Work of Schopenhauer Were Studied More Than Once in France

8/13/2019 Work of Schopenhauer Were Studied More Than Once in France

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Engineering and the work of Schopenhauer were studied more than

once in France, when pessimism replaced today, quite unfavorably

moreover, by wild and arbitrary theories of Nietzsche and his school

by the worship of brute force and the theory of will to power, when

the great metaphysician root quadruple of sufficient reason was

fashionable in the literary world, and even intellectual in society to

the claims of dilettantism. mong these works of criticism or

scholarship should be mentioned first of all Etudes few really worthy

of Schopenhauer that he had spent the masters of our French

philosophical literature.

!he best known and most popular is undoubtedly the work of ".

#ibot, already a classic volume, which obtained a legitimate and

resounding success. !his is a great work, a monograph $ust

remarkable and has been the greatest honor to the eminent director

of the philosophical $ournal. %t is difficult, it seems, to summarize with

clarity, sharpness and impartiality, as an original philosophy, as

subtle, comple&, and shocking all the intellectual habits and beliefs of

all persons other than the metaphysical speculations. %t is these that

caters #ibot, and the influence of the volume was to be beneficial

because it gives a very clear idea of the doctrine, trends and

personalities of Schopenhauer to #eader who has never read a line of

the master. 'ther hand, the high intellectual author of these beautiful

studies of e&perimental psychology that shine at the forefront of

modern productions of the French school are known, and we know

that the strength, originality and harmonious homogeneity of thought

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have emerged vividly in larger works, but that begs to Schopenhauer,

despite its simplicity, remains one of the finest works of ". #ibot, and

(erman authors of some pedantic and aggressive monographs could

gain something if they deigned to assimilate lucidity, e&posure safety

and impeccable composition, all the qualities of order and measure

that distinguish masterful and definitive work of ". #ibot.

)atest French book on Schopenhauer, the beautiful book by "r.

*ossert, is also a work of the highest order as deep and sagacious

than pleasant reading +t physiognomy so curious of the great (erman

pessimist is studied with infinite picturesque first and relief.

!here are also e&cellent things and pages quite as charming literary

mastery in the early study of -aro on pessimism, quite e&tensive

summary table where the portrait he draws of Schopenhauer in the

foreground. !he author of legal studies on present times was no

superficial mind, we have enough amateur philosopher foolishly

mocked his lifetime and has never e&isted in the imagination of its

critics.

%t was, instead, a professional metaphysician, loving great speculative

problems, perfectly capable of understanding the austere but

compelling and pathetic beauty c was also, unfortunately, a

philosopher without striking personality, and concerns of current

morality often affect the sharpness of its $udgments. !hus in his

study, by no means negligible, very distinguished literary point of

view, sometimes charming to read, one is shocked at every moment

by the bias of search especially social and aesthetic consequences of

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pessimism bias statement even before a serious refutation of the

philosophy of Schopenhauer we have demonstrated the good law and

the merits. !his is not how we $udge and a man of genius, a thinker

such as metaphysician orld as ill and #epresentation is

condemned.

/ow much deeper, more meaningful, more sagacious, testing

#enouvier appear on pessimism. !he ma$estic head of the French

school of criticism, the illustrious and eminent philosopher whose

incessant labor and immense talent, depth and originality of views,

the powerful unity of doctrine, are worthy of philosophical unanimous

admiration of the world, the author of this test classification systems,

gigantic work, has repeatedly occupied the theory and ideas of the

(erman metaphysician, first in the e&traordinary synthesis we $ust

quote liter, a monument of learning, understanding and speculative

thought, and in other books, most recent publication, meaning and no

less great value, but mainly in this book so curious title /istory and

solving problems metaphysical where all the chapter in which

#enouvier studied philosophy of Schopenhauer is a masterpiece of

analysis and synthetic reconstruction masterpiece where the wealth

of ideas is so great and lively, where each line contains many new

insights, profound comments that the intelligence of the reader feels

a sort of vertigo by browsing. *ut the face of Schopenhauer stands

sharper, yet precise in admirable books lfred Fouill0e.

