners and Phillip h. carter architects in joint venture

Mec head oFFice, Vancouver, Bc, Proscenium architecture + interiors inc.

FiRe station 76, Gresham, oR, hennebery eddy architects, inc.

CITaTIONoLd Main acadeMic BuiLdinG addition, thompson Rivers university, Kamloops, Bc, diamond schmitt architects, stantec architecture (associate architect)

whitetaiL woods ReGionaL PaRK caMPeR caBins, Farmington, Mn, hGa architects and engineers

BaR RaVaL, toronto, on, PaRtisans architects

Mont-LauRieR MuLtiPuRPose PeRFoRMance haLL, Mont-Laurier, Qc, Les architectes FaBG

inteRnationaLHONORPuuKuoKKa housinG BLocK, Jyväskylä, Finland, ooPeaa office for Peripheral architecture

PuBLic LiBRaRy oF constituciÓn, constitución, chile, sebastian irarrazaval arquitectos

MERITwoRLd inteLLectuaL PRoPeRty oRGaniZation conFeRence haLL, Geneva, switzerland, Behnisch architekten

Pinch sweeP waRP, shuanghe Village, yunnan Province, china, hong Kong university architecture students

CITaTIONnuRseRy in GuastaLLa, Guastalla, Reggio emilia, italy, Mario cucinella architects

VeneeR house – coGon day schooL, Barangay cogon, Balilihan Bohol, Philippines, Kobayashi Maki design workshop

neLson MaRLBoRouGh institute oF technoLoGy aRts and Media BuiLdinG, nelson city, new Zealand, irving smith Jack architects Ltd.

dune house, terschelling, the netherlands, Marc Koehler architects

GuessinG aGRicuLtuRaL schooL, Guessing, austria, PichLeR & tRauPMann aRchiteKten Zt GMBh

CaNaDIaN wOOD COUNCIL awaRDSPhiLiP J. cuRRie dinosauR MuseuM, wembley, aB, teeple architects (design architect); architecture tkalcic Bengert (architect of Record); Reich + Petch (Museum consultant)

MaZaMa house, Mazama, wa, Finne architects

SUSTaINaBLE fORESTRY INITIaTIvE – SPONSORSHIP awaRDQuiLaKwa centeR, enderby, Bc, Kh design inc.

wESTERN RED CEDaR – SPONSORSHIP awaRDtReehouse, treehouse, ottawa, on, ha2 architecture & design

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underhillBates masi + Architects llC Drawing on the history of the community in which it is located, an early Quaker settlement, this suburban retreat in Matinecock, New York, was designed around the principles of simplicity, humility and inner focus. The house is broken into a series of modest gabled structures, each one focused inward on its own garden courtyard instead of outward to the surrounding neighbors. Every interior space is connected to the exterior on two sides. The layering of spaces from exterior to interior to court-yard collapses the boundaries between them. From select vantage points, one may see across multiple spaces and courtyards to framed views beyond. Each volume has a sculpted roof that funnels light and air into the center of the structure. The oak floor and weathered oak ceil-ing boards both radiate outward from the center. The floor and ceiling boards are custom cut in width and mitered to trace continuously and concentrically around the courtyard. The building’s inverse form is carved out of the earth to create a lower courtyard at the basement level. Planted retaining walls slope down to let light and air into the lower level. Similarly, a sloped, depressed area forms a destination in the landscape where a grove of trees grows, creating a contemplative spot much like the interior courtyards. The shingle coursing and pitched roofs reference the early Quaker settlement buildings in the area.

2015 Honor AWArds

North AmerICAN

stade de soccer de Montréalsaucier + Perrotte architectes and hughes Condon marler ArchitectsMontréal’s new soccer stadium stands on the site of the former Miron quarry and that of a future ecologi-cal park. The building emerges from the park’s artificial topography as a layer of mineral stratum that recalls the geological nature of the site, articulated by a con-tinuous roof which cantilevers over the entry plaza and folds down over the interior soccer field. It extends to the ground to become the spectator seating for the outdoor field. To ensure the unity of the soccer center over dif-ferent programs, the stratum appears as a single gesture with a laminated wood structure supporting the roof. The roof’s crossing beams form a seemingly arbitrary lattice suspended over the entire site. A series of crystals emerge from the augmented landscape to provide daylight and views for the administrative and public spaces housed behind. They project out from the landscape toward the street to receive abundant natural light. A large crystal which contains the main lobby emerges from the berm’s southeast end, signalling the entrance. Despite the broad scope of the project’s program, the series of structural louvers that compose the facade succeeds in retaining a human scale and preserving the natural context for the nearby residents.

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INterNAtIoNAl

Guildford aquatic centreBing thom Architects, shape Architecture (Associate Architect)The Guildford Aquatic Centre project, which added a FINA-certified lap pool and leisure pool facilities to the existing recreation center, is a refreshed and ame-nity-filled community hub in the growing city of Surrey, BC. A key design element of the new center is a prefabricated wood truss system that fully integrates with the light-ing and mechanical systems. As the prime architectural feature in the natatorium, the wood truss system provides an economical and unique solution to the struc-tural and operational requirements of the facility. The 22 repeating, V-shaped wood trusses were pre-fabricated and installed with the services in place. This allowed for rapid on-site assembly with no scaf-folding. The design team decided to use wood trusses for their many benefits, among them corrosion resistance, ease of maintenance, and the fact that wood is renewable and sequesters carbon. The nata-torium is illuminated by indirect lighting from the wooden trusses, so the interior wall treatments were carefully selected to provide spe-cific tint and gloss levels in order to achieve the desired reflectivity. The continuous ribbon of skylights allows beams of sunlight to streak across the walls, shifting through-out the day and enhancing the animation of the natatorium.

