WORK MEASUREMENT

Presented by- BINDU CHAUHAN MBA-II SEM

INTRODUCTION In work measurement, an operation is divided into simple

definable activities and assigned a time value. Work measurement is usually undertaken after completing

the process of work simplification through the method study.

It might also lead to disputes between management and union and ultimately loss of labor, productivity and managerial efficiency.

Proper work measurement generates useful data that can help in proper labor utilization, production schedule, standard costing, budgeting, working out wage incentives and above all to determine competitive pricing of product.

Work measurement techniques are tools of management and the areas where these tools are put to use depend entirely on the policy of the management.

DEFINITION Work measurement is the application of technique

designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carryout a special job at a defined level of performance.

DEFINITION OF TERMSSTANDARD PERFORMANCE- It is the optimum rate of output that can be achieved by a qualified

worker as an average per working day or shift, due allowance being made for the necessary time required for rest.

QUALIFIED WORKER- He has the necessary physical attributes, intelligence and

education and has acquired the necessary skill and knowledge to carry out the work in hand to the satisfactory standards of safety, quantity and quality.

ELEMENT- An element is a distinct part of a specified job selected for

convenience by observation, measurement and analysis. There are eight types of element i.e; repetitive, occasional, constant, variable, manual, machine, governing and foreign.

RELAXATION ALLOWANCE- It is the additional time that is allowed to a worker for a specified

work over the basic time. This time is allowed so that he can recover from the physical and psychological effect of the job preformed under specified conditions and also for attending to his personal needs. It is computed as a percentage of basic time and taken into account several factors depending upon the job.

WORK CONTENT- The work content of a job consist of work plus allowance for rest,

personal needs, contingencies and so on, give in work units, work content = basic time and relaxation allowance and any for

additional work, i.e; that part of the contingency allowance which represent work.

STANDARD TIME- It is the total time in which a job should be completed at standard

performance. Standard time = basic time + allowanceALLOWED TIME- A time allowed for payment purpose to the factory work where the

standard time is increased appropriately by a factor representing a bonus.

WORK CYCLE- It is the sequence of the elements which are required to perform a

job or yield a unit of production. The sequence may sometime include occasional elements.

RATING- Rating is the assessment of a worker’s rate of working relative to the

observer’s concept of rate corresponding to the standard pace.STANDARD RATING- It is defined as the rate of output which qualified workers will

naturally achieve as an average output for a given period of time. This rating is denoted as 100.

BASIC TIME- This time taken by a qualified worker to do a piece of work at the

standard rate of performance.Basic time = observed time *rating factor = observed time *(observed rating/100)

STANDARD MINUTES-A standard minute express a unit of work in terms of the 100 BS scale.

Standard performance is recognized as being 60 SMs an hour. It is different from standard time, in that the latter includes ineffective and unoccupied time.

OBJECTIVES OF WORK MEASUREMENT

1. Compare the methods devised by method studies of doing a particular work and select the best method.

2. To allocate the labor to the jobs in proportion to the work involved having a proper balance the labor on the job.

3. In the preparation of realistic incentive scheme.4. In the organization of labor by comparing the actual time taken

and the targeted time for doing the work.5. In preparing the labor budget and control.6. In preparing the estimates for present and future work.

PROCEDUREThe procedure of work measurement includes- Selecting Recording Examining Measuring Compiling Defining work measurement

TECHNIQUES OF WORK MEASUREMENT

The work under question may be repetitive or non-repetitive type.

In repetitive operations, the elements of operations will repeat many times during the study.

In non-repetitive works, work cycle is hardly repeated, the example of such work are maintenance work and construction work.

Depending on the type of work means repetitive or non-repetitive proper method of work measurement is selected.

Basically there are eight methods of work measurement. They are:

1. Stop watch time study2. Synthesis3. Predetermined motion time system (PMTS)4. Analytical estimating5. Comparative estimating 6. Activity sampling

(1)STOP WATCH TIME STUDY

It is applicable to repetitive work. It is often called a time study. This is a technique for determining as accurately as possible, the

time required to carry out a specified task by a qualified worker at a defined level of performance.

Time is a work measurement technique for recording the times and rates of working for the elements of a specified job carried out under specified conditions and for analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for carrying out the job at a defined level of performance.

STEPS INVOLVED IN STOP WATCH TIME STUDY

1. Select the job to be timed.2. Select a job cycle.3. Time the job for all cycles and rate the worker.4. Compute the normal time based on the average cycle time and

the worker rating.5. Determine the fraction of time available, making allowance for

personal needs, delays and fatigue.6. Set the performance standard based on the normal time and

the allowances. average cycle time =sum of cycle times recorded / number

of cycles observed normal time = average cycle time* worker rating standard time = normal time / available fraction of the time allowance fraction = fraction of time for personal needs,

fatigue, and unavoidable delays available fraction of time = 1- allowance fraction

(2) SYNTHESIS This synthetic technique are used where standard time is

computed by adding various elemental times which constitutes the work.

Standard data is available for most of the known elemental operations such as for preparatory, setting, manipulating, removing, clearing, tool positioning, holding and tightening.

The data should be stored in a library in such a manner for easy reference when required for estimating purpose.

These standards cannot be transferred to other factories as they refer to the particular conditions prevailing in a specific workshop at a given factory.

(3) PREDETERMINED MOTION TIME SYSTEM(PMTS) It is defined as a work measurement technique by which normal

times are established for basic human motion and these time values are used to build up the time for a job at a defined level of performance.

It is a work measurement technique that involves observing through a job, recording job elements, recording pre- established motion units, and calculating a performance standard.

PMTS is an improvement over motion study because, besides affording detailed analysis of the motion, it makes it possible to set a measure of the time, that a series of motion ought to take.

STEPS INVOLVED IN PMTS Observe the job if it is not being performed. It is best to

observe under typical conditions, typical machine, material and worker.

Divide the job elements. Do not be concerned about timing them, just thoroughly document all motions performed by the worker.

From a table of predetermined time standards, record the standard for each motion units.

Find the sum of the standards for all motions. Estimate an allowance for personal time, delays, and fatigue,

and add of the sum of standards. This total sum is the predetermined time standard for the job.

TYPES OF PMTS MTM- Method Time Measurement Work Factor BMT- Basic Motion Times

(4) ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING This technique is used to determine the time values for jobs,

having long and non- repetitive operations. The time values are determined by using synthetic data or on

the basis of past experience of the work study, When no synthetic of standard data is available.

It is essential that the estimator must have adequate experience of estimating, motion study, time study and the use of standard data.

STEPS INVOLVED IN ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING Find the job details Break the job into elements Select time values from the standard data catalogue Estimates the time values for the remaining elements Add the time values obtained by above steps to get the total

normal time Add the appropriate blanket relaxation allowance Add any other allowance of applicable, to arrive at the standard

time for the given job

(5)COMPARATIVE ESTIMATING A work measurement technique in which the time for a job is

evaluated by comparing the work in it with the work in a series of similar jobs-bench-marks, the work content of which has been measured.

When we want to prescribe time for a new job, it is compared with the benchmark jobs and a judgment is made as to which band of jobs it most nearly compares with.

It is then judged to be of this band and the appropriate work value from the band is taken as being the work value applicable.

(6) ACTIVITY SAMPLING In this the work study man go round the office and note\down

what exactly happens at a particular workstation when he visits.

He note down whether the worker or machine is working or idle.

He has to plan his work. First he must decide what should be the ample size. His work may take one day or number of days.