No philosophical work in France appears larger, more beautiful, more

worthy of admiration than Fouillee, and we are pleased to e&press

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once again the enthusiastic admiration she inspires us and see also

that admiration of his disciples we claim very modestly humble place

among the faithful 1 this admiration spreads in most foreign media

and more indifferent to high speculation it penetrates the deepest

layers of the public and becomes so unanimous, it finally looks like

the popularity and fame.

(lory2 that if any legitimate wage worker there thinking, the most

mediocre pamphleteers or vaudeville has often while public dispute

and refuses to do so stubborn meanness philosophers and thinkers. %t

is good, however, it is $ust as beneficial and occasionally a man of

genius whose stupid crowd is unable to understand the works, trends

and the ideal that continues to be admired and known, and it is

especially an e&cellent e&ample of a metaphysical turn benefits of

this unanimity of votes incompetent whose specialist in the smallest

areas of sciences, boasts too often. For so long fools of all parties

affect3rent not $ust ignore the immense work done by the philosophy

of our country to France, but treat lightly the key issues and the

rationale for the philosophy itself . !he intellectual and moral

authority e&ercised by a man today as the illustrious author of the

Future of metaphysics makes it almost impossible that great disdain.

Even the ordinary newspaper reader, one whose tales of our public

prints are the only intellectual nourishment knows vaguely that

contemporary France has a great philosopher, a metaphysician of

genius, a thinker who is the equal of the most famous masters of the

speculative thought, the pride of our country, the truest and noblest

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glory of our time. ll taunts, all the attacks of $ealous mediocrity and

worries can not prevail against a certain fact never had na

philosophy in France and many prominent representatives of a truly

meritorious zeal, if we consider the indifferent reception our scholar

sub$ect to their work, and no public admires most sincerely that the

author of these lines the high value and meaning of the philosophical

movement that occurs over the past twenty years in the country of

4escartes and "alebranche, where noble traditions of speculative

thought once seemed abandoned forever.

*ut despite the immense talent, originality, brilliance, depth of

metaphysicians such as "". *ergson, *outrou& #ibot, )iard,

*ourdeau, )0vy1*ruhl, 4urkheim, (abriel S0ailles and many others,

not to mention the famous masters who now rest Supreme sleep

5acherot #avaisson Saisset, Secretan, #enouvier *rochard, the

immensity of the work done, the multiplicity of issues that are

currently discussed, the power of moral influence on the European

philosophical movement, perfect control e&erted in the study of all

the phenomena of social life artistic or intellectual, a thinker as lfred

Fouillee assure him without any doubt, an absolute supremacy in the

world of high philosophical thought, as well as in irrational and

instinctive $udgment of the crowd.

%t is for us that 6ant was once for (ermany, that /erbert Spencer was

in the nglo1Sa&on peoples, the most famous of the metaphysical

tradition of his country and his race representative, "aster respected,

admired all entered into living immortality, the thinker whose work

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and glory will only grow, which has created quite a flourishing school

and whose name and popular shows at once, dominating the tumult

of political factions and selfish interests.

nd it is only $ustice. *ecause, as % said in all sincerity, "r. lfred

Fouill0e is a genius in every sense of the word we use today too often

without rhyme or reason. /e built a new system of the universe, he

rebuilt the world on a new plan, he created one of those vast

metaphysical syntheses where Enigma first 1 the origins and destinies

1 seems resolved to a brilliant intuition and where the mysterious

image of the universe, of the !otality of *eing, the assembly of

e&isting or possible realities, this great picture where each of us finds

himself, according to his beautiful voice, fighting, suffering, en$oying,

magnet, a victorious moment, always sure to be defeated at the end,

where the image of the orld appears clearer, more vivid, more

accessible to our weak eyes.