Puukuokka housing BlockooPeAA office for Peripheral Architecture

The energy-efficient and ecological trio of multi-story wood-framed apartment build-ings of the Puukuokka Housing Block are the first of their kind in Finland. In Puukuokka, the goal was to create a building that combined the privacy of a single-family dwelling with the semi-public character of shared spaces. The project also served as a pilot case to develop

and test a CLT-based system of volumetric modules. Architects were challenged to make the best possible use of the technical and aesthetic qualities of CLT to create a wooden building in large scale with a distinct architectonic expression. The use of CLT made it possible to create a spacious and energy-efficient hallway and atrium with a lot of light. The facade elements that were prepared separately and brought to site ready for assembly were made entirely of wood. Spruce treated with a coat of dark paint was used in the facades facing the street, and untreated larch was used for the interior courtyard. The use of prefabricated modules made it possible to cut the on-site construction time to six months and to reduce the exposure to weather conditions.

Public Library of constituciónsebastian Irarrazaval Arquitectos

The Public Library of Constitución is one part of a public-private initiative to rebuild the city of Constitución, Chile, following the devastation of an earthquake and tsunami in 2010. Constitución is a small town situated in the very core of the most active wood industry in the country, which made it easy to source not only high-quality wood but also extremely gifted carpen-ters for the project. The library is organized into three zones (chil-dren, young and adult readers) on two levels and is covered by three wood naves that filter and balance the light. The main level overlooks the millenary trees of the civic square (the only historic landmark left virtually untouched by the earthquake) and can be accessed from street level either by a ramp or a staircase that can be also used as a kind of small auditorium for storytelling. Furniture creates different corners for reading within the building and orients the view toward the trees of the square. The luminosity of the spaces was enhanced by coating the wood with a watery white varnish. The few colors that can be seen inside were chosen to mimic the colors of the trees during the different seasons. The facade, with its three monumental windows, benches and canopies, provides an inviting entrance to the building.

Formed by Nature, Crafted by Man

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Internationally renowned, GR Plume Company sets the standard for integrating the beauty of natural wood into today’s architecture. Our visionary approach has enabled GR Plume to contribute to both extraordinary residential along with iconic commercial projects. We work with some of the giants of architecture, challenging our perceptions and honing our craft. As the universal commitment to a sustainable world continues, it is rewarding to be an integral partner in this thoughtful dialogue.

Decades in the making and in response to the needs of our clients, we have developed our own environmentally conscionable architectural millwork. It is our committed belief that wood outperforms other building products for its lesser overall environmental impact, thus our continued focus on wood as a sustainable building element.

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The estate upon which the Roy-Lawrence Residence sits is steeped in the architectural heritage of the original owners, Swiss immigrants to Canada in the 1930s. Considering that the modern-day structure is surrounded by iconic Swiss chalets and other build-ings of a similar nature, the use of wood was a crucial element of the project. It ensures the building carries on the character of its surroundings and fits in with the natural context of the eastern township of Quebec where it resides.

The strong architectural concept of this house and the material use of wood were key in convincing the

city planners to review and approve the construction of this project in the natural setting of Sutton. The iconic Swiss chalet, imbued with nostalgia for a lost way of life, was the starting point for the conceptual development of the residence. Aiming to reinterpret in a contemporary manner the traditional composi-tion of these chalets, the final result can be read as a composition of three distinct formal elements stacked on top of each other: a solid concrete base anchored to the rocky ground, a long and low wood frame allow-ing panoramic views, and a prominent and protective wood roof which projects itself over the mountain.

Roy-Lawrence ResidenceResidence carries on tradition of swiss architecture

Sutton, QC

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P r o j e C t fA C t sBuilding Size 2,432.64 sq.ft.

Completion Date Winter 2014

The impressive wood roof is a strong statement and magnifies the view above the valley. Traditional wood trusses form the structure. The depth of the roof is used to span the six-meter-long cantilever, and per-mits different ceiling heights, varied interior spaces and an interior courtyard. The rough cut pine clad-ding is stained with a semi-transparent coating. Here, the mountain and surrounding nature influenced the choice of colors and textures, intrinsically linking the residence to its local environment and landscape.

The interior layouts were organized according to very simple principles. Informed by the structure’s geo-graphic orientation, the layouts are a response to

natural lighting, dominant winds and panoramic views to the southwest. On the northeast side, a long wooden wall follows the path and leads visitors to the main entrance which has been recessed toward the middle of the residence, creating a compression effect at the entry point. Like a bite taken in the layout, the glazed interior courtyard creates transversal transparency and gives the owners the opportunity to fully experience contact with the mountain. This connection between built space and exterior space contributes to the spatial qual-ity of the main living area by integrating within the house a fragment of the mountain.

arChiteCt

chevalier Morales architectesmontreal, QC

StrUCtUral engineer

structure Pierre Gosselinmontreal, QC

general COntraCtOr

self-construction/client

phOtOgraphY

chevalier Morales architectesmontreal, QC

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1. hall

2. master bedroom

3. courtyard

4. living room

5. dining room

6. kitchen

7. office

8. bedroom

9. veranda

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Fire Station 76shou sugi Ban creates striking black exterior

Gresham, OR

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The functional simplicity of Multnomah County’s Fire Station 76 fits right in with the practical agricultural buildings that dominate this rural community. Indeed, the fire station comprises little more than a dwelling with an oversized garage. The understated aesthetic is echoed in the building materials and provided the inspiration for the building concept.

Fire Station 76 is comprised of two buildings: an apparatus bay and living quarters. The apparatus bay houses the emergency response vehicles and work spaces that include a shop, washing machines and storage, and an Emergency Medical Services (EMS) room. The living quarters house the crew and provide a day room, kitchen, fitness room, showers, lockers, and bunk rooms. An area for public reception that includes the station office, conference room, and district admin-istrative office space is located at the front entry to the living quarters.

Fire, the primary focus of the station, influenced the treatment of materials. The building is clad in dark, charred, reclaimed Douglas fir timber from an old barn. The reclaimed barn boards were milled into

siding and treated with a Japanese technique called Shou Sugi Ban, a treatment that transforms the wood by charring its surface. The effect is striking and it pro-tects the wood from moisture, decay and insects. The material and treatment presents the dualities of fire to create a structure suffused with meaning.