!he immanent force of achievement in becoming a steerable,

ennobled and used for the -ause of the noblest ideal, by force to

move from. potentiality to actuality he attributes to the essential

ideas, base and starting point for all his worldview 1 Fouillee wanted

to abolish the ancient barriers that still e&isted between "atter and

Spirit, between the physical universe and human consciousness,

between psychology and cosmology, positive science and the science

of the soul, !hought and ction. %n any case, even in the $udgment of

those who, like the author of these lines remain faithful to principles

of philosophical dualism, "r. lfred Fouill0e restored harmony so

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ardently sought, individual life with the universal life and by that very

fundamental and ultimate unit of the orld the admirable

demonstration of sociological element that lies at the bottom of the

instinct of speculative research, it is only the need of the universal

and the 7niverse is the largest of the groups to which we belong, it

completely redesigned the method and purpose of social science task

already outlined by the pathetic (uyau, this noble thinker, died too

young, having written three or four books that remain some of the

purest masterpieces of philosophy and of French letters,

metaphysician whose remarkable Fouillee spoke so eloquently, flame

and sublime emotion in a book that is also a genuine masterpiece.

*ut the principles of metaphysics reform, renewal of philosophy

sociological element, the principles laid down by (uyau with both

safety and authority are still qu80bauch0s in his work. !his is Fouillee

who developed a series of immortal works are all related to the same

doctrine of ideas forces immanent monism, with clearly idealistic

tendencies in their scientific rigor, which animates the whole

philosophical work of this illustrious thinker. mong his works should

include everything from the philosophy of 9lato, this monument of

scholarship and creative thinking at a time when the whole 9latonic

wisdom saw to the last volume published by Fouillee.

nd sociological trend of speculative investigation is itself one of the

aspects in which we displayed the doctrine of "r. lfred Fouill0e, one

solution of the eternal problem that better than anyone, he

understood and e&pressed the comple&ity and multiplicity of different

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perspectives he has, because who would dare to enumerate or even

assess the possible attributes of *eing:

doctrine like that of Schopenhauer, a philosophy which e&erted a

preponderant and decisive influence on the destinies of speculative

thought, and which, despite its absolute originality, appears as a new

phase, as a logical consequence of the great reform accomplished

decline eighteenth century by %mmanuel 6ant, a grandiose system,

ingenious, and it must be said, also disconcerting when considered

from the standpoint of good common sense and bourgeois logic,

would inevitably attract the attention of a historian and a critic of

philosophical ideas here that e lfred Fouill0e, whose erudition,

knowledge and high understanding of all contemporary doctrines

amazes us as much as his creative gifts.

'n several occasions, the philosopher of yours 9sychology key ideas

studied trends they metaphysical ideas of the great orld as ill and

#epresentation. First in a most substantial and most instructive

chapter of his /istory of 9hilosophy, classic work that Fouillee recently

completed, adding a conclusion that is a pure masterpiece of

eloquence, ingenious synthesis, light penetration and prophetic future

destiny of metaphysics. %n the consecrated part in this huge and

critical synthesis, in the 9hilosophy of 9lato, this admirable

monograph where the whole doctrine of the "aster inspired and

sagacious leading, for many centuries, souls thirsting for absolute

truth eternal *anquet relives historical, still influences the visible and

lively of 9latonic thought on modern philosophy, Fouillee in some

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wonderful pages of lucidity, depth, synthetic brevity, summed up the

value and significance, the basic principles and importance of the

metaphysics of Schopenhauer. *ut it is especially in a truly

e&traordinary work by the brilliance, variety, abundance of ideas, the

work translated into all languages, admired and commented by

professional philosophers around the world, especially in his Essay

critical contemporary moral systems that Fouillee track has a

definitive portrait of Schopenhauer, that8s where he studied with a

master8s authority and wisdom that will certainly e&ceeded per

person, initial trends this great doctrine. 9erhaps the illustrious author

of 9sychology of the European peoples not it makes enough $ustice to

the metaphysical value and above the purely aesthetic and literary

value of Schopenhauer as a thinker and writer, this value is absolutely

e&ceptional, numerous studies he continued at different times of his

own career ; g critic and historian, however, remain what we wrote

most remarkable deepest and most comprehensive French language

on this sub$ect, and in this connection ideas, as in all possible

philosophical scholarship and speculation upper regions is in the

works of lfred Fouill0e the French reader should seek accurate and

reliable information.

e meet, we could convince s, effort and talent made by French

commentators Schopenhauer, it is deeply regrettable nevertheless

unable to report, in a study of the author of !he orld as ill and

translations as a representation similar studies published on

(ermany.

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!hey allow the public can still interest in the problems of high

speculation, to fully assimilate the thought of Schopenhauer, enter

some subtleties that have escaped the most authoritative

investigation among the French critics. %n any case, the !eutonic

items of higher value inspired by this great philosophy complement

the notion that we8re formed. mong those whose immediate

translation is required for the scientific reputation of our beloved

country, we must mention first three magisterial monographs, each

interesting in various ways, one of 9aulsen, one of 5olkelt, and the

volume of the collection the great modern philosophers who

established once the immense fame of "r. 6uno Fischer, where it

e&amines the work and biography of Schopenhauer with

thoroughness, concern least characteristic details, scientific

consciousness almost e&aggerated, but also with authority, a force of

deduction and incomparable erudition. 4are % confess, despite my

appreciation for the famous professor who so nobly spoken of our

great 4escartes, despite the beautiful pages that contains its study

Schopenhauer 1 some are even beautiful 1 dare % say very clearly that

% put quite the same level as this critical biography


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rare in a book (erman. !his is an absolutely outstanding $ob, deep,

interesting and invoice ingenious composition of simple and clever,

easy to read, run by a professional metaphysician, as competent as

the insufferable pedants who swarm the country of 6ant and Fichte,

of Schelling and Schopenhauer, but advantageously differs from its

counterparts by a freshness, clarity and a talent for writing almost

comparable to the talent of the philosopher he e&poses us the history

and doctrine, with such verve, method and sober eloquence.

% would say the same of the study 9aulsen, and since the opportunity

offered to me to mention the name of the famous philosopher, why

not say that we should have as long a translation of his admirable

%ntroduction to 9hilosophy. !his is one of the masterpieces of modern

speculative thought, a ma$or philosophical books this time, as the

author is, undoubtedly, one of the foremost metaphysicians of the

time. !his is a great mind and a writer value offline thinker of the first

order, of such magnitude as (ermany, the 9eerage of high

speculation, do not have right now more robust, more ingenious or

more powerful. gain his famous Einleitung in die 9hilosophie is a true

masterpiece, it is essential to make it known in France. nd many

other (erman studies among all the literature aroused the genius of

Schopenhauer, how many biographies, reviews, essays, or other work

could also deserves to be translated and understood. !he literate

public would find as much profit as interest in reading outstanding

analytical studies such as those of Schopenhauer and #ichard 7ber

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of life Schopenhauer by (risebach, not to mention personal memories

of the famous "aster Frauenstadt which literary property bequeathed

his work el who profited elsewhere to publish immediately in an

absurd and incomplete edition, Frauenstadt "r. 6uno Fischer panned

with as spiritual ferocity in his classic work, aggravating

circumstances that can not prevail against the fact some privacy very

noble, very pure and disinterested which e&isted between the great

man and his first admirer. %t is true that we do not have either one of

the admirable translation of correspondence Schopenhauer himself,

correspondence of which there are several editions in (ermany.

nd /artmann himself, the most illustrious disciple of the "aster, the

creator of a whole system that claims to complete the work of

Schopenhauer. /artmann devotes many pages admirable philosophy

of pessimism, the great metaphysician of the unconscious is so pon

known yet.