Functionally, the design solution divides the facility into two complementary masses: a vaulted apparatus bay featuring exposed glulam arches, skinned with a light-colored metal exterior, and conventionally framed living quarters featuring wood siding on both the interior and the exterior, blending the inside and outside through material continuity. The long, linear form of the living quarters faces the Cascade Moun-tains and warm Western red cedar-clad porches carve into the living quarters’ structure, sheltering these gathering spaces from weather.

The cedar continues to the building interior, sur-rounding the primary gathering space of the living quarters. Large skylights fill the fire crew’s living and working spaces with natural light. The apparatus bay faces the road, presenting the most recognizable fea-ture of a fire station, the engines, to the public. The exposed wood structure extends over the fire engines like the vaulted ceiling of a cathedral with regularly spaced glulam Tudor arches and exposed Douglas fir tongue and groove roof decking.

The station reflects the context of its community in both massing and materials, providing a legacy for the fire district. The result is a station that embraces fire and uses it as a feature of beauty and protection.

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P r o j e C t fA C t sBuilding Size 10,120 sq.ft.

Completion Date May 2015

Height of Exposed Glulam Arches27 feet

OWner

Multnomah county Rural Fire Protection district #10

arChiteCt

hennebery eddy architects, inc.Portland, or

StrUCtUral engineer

nishkian deanPortland, or

general COntraCtOr

Bremik construction, inc. Portland, or

phOtOgraphY

Josh ParteePortland, or

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Wood takes centre ice inQuébec City’s new hockey arena.

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Inspired by drifting snow, the white aluminum oval of the

new Vidéotron Centre arena is paired with massive engineered wooden trusses that

evoke the city’s rich hockey heritage. Harsh arctic weather and hot, humid summers

meant choosing the right wood coating was critical – inside and out, all wood

surfaces were protected during and after construction with Sansin Enviro Stains.

With the growing movement towards using wood in large structures, Sansin is the

first choice in environmentally-friendly performance wood coatings.

© Photos : Stephane Groleau

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Videotron Centre wood allows an elegantly curved exterior, giving peripheral concourses a unique feel

Quebec City, QC

The idea of building a multipurpose arena for Quebec City emerged in 2009 with the creation of “J’ai ma place”, a group seeking to rekindle public interest in bringing a professional hockey team back to the city. In 2012, an integrated architect/engineer/build team was officially tasked with designing the project.

The arena, which stands on the site of a former horse racing track, boasts a main structure that clearly marks the building’s function from multiple viewpoints around the city. Its immaculate white skin and openings evoke snow and more broadly, the city’s northern character. The accumulations of snow, the cold, and the frigid wind that shape and carve the landscape during winter became the subtle visual leitmotif and conceptual guide-line for the city’s newest sports and cultural venue.

The Videotron Centre is a hybrid steel/glulam wood structure. Wood plays an important role not only in the center’s sustainability, but also in its structural perfor-mance and beauty. Wood was chosen to support the envelope of the main structure in order to elegantly embrace the curve of the exterior space and give the peripheral concourses a unique feel. Running from the main concourse to the low roof, over a total height of more than 25 m (82 ft.), the wood structure has only one intermediate support point. The composite glulam arches, spaced 5 m (16.4 ft.) apart, make up the 92 facets of the arena oval. Black spruce in 25 x 25 mm (0.98 in.) sections was selected for its local availability and struc-tural characteristics, which made it possible to minimize the dimensions of the imposing arches.

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P r o j e C t fA C t sOpened Sept. 1, 2015

Budget $400 million USD

Size 689,000 sq.ft.

The expansive entrance hall opens onto a plaza, giving the commanding building a pedestrian-friendly feel. The hall features a long, patterned-glass wall that acts as a sunshield, minimizing solar gain in summer. The structure supports this impressive facade which measures more than 93 m (305.1 ft.) long and 11 m (36 ft.) high, and is suspended dramatically 4 m (13.1 ft.) above the ground. At night, the wall is lit to enhance the arena’s urban presence. The large plaza opposite the hall is sure to become a favorite spot for viewing hockey games outside on the giant built-in screen.

The need for proper protection of the wood to maintain durability and aesthetics was important. At the Quebec City site, for example, environmental conditions can be daunting, with long periods of cold from the Arctic. High-performance, water-borne, environmentally friendly wood finishes were used, some prior to construction. The finishes were selected to complement the coloration of the wood and were recommended by Cecobois, a regional program of the Québec Forest Industry Council.

The arena and is seeking LEED Silver certification — a rare qualification for a building of this type and size. It’s the biggest public investment in the city’s history. The developers’ trust in a wood design demonstrates foresight and stands as a world-class example for build-ing structures of all sizes, shapes and functions.

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French Pavilionunexpected organic contours moulded from glulam

Milan, Italy

Expo 2015, the Universal Exhibition, was hosted last year in Milan, Italy, from May 1 to October 31. More than 140 participating countries mounted exhibits that celebrated the theme, “Feeding the planet, energy for life.” Many of the world’s most acclaimed archi-tects were commissioned to design the pavilions. The avant-garde pavilions celebrated form and function in buildings intended to embody the essence, technical expertise, and innovative spirit of the countries they represent.

The French Pavilion’s architects began by talk-ing with agriculture experts and sociologists, which led to an understanding of France’s food identity as a product of both its amazing geological and genea-

‒ t r 2 0 1 5 - 1 6 31

logical diversity. The architect galvanized the idea of a covered market as a crossroads where all foods meet and decided to produce an archetypal market: free-standing spaces sheltered under one huge roof.

To lure visitors in, the architects engineered a full-immersion approach to the stagecraft. The building invites people from the outside to embark on a jour-ney inside. Once past the pavilion’s doors, visitors are plunged into the upside-down world of the hilly countryside.