!o do away with these grievances inspired only by love, the most

ardent and sincere intellectual interests of France, my adopted

country very dear and worthy to be loved, let me also want the

French publication of some metaphysical systems disciples of

Schopenhauer, for e&ample the famous 9hilosophie der Erlosung of

"ailander that we would see how far can go the logic of the doctrine

of "aster consequences, the destructive force of pessimism and

suction fanatic absolute nothingness.

!he publication of these remarkable works, despite the unequal value

they have, in any case we prove the futility of gossip about the

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alleged decline of (erman philosophy. No, a thousand times no, if the

era of the great creative geniuses there seems to be over, fitness,

feeling and metaphysical gifts, will weaken and does not diminish the

country of 6ant, Schopenhauer and /egel, which is also the country

undt, )otze, )ange and many other eminent thinkers, already in the

past, too, but we insist on ignoring. (ermany still has many

philosophers of talent, superior intelligences speculative and can

boast of an activity, a production and a metaphysical scholarship

which can not find the equivalent in any other country. *ecause we

do not even know the names of current celebrities supreme

knowledge, do not have at least the ridiculous claim to deny their

effort and their very e&istence. !he archi1known impartial study of

bed almost classical works, which % have $ust quoted securities, we

would also refute many ob$ections because they probably qualify

parado&ical and arbitrary sustained thesis in this book. !his thesis has

yet found many advocates among the most prominent critics of

contemporary (ermany each had the courage to use, as we do here,

the word of optimism that seems an easy $oke in bad taste, when

applied to the author ofAphorisms on wisdom in life. *ut all agreed

more or less in his monumental work, and sometimes contradictory,

as the very e&istence of positive elements, patterns of belief and

hope, professions eudemonists faith that we only coordination in the

small work present with more depth and more disdain yet received

opinions and conventional definitions. e would like to briefly

summarize the impression conveyed to us the critical appreciation

Schopenhauer8s doctrine was sub$ect under the most different skies.

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lthough we were not able to indicate here that the general trends of

French or (erman commentators, a conclusion can be deduced from

this brief review, especially gi we add a few thoughts inspired by the

attitude of criticism Slavic countries.

!oo often without them realizing complete themselves, critics of

Schopenhauer made the "aster responsible for uncompromising

theories that some of his fanatical supporters, with the e&clusiveness

of all sectarian and there philosophy as in all areas of human activity,

alas2 drawn its principles. !o view the philosophical system of the

metaphysician "ainlander, whose work % have had the opportunity to

speak during this study, and who en$oys fame in (ermany dune

comparable to the philosophy of the unconscious Edward /artmann,

the famous 9hilosophie der Erl>sung is infinitely curious and

significant. %t is at home in "ailander /artmann, moreover, that

human consciousness, despite all the talent spent by the authors


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being, of the %deal and realized winner. Schopenhauer fears, fears and

despises our own life, precarious, miserable and sordid, he not hate

the concept of *eing in itself, and it can not be repeated too often,

what he preaches with such tragic eloquence it is the destruction of

our abominable world, sub$ect to the ephemeral representation and

insatiable desire, still unsatisfied, but not the total destruction of

#eality.

*y positive evidence we have reported in its doctrine, worship he

dedicated to the genius of rt, 5irtue and aiver, this great man

leaves poor humanity a way out, he tells her a port of refuge and

liberation, it lays the foundation of a doctrine of renewal and life force

reconquered. /is philosophy is not the absolute nihilism, wild, barren,

and hate not adaptable to the conditions of life taught by Edward

/artmann and especially "ailander.

!he fiery breath of "ercy, the great light of the mystical hope vivify,

animate, and will partially open before her the bronze doors of the

Future and Eternity. !his philosophy remains the same, we have tried

to show, a doctrine of life, as well as the doctrine of the Sublime

"aster of 9ure #eason.

lso admit we do not understand the reasons for the strong

opposition that still raises in northern countries, especially in Slavic

countries, where the works of Schopenhauer, however, are

widespread, all of his theories. e readily admit the intense antipathy

must inspire the implacable monism Schopenhauer a diametrically

opposed thinker in his world, for e&ample "r. )utoslawski, one of the

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most gifted and most famous among young 9olish philosophers

whose system staff is one of the most intriguing attempts to

reconstruct the (reek atomism, a renewed science and safety of any

modern method. "r. )utoslawski has synthesized his doctrine in a

book entitled !he 9ower of Soul


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!his movement is growing every year becomes more intense and

beneficial, it even required the creation of a philosophical $ournal

interesting and well written appearing in arsaw 1 something quite

new in the land of "ickiewicz and " . Sienkiewicz, ". eryho

philosopher of great talent, great thinker, is the editor of the

magazine in question. /enri Struve was one of the promoters and

initiators of this intellectual revolution, whose equivalent is also

produced in #ussia, on a larger scale and with more impact and has

himself published an %ntroduction to the philosophy that

unprecedented work of any kind in the literary history of the 9olish

nation, a monument of erudition, wisdom and deep understanding of

the necessities of life philosophy. ll questions of metaphysics, ethics

and aesthetics, and all the details of the universal science are

e&posed and studied with a masterful authority and unparalleled skill.

!his beautiful work marks an important date in the history of the

Slavic civilization. ell2 "r. Struve, too, despite his immense talent

and high impartiality remains visibly hostile to the author of !he

orld as ill and #epresentation.

nother philosopher. #ussian one, for which % have always had the

deepest esteem, does not grant either Schopenhauer place deserves

it. % mean "r. Schelpanow who served and still serves well nobly, the

interests of the perennial philosophy, in one of the most backward

regions, but the most backward in intellectual point of view of modern

#ussia 1 % mean the 7kraine and its metropolis 6iev 1 where strictly

individual initiative of the eminent professor "oscow awakened or

rather has created in the minds of some cultivated country need and

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desire of metaphysical speculation 1 and note that in a big city like

6iev, "r. Schelpanow even at the local university is the only

professional philosopher. /ow not to admire the work done by these

brave defenders of universal science admirable that the genius of

9lato traditions, 4escartes and 6ant emmortais0e, but should be

taught gradually, starting with the most notions rudimentary, when

addressing even young companies.

"oscow and many other metaphysicians share tendentious hostility

"r. Schelpanow, hostility does not diminish, it is necessary to say,

esteem particular we profess to eminent writer of 6iev, not more

"oreover, the enthusiasm of some #ussian philosophers of the past,

for e&ample, the admirable Strakhow a recent admirers of /egel,

however, only increases our admiration.

!alent alone and not any individual opinions, metaphysics as any

other order of ideas or intellectual labor. e8re referring to the Slavic

comments and attitude of philosophical criticism in #ussia and 9oland

that because it s seems to be set at a point of view wrong considering

only the negative aspects of the philosophy of Schopenhauer. !he

test that we are releasing today, precisely because it remains in

agreement with the conclusions of the main (erman critics, aims to

correct this view to unraveling one of the parado&es and revolts

inflamed Schopenhauer, principles generators survive its apparent

nihilism and even the analysis of the most illustrious masters of

French haute speculation, we believe, despite our respect for their

work and for their genius, failed to highlight or to discern very clearly.

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-/9!E# %%.