Tree-like pillars support the living roof that frames the spaces, functional areas and pathways. The ground floor houses the market, exhibit booths and partner

zones. Unlike conventional covered markets where products are displayed in stalls, this pavilion features a variety of themed stations set into the chambers cre-ated by the structure. These “vaults of plenty” serve up a menu of offerings like regional specialities, deli-cacy tastings, scientific and biotechnological research, agro-ecology, new agri-food technologies, genetic dis-coveries, life chemistry and beneficial flora. The next floor hosts offices and VIP rooms. The top floor is a restaurant.

The glue-laminated structure is made completely of wood grown in France: the interior in spruce and the exterior in larch. Every building element – from

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P r o j e C t fA C t sCompletion April 2015

Building surface area 38,018 sq.ft.

Cost $15.2 million USD

- 750 different curved pieces

- 1,139 straight pieces

- 172 surface pieces

The French Pavilion adopted a low-tech approach, so the entire building can be taken apart and put back together. With its cross-ventilation and the central clerestory designed to remove heat, the market is natu-rally ventilated and cool, making it a low-energy consumption building.

Client

FranceagriMer

arChiteCtS

xtu architectsParis, france

atelien architecture milan, Italy

StrUCtUral engineer

Grontmij de Bilt, the Netherlands

phOtOgraphY

andrea Bosiogenova, Italy

the main and supporting structures and ceiling to the floorboards and facades – is made of interlocking pieces that form a single unified edifice that simultaneously outlines the exterior casing and the interior expanse.

The carpenters used a high-precision digitally con-trolled robot to cut out every angle of the framework.

The main structure is made of lattice girders and pillars, spaced at 4.5 m (14.7 ft.), braced by a supporting framework slotted in every 1.5 m (4.9 ft.). The result is a series of highly uniform right-angle cubicles. The proj-ect is groundbreaking because the orthogonal frame is notched into uneven shapes called “frees” that create the stunning vault-like effect. The complex geometry of the French Pavilion’s framework creates a roller coaster of curves that demonstrates wood’s ability to mould into unexpected organic contours. Beyond its dramatic form, this marquee is a showcase for French innovation in wood architecture using invisible fastening systems patented by Résix.

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feAtUre

While many U.S. apartments are wood-frame, wood structures are far less common in stores and restaurants – even though wood construction is permitted by code in numerous applications – and the use of wood in the sub-category known as ‘big box’ retail is infrequent at best. To evaluate the opportunity, WoodWorks commis-sioned two studies, one cost comparison and one life cycle assessment (LCA), on the same big box project designed in steel vs. wood. This article excerpt summarizes the results of those studies and highlights opportunities for greater wood use in this segment of the construction market. To read the full case study, visit http://www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/Big-

Box-Retail-Wood-vs-Steel-Oct-2015.pdf. Among developers, architects and

engineers, cost tends to be cited as the number one reason to specify wood as a structural material. For multi-unit resi-dential buildings, for example, design teams often report that wood-frame con-struction allows them to achieve greater density at less cost, while meeting perfor-mance goals and allowing more budget for amenities. More recently, environmental considerations such as wood’s relatively light carbon footprint have been getting a greater share of the attention, with some governments going so far as to call for the use of wood as a low-carbon alternative to other materials.

BIG BoX RETAIL: Wood Saves nearly $1 Millioncost and environmental studies compare wood to steel

In addition to the study highlights, this excerpt discusses options for achieving the design requirements of big box stores. These requirements include:

• Large, open f loor plan with tall ceilings

• Minimal structure• Interior space flexibility• Adaptability – i.e., the ability to adapt

to future needs through redesignAlthough these requirements are often

met with systems that include structural steel columns, open web joists and joist girders, and steel roof decking, they can also be achieved with wood framing – likely at less cost and with less impact on the environment.

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askew’s Foods uptown store Photo cRedit: deReK LePPeR PhotoGRaPhy

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feAtUre

Project scopeHaving received the drawings for a one-story, 54,800-sq.ft. steel-frame big box retail store in California (reference build-ing), WoodWorks commissioned Parker Structural Engineering to design a com-parable building using wood materials (proposed building). Both buildings are designed according to the 2010 California Building Code which is based on the International Building Code model code.

The two designs share the same geom-etry, structural layout, and column grid, including:

• Rectilinear building footprint• Sloping roof deck on joists supported

by a system of beams and perimeter load bearing walls ±23'-8" in height

• System of columns which support the beams, spaced at 30' – 45' by 30' – 64'

• Spread footings supporting the col-umns and strip footings supporting the perimeter walls

• A 400-sq.ft. equipment platform, slab-on-grade construction and no basement level

The buildings have the same gross floor area, floor plan and layout, functions, location, orientation and operating energy performance. For the LCA study, equiva-lent energy performance was established by proxy in lieu of performing an energy simulation for each building design. This was done by maintaining the same win-dow-to-wall ratio and by designing the proposed building envelope to be ther-mally equivalent to the reference building envelope.

WoodWorks then provided both sets of drawings to two firms. SSA Quantity Sur-veyors was asked to undertake a detailed cost comparison of the reference and pro-posed structures. Coldstream Consulting, a firm specializing in LCA of buildings, was asked to undertake a cradle-to-grave analysis of the material effects of structure, envelope and interior partition assemblies. Sixty years was selected for the service life because this timeframe is commonly used in North American LCA studies and is the minimum requirement for the LEED v.4 whole building LCA credit.

cost comparison: wood vs. steelAccording to the comparison, the reference steel building design was estimated to cost $4,488,597, while the proposed wood build-ing design was estimated to cost $3,499,971, resulting in a total cost savings of $988,626 for the wood design. The total building cost difference is equal to a 22% savings or $18 per sq.ft. savings for the wood building.

Hard costs associated with each build-ing were limited primarily to structure and envelope. Stairs and elevators, interior fin-ishes, fittings and equipment, electrical and mechanical were noted but not assigned values.

The largest cost savings were associated with the structure and roof insulation. The structure category included items such as roof framing (beams, trusses and decking) and vertical framing (columns and wall framing). A large number of items includ-ing the slab-on grade foundation, roofing, wall finishes, and exterior windows and doors were identical for both buildings and are included in the Other category.

this whole Foods Market in atlanta, Ga, uses metal-plated glulam trusses, tongue and groove decking, and glulam beams and columns. Photo cRedit: s. Lockyear

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feAtUre

Structure cost savings associated with the wood design totaled approximately $425,000. Ranked from highest to lowest, savings were concentrated in roof framing beams, roof decking, roof framing col-umns, primary roof framing such as trusses and joists and wall framing.

It is interesting to note that the wood roof option required a direct-applied ceiling due to the use of batt insulation (as opposed to rigid insulation on top of the decking for the steel option), which consisted of one layer of 5/8" gypsum and resilient chan-nels. While this added about $80,000 to the overall cost, the structure cost savings was still approximately $425,000.

Savings associated with roof insula-tion represented the largest single element savings (over $400,000), due to the cost difference between rigid insulation (steel design) and batt insulation (wood design). The rigid insulation was 4½" XPS (extruded polystyrene) and the batt insulation was 5½" fiberglass. Each insulation option pro-vided a roof insulation R-value of 22. The depth of wood roof and wall framing asso-ciated with big box stores, due to roof spans and wall heights, is typically more than adequate to house batt insulation, even in colder climates where more insulation may be required. Where more insulation is required, the increased cost of insulation would still be offset by significant savings associated with the wood structure as well as increased energy efficiency.

Due to the lower hard costs associated with the wood design, additional savings of $162,706 were achieved in contractor’s general requirements and contingencies.

environmental Performance: wood vs. steelLife cycle assessment is an internation-ally recognized method for measuring the environmental impacts of materials, assemblies or buildings over their entire lives – from extraction or harvest of raw materials through manufacturing, trans-portation, installation, use, maintenance and disposal or recycling. It allows design professionals to compare different build-ing designs based on their environmental impacts and make informed choices about

in scope, many EN 15978 provisions are becoming the standard manner by which whole-building LCA work is conducted worldwide.

For sake of clarity and conciseness, of the 17 indicators applicable to this study, the LCA comparison of the steel and wood buildings focused on the following six required for the LEED v.4 whole-building LCA credit:

1. Global warming potential2. Ozone depletion potential3. Acidification potential4. Eutrophication potential5. Smog potential6. Non-renewable energy useWhole-building LCA typically draws

on environmental product declarations (EPDs) and/or life cycle inventory (LCI) environmental data sources. The wood industry has been at the forefront of this trend and EPDs are available for many wood products (www.awc.org). How-ever, this assessment did not use EPDs as a source of data since 1) EPDs are not widely available for competing building products, and 2) there is, so far, a lack of consistency between EPDs in different product categories.

The assessment drew on the following three LCI data sources:

• The Athena LCI Database (http://www.athenasmi.org/our-software-data/lca-databases/)

• The US LCI Database (http://www.nrel.gov/lci/)

• The Ecoinvent LCI Database (http://www.ecoinvent.ch/)

This study considered the following ele-ments: foundations, slab-on-grade, floor construction, roof construction, exterior walls, exterior windows, exterior doors and roof coverings. This group of elements broadly includes structure, envelope and interior partition materials, which corre-sponds to the current modeling capacity of the Athena Impact Estimator LCA software and is compliant with the requirements of the LEED v.4 whole-building LCA credit.

Notable assessment omissions include:• Non-structural fasteners, clips, etc.• Surface treatments (e.g., weather-

proofing, fire retardant coatings)

CoSTnearly $1 million savings (22%), primarily:

• Structure cost savings – $425,000• Roof insulation savings – $400,000

enViRonMent Better than steel in 5 out of 6 impact categories:

• Global warming potential

• Acidification Potential

• Eutrophication potential

• Smog potential

• Non-renewable energy use

the materials they use.Increasingly, LCA is being used instead

of a prescriptive approach to material selection, which assumes that certain prescribed practices (such as specify-ing products with recycled content) are better for the environment regardless of the product’s manufacturing process or disposal. This shift is reflected in all of the major green building rating systems, codes and standards, including LEED v.4, Green Globes, the International Green Construction Code, California Green Build-ing Standards Code and ASHRAE 189.1.

LCA studies consistently show that wood outperforms other materials across a range of environmental performance indicators including embodied energy, air and water pollution, and carbon footprint.

scope of Life cycle assessmentThe LCA described in this paper was conducted in conformance with the Committee for European Standardiza-tion (CEN) standard EN 15978, which stipulates an LCA-based calculation and reporting method for whole build-ings or building parts. While European

FEATURE

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highlights from the Lca ReportImpacts of the proposed wood building are lower than those of the steel building for all indicators except ozone depletion potential, where the proposed building results were 5% higher.

Raw Materials through Demolition/Disposal:• Global warming potential: wood building saves 642 tonnes

of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e)

• Non-renewable energy use: wood building saves 9,116 giga-joules (GJ)

• Raw material supply and manufacturing: wood building has an average of 30% less impact across all indicators

• End of life transport: wood building has 11% less impact across all indicators

conclusionAlthough big box retail buildings are typically framed with structural steel, masonry and concrete, significant cost savings and environmental impact reductions can be realized through the use of wood framing. As this paper illustrates, wood was able to meet the same performance criteria as steel for a 54,800-sq.ft. big box store in California while saving nearly $1 million, using 14% less total mass of materials, and performing better overall and in five out of six LCA environmental impact catego-ries. For these reasons, designers are encouraged to consider wood framing as an alternative to traditional building materials for big box stores and retail building projects.

Reprinted with permission. WoodWorks – The Wood Products Council is available to provide project assistance at no cost related to the use of wood in retail buildings – or any non-residential or multi-family building in the u.S. Email the project assistance help desk at [email protected] or visit the WoodWorks website to contact a regional member of WoodWorks’ technical staff: www.woodworks.org/project-assistance.

• Adhesives and sealants• Soffit, drain covers, vents, roof hatches, etc.• Temporary works used during construction and demoli-

tion/deconstruction phases (e.g., shoring, formwork)• Freezer and cooler box, including walls and doors• Soil treatments

Lca ResultsThe proposed wood building uses less mass of materials than the reference steel building and performs better against five of the six environmental indicators.

In addition to manufacturing processes, transportation and other factors, the amount of materials used in a building has an impact on its LCA results. The total mass of materials used by the steel and wood designs are 6,924 and 5,923 metric tonnes, respectively, resulting in a 14% reduction for the proposed wood building. Relative to the steel building, the wood build-ing uses 66% less steel, 26% less concrete, 1,125% more wood and 36% more gypsum. Differences between Fossil Fuel Derived and Other products can be primarily attributed to the choice of roof insulation – i.e., extruded polystyrene vs. fiberglass batt.

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Putting the Pieces Togetheron the right projects, prefabrication and modular construction can increase speed and lower cost

IDEAS&APPLICAtIOnS

n-haBit BeLLtown Photo cRedit: Lifestring Photography

41 ‒ t r 2 0 1 5 - 1 6

IDEAS&ApplIcAtIonS

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For a growing number of contractors and developers, it’s the answer to a million-dollar question: how to build faster, safer and better – and do it for less.

Although the choice to use on-site wood framing versus some level of pre-fabrication depends on many factors, prefabricated and modular construction can offer a number of benefits, including faster construction, improved material efficiency and worker safety, enhanced quality assurance, and reduced material, labor and interest costs.

Options range from prefabricated com-ponents and panelized assemblies to full modular units. In the U.S., for example, all can be used for a wide variety of applica-tions, including Type III or V structures up to five stories for education, commercial, multi-family, healthcare and other occu-pancies under the International Building Code (IBC). Prefabricated and modular designs can accommodate architectural aesthetics such as building offsets, angled walls, balconies, pitched roofs, and more. In fact, in a well-designed structure, it can be impossible to tell that any level of pre-fabrication was used at all.

Wood is well-suited for prefabricated and modular construction because it is lightweight and easily transported, strong, straightforward to engineer, energy effi-cient, durable and cost-effective.

Benefits of PrefabricationPrefabrication can offer a variety of benefits, especially when it comes to prefabricated systems and modular construction.

Speed – Prefabrication may allow simul-taneous instead of linear construction, which shortens on-site erection time. As foundation work is being done on site, fabricators and manufacturers can be building prefabricated components, pan-elized systems or modules at the same time, speeding construction. This can also lessen the impact of weather disruptions because workers have a protected work environment for fabrication, which helps ensure on-time delivery of components to the jobsite.

Once on site, erection is also faster both with panelized and modular systems. According to Harold Marek, Director of Modular Design for Clayton Building Solutions, contractors can set anywhere from eight to 12 modules a day. Using typical 16-ft. x 60-ft. modules, this can translate into 12,000 sq.ft. of completed structure daily.

Added Value/Lower Cost – Many factors can lead to lower cost. Prefabricated com-ponents, systems and modular units are assembled under controlled conditions using materials which are often ordered from the supplier cut to exact lengths. This results in more efficient material utilization. Consistent conditions may also help improve labor productivity. Fabricators and manufacturers often pre-buy materials, which can lead to more predictable profits for developers and contractors. Speed of construction leads to earlier completion and faster occu-pancy, resulting in quicker revenue and less interest paid on construction loans.

Quality Assurance – The controlled fab-rication and manufacturing environment is easy to monitor and inspect; depending on the level of prefabrication, multiple inspections may take place through-out the process to ensure a high quality assembly. Because components and sys-tems are built in a climate-controlled environment, there is less weather-related damage to materials and fewer potential moisture issues. Prefabrication facilities use tables and jigs for walls, ceilings and floor systems, which helps ensure consis-tent results.

Reduced Risk/Improved Safety – For panelized and modular construction, the chance of injuries on the jobsite is reduced because assembly takes place on the ground in a familiar, monitored envi-ronment without hazards caused by bad weather. There is also less risk to mate-rials at the jobsite because prefabricated components, systems and modules are typically delivered and installed within a day or two.

Environmental Benefits – Because com-ponents and systems are prefabricated, on-site waste is reduced. Less than five percent scrap is typical for modular con-struction, which means less material going to landfills. Prefabrication also results in less site disturbance and thus lower envi-ronmental impact at the jobsite, while tighter tolerances may create fewer gaps between assemblies, resulting in improved energy efficiency.

Building codes and inspectionAll prefabricated building materials – regardless of whether they are compo-nents, assemblies or modular structures – must be designed to current IBC require-ments applicable at the jobsite location.

Inspection requirements, on the other hand, depend on the type of component. Wallace Building Products specializes in prefabricated wall, floor and roof sys-tems. “We build open-wall construction, so there’s no inspection process in our facility,” said Doug Hounsell, Wallace’s Sales Manager. “All the inspections and certifications are done on site by the engi-neer and building inspector during their walk-through, just like they would for a traditionally-framed job.”

Inspections for modular construction are different. “Each modular manufac-turing facility uses third-party inspectors that work for the state,” explained Howard Koenig, CEO of Zeta Design+Build. “When we ship modules to a jobsite, our modular units must meet local ordi-nances, so building inspectors from the local jurisdiction make sure that anything delivered on site meets the code require-ments of that city or county.”

Third-party inspectors do their work from the Zeta Design+Build factory, inspecting modules as they move down the assembly line. “When a module is approved, it gets an insignia fixed on the exterior,” said Taeko Takagi, Zeta’s Vice President of Product Development. “The module is then closed up so local inspec-tors don’t have to worry about what’s behind the walls; they’re only looking at the connections made on site. It’s really quite easy.”

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IDEAS&ApplIcAtIonS

“Like other modular manufacturers, we also have our own quality control program where we inspect everything as it is being built,” added Clayton Building Solutions’ Marek. “For some projects, the owner will also have an inspector in the plant as the individual components are built. The key to success is to have the local authorities or inspectors available; we invite them to our facility to show them the assembly line before we go into production. We also meet with the fire inspectors before we begin assembly, to make sure that the completed module will meet all their requirements before we begin.”

Panelized constructionPanelized construction, where prefabri-cated building components are assembled into larger panels before being shipped to a building site, is efficient, fast and cost-effective.

When wall, floor and roof components are pre-assembled in a climate-controlled environment, builders and developers can save time and money with improved speed and ensured quality. Fabrication capabili-ties vary, but firms that target commercial construction can typically fabricate wall panels up to 60 feet long (or more) and up to 16 feet tall that include window and door openings and sheathing on the exterior face. Roof and floor systems can also be panelized in similar-sized sec-tions using dimension lumber, trusses or I-joists. Panels are sheathed to allow for staggered installation of wood structural panels between sections on site.

Quality is a key benefit of panelized construction. “Our factory guys are not factory workers,” said Wallace’s Houn-sell. “They’re framers who frame inside. We frame everything and nail it all with a nail gun on tables; it’s all hand-done.”

Since fabricators often buy material on contract and can produce components and systems year-round, this can help them reduce the impact of price fluctuations during the year. “Panelizing simplifies the construction process,” Hounsell added. “Contractors come to us because we give them a fixed price contract for an erected

package. We provide the trucking, lumber, field labor, hangers and other hardware – all for a fixed price.

“The multi-family market is very strong right now. Developers want to shorten the timeframe between when they begin construction and when the project is com-plete, because that’s when their cash flow turns positive. Panelized construction helps them do that.”

Modular constructionMost agree that the modular construction industry is and will continue to grow, in large part because owners and developers want their projects completed quickly and cost-effectively.

Companies fabricate complete modules with finished exteriors and interiors, and complete mechanical/electrical/plumbing systems installed. Modules can arrive at the jobsite up to 95 per cent complete.

Built in a controlled environment by skilled workers, modules are inspected multiple times by independent inspectors and approved before being transported to the jobsite. Once there, they are lifted into place by crane and then all modules and MEP systems are connected together. A qualified general contractor then finishes the exterior of the building and turns over a completed project. Once erected, modern modular buildings are essentially indistinguishable from typical site-built structures.

Modular construction is different from manufactured housing or mobile homes because modules are always installed on a foundation, slab or podium, and are under the jurisdiction of the local building department (IBC instead of HUD/Housing and Urban Development) for permits and inspection.

Projects can also be built using a hybrid of modular and traditional or panelized construction, since not every design is suited to just one method. For example, a student or senior housing project may consist of a central space flanked on either side by rooms. The architect may want to feature long spans and exposed framing members in the central area, which is better

suited to traditional framing, whereas the other areas may be built using modular construction, which is most cost-effective when the module design can be repeated.

challenges, opportunitiesOpportunities for both panelized and modular construction are growing as archi-tects, general contractors and developers become more familiar with their benefits. But with growth comes both challenge and opportunity.

Historically, modular construction was used when the structure was a simple box, but current construction capabilities allow more creative designs. “Our industry will continue to grow and improve as we work together to build attractive modular struc-tures,” said Marek. “But these can be more complicated to build. We will also be chal-lenged by the fact that we need to have all the answers up front before modules go into production; that’s one of the biggest chal-lenges for modular manufacturers.”

Modular construction is also opening doors to projects that weren’t previously possible. “A lot of developers who never even thought about modular construction are now considering it because of speed,” said Koenig. “We are also seeing a lot of interest in modular because some think this type of construction holds the key for below-market-rate and affordable housing.”

Marek added, “Some people think that the main benefit of what we do is that it’s less expensive. That’s not always true. But it is more efficient. You certainly will save time with modular construction, and the process will result in a very high quality building.”

Excerpt reprinted with permission. WoodWorks – The Wood Products Council is available to provide project assistance at no cost related to the use of wood in retail buildings – or any non-residential or multi-family building in the u.S. Email the project assistance help desk at [email protected] or visit the WoodWorks website to contact a regional member of WoodWorks’ technical staff: www.woodworks.org/project-assistance. To read the full case study, visit: www.woodworks.org/wp-content/uploads/prefab-modular_case_study.pdf

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TechnicalSolutionS

Glued Compositesstiffer, yet more ductile and more predictable in failure than screws, glued composites are further extending the use of wood

Maik Gehloff

As the world’s oldest building material, wood has been used in various forms for millennia. From solid sawn timber and lumber to modern engineered wood products like LVL, glulam and OSB, wood products have evolved over time and the connections used to combine these mate-rials in structures must keep pace.

The design of connections in a timber structure has the single biggest influence on the performance of that structure. Traditional connections, such as mor-tise and tenon or bolted connections, are rather inefficient and, more often than not, govern the timber sizes in order to allow sufficient end and edge distances and to accommodate the fastener spacing required to transfer the loads. It comes as no surprise then that a considerable amount of research has been focused on connections and connection systems. Among the more modern developments in connections technology are self-tap-ping wood screws and systems that use self-tapping wood screws. Systems and connections based on self-tapping wood screws have found wide acceptance in the industry today and are present in almost all larger wood structures.

Now, however, with ongoing improve-ments in adhesive technologies, the latest trend is toward glued connections. Glued connections have some advantages over screwed connections, in stiffness, but also in shape. Connections using screws generally rely on the principle of individ-ual struts forming a system to transfer loads. These individual struts require some attention when trying to create connections that can be loaded around

a corner, for example, as can be the case for some support conditions. Glued con-nections allow utilization of plate-like elements that by their shape alone allow such support conditions.

The technology has been used in vari-ous high-profile projects, including the Earth and Ocean Sciences Building at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver where there are wood-con-crete-composite floors and glued steel

mesh for the stunning staircase. Another example is the Wood Innovation and Design Centre (WIDC) in Prince George, BC, where the staggered floor panels are connected using glued in steel mesh.

Glued connections, as previously mentioned, are very stiff but also duc-tile. Using a glued in steel mesh provides yielding in the connection. The stiffness of glued connections makes them very interesting for limiting deflection and

extended concrete, with top side shear connector. detail provided courtesy of Leander Bathon, university of applied sciences wiesbaden.

wrapped-around concrete, with front end shear connector. detail provided courtesy of Leander Bathon, university of applied sciences wiesbaden.

concrete

concrete

concrete bearing

hBV– shear-connector

hBV– shear-connector timber

timberhBV– shear-connector

reinforcement

concrete

concrete

reinforcement



timber

timber

wall

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TechnicalSolutionS

optimizing member sizing. Great exam-ples are wood-concrete-composite floor systems where the overall floor thick-ness can be optimized. These composites can also be created using glued in rods, self-tapping wood screws or mechanical interlocking systems like dados cut into the wood. These different systems vary in their performance and stiffness and can be adjusted by changing the number of fasteners used to create the composite action between the wood and concrete.

Another advantage of a wood-con-crete-composite is that in almost all cases, the concrete is at the top of the composite and covers the wood, pro-tecting it from the elements. In this configuration, with the concrete as the top layer, wood-concrete-composites are a viable option for bridges. Tradition-ally, a wooden bridge was covered with a roof to protect the wood deck from the elements and increase the longev-ity of the bridge. With larger demands on bridges in terms of capacity, wooden bridges have been replaced by reinforced concrete bridges, which are themselves composites, using steel in tension and concrete in compression. The steel is cast in concrete to protect it from corrosion, essentially forming a protective “roof” over the material, like the roofs built over traditional wood bridges. Combin-ing that with all other benefits of the wood-concrete composites, large wood bridges are now more feasible.

With the increased capacity and effi-ciency of wood-concrete composites, whether screwed or glued, new challenges have arisen. One of these challenges is providing the necessary bearing to sup-port such composites. The nature of the composite uses the wood in tension and since the wood is almost always located at the bottom of the composite, the com-pression force perpendicular to the wood grain becomes the limiting factor for bearing support. Research on reinforcing wood in compression perpendicular to the grain has shown that such reinforce-ment is possible and feasible, but limited by the geometry of the support condi-

tion and the wood cross section. Another potential challenge for the bearing sup-port of wood-concrete composite bridges would be wood to concrete contact near the end-grain which can pose a risk to the longevity of the structure due to the decay of the wood in the support area.

Research at the University of Applied Sciences in Wiesbaden, Germany, has taken a closer look at the particular issue of increasing the bearing capacity of wood-concrete composites, for both residential/commercial construction, as well as for bridges. The research has shown that using glued in steel mesh as the shear connector (HBV) for com-posite action dramatically increases the bearing capacity. That increase in bearing capacity is achieved by stopping the wood element short of the support and instead bearing on the concrete. This provides a greater compressive strength than wood perpendicular to the grain and resolves the potential issue of wood decay in the support area. The bearing on the concrete portion of the wood-concrete-composite can be achieved in two different ways, depending on the particular need. One option is wrapping the concrete around and another is to simply extend it to create a bearing surface (Figures 1 and 2). The shear transfer either at the front end for the wrapped around option as well as the top for the extended option are also shown in the figures.

Glued in connectors, whether used in wood-concrete-composites or in wood-to-wood connections, have been used in Canada and in Europe. In Europe they have been used the construction of wind towers, an application which shows their ability to handle even the tough-est conditions like the dynamic loads present on wind turbine towers. Figures 3 and 4 show application examples of glued wood-concrete-composites where an increase in bearing strength was required and achieved. Figure 3 depicts the bearing condition of a wood-concrete composite on a concrete wall. Figure 4 illustrates the bearing condition of a fully pre-fabricated wood bridge where

there is increased bearing capacity but also increased protection of the wood. The wood is not in contact with the concrete support and the concrete deck forms a protective “roof” for the beams.

In summary, it can be said that the use of glued wood-concrete-composites increases the number of opportunities to use wood and wood composites into areas that were, until now, out of reach with screwed or form-fitting shear con-nectors. Not only are glued composites far stiffer, they are also more ductile and more predictable in failure than their screwed counterparts and thus an excel-lent solution for more complex and demanding applications.

Maik Gehloff is the founder and owner of Gehloff Consulting Inc. as well as a Senior Lab Instructor at the university of northern British Columbia’s Masters of Engineering in Integrated Wood Design program. Maik Gehloff holds a Dipl.-Ing. (Fh) degree in Wood Science and Technology specializing in timber engineering from the university for Applied Sciences in Eberswalde, Germany, as well as a MASc in Timber Engineering from university of British Columbia (uBC) in Vancouver. he is a member of the Timber Framers Guild of north America as well as the Timber Frame Engineering Council. he can be reached at [email protected].

wood-concrete-composite bearing on concrete wall in residential construction. image provided courtesy of Leander Bathon, university of applied sciences wiesbaden.

wood-concrete-composite bridge bearing on concrete support. image provided courtesy of Leander Bathon, university of applied sciences wiesbaden.

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W A R E

Canoes, Light and Whales

Brenden north is a canadian artist who creates sculptures out of wooden canoes and light. when an accident shattered the right side of north’s skull, it was reconstructed with titanium. the artist’s very personal theme, Bone and armor, resonates throughout his work, where one side of the piece shows the ribs/bone, while the other side is concealed. old canoes are the perfect vessel for this artistry. each unwanted canoe has a story to tell, and north gives it another life and purpose. the pieces are deconstructed according to a design influenced by whale skeletons, and light is used to bounce shadows through the structure to tell a story. the finished pieces combine nature, art and functional design in an organic and interesting way. www.brendennorth.com

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