4'-!#%NE N4 %NF)7EN-E 'F S-/'9EN/7E#

!he time seems right to $udge in all fairness, unbiased biased

whatsoever, the great work and tumultuous genius Schopenhauer. %ts

place in the intellectual history of the modern world and in the annals

of speculative thought, it is not disputed by anyone, even by

opponents of his doctrine, far outnumber his supporters. nd how

surprised: Since it is a philosophy which, in appearance at least,

condemn and fight the same principle of *eing and the $oys of life,

these ephemeral $oys, perishable and disappointing, whose

problematic conquest remains yet among so many disappointments,

struggles and tragic suffering, purpose, and the dark %deal for

suffering humanity, the supreme illusion, ever, no matter what, black

slave race will want to deny or abdicate. %t really seems that the

desire for happiness, harsh and feverish search for $oy, lurent of all

time, reflection, and the accuracy of the absolute elusive picture. So

long ignored, misunderstood and despised, the philosophical work of

rthur Schopenhauer practiced for nearly half a century, a ma$or

influence on the evolution of ideas and the currently prevailing

worldview and for such, at least, that it is developing slowly among

the elite of an era and a generation, for the vast ma$ority of our fellow

mercenary and obscure crowd, and also to be pitied of an immense

pity for his ignorance even his gigantic folly, his fierce bestiality and

eternal slavery, the crowd, today as in the days of barbarism, we

believe that age continues to stagnate, without suspecting the

conquests of the science, thought stamped philosophical investigation

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masterpieces already made by the immortal arts, consolation and

delight of this world.

Never forget, when we talk about the most misleading chimeras here,

the glory of artistic, literary or scientific, never forget that its pure

rays do not penetrate the unfathomable abyss of ignorance and

darkness where vegetate nations 1 and that perhaps one day will

reach the light, do not forget, even when we talk about the most

resounding glory, that it remains limited and ignored the crowd. 6eep

in our memories salutary notion of this simple fact relativity and the

nothingness of what we call the posthumous immortality rather

foolishly, or current celebrity genius. )et us although the lifetime of

9lato, 4escartes, 6ant and Schopenhauer, some scholars or some

readers, hostile or benign, only knew the e&istence of the great

geniuses of these masters like none other, and whose (lory is really

brilliant and so pure that seems universal. nd if we say that the

opinion of the minority so1called intellectual is the only one that

matters, %8ll start, nobody knows anything, then it is moving the issue

and the fact that % reported the tragic eloquence none the less

certain. ?es, millions of creatures lived down here the dream of

e&istence or are still suffering without hearing only pronounce the

name of 9lato or Shakespeare, 6ant, or 4ante, 4escartes or *alzac.

%t seems superfluous to recall here that Schopenhauer, in his lifetime,

was misunderstood, for many years, misunderstood even by the elite,

the intellectual superiority still seems so questionable and that was so

hard to recognize the genius of the great (erman metaphysician, in

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which the humanity of all ages and all races, is liable for this

masterpiece called the orld as ill el representation as a

masterpiece without equal, where s8 says the Supreme conquest

which can claim the human mind a new conception of the universe,

an original e&planation of the eternal riddle, a total vision of the *ody

of things and synthesis of the -osmos. /ow in$ustice and brutal

indifference which was first welcomed all the gigantic attempt to

Schopenhauer, even among the literate public of his time2 'ur

readers will certainly remember. hat good recall the successive

phases of this sad story:

Schopenhauer was a great philosophical genius, he brought the world

a new word and doctrine, however, related to very speculative

ancient traditions. /ow could he e&pect a host other than the one

whose first gratified incompetence, routine and the silliness of his

contemporaries:

For many years the great thinker whose system of the 7niverse was

to operate the latest one of the most e&traordinary metaphysical

revolutions of that time above 1. *ecause even those who decry the

attack or slander, suffered its influence 1 during the best years of

youth, vitality and life force yet triumphant, and when his work was

already done, however, the age at which a thinker, an artist or a

writer can fully en$oy the thrill of victory Schopenhauer knew only the

tune of bitter defeat, the most painful of all those who stand before us

to learn about life paths test feeling scorned, mocked and beaten,

while the certainty an authentic genius, clear consciousness of

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overwhelming superiority, and accentuated by the mediocrity of those

who overcome, our enemies, our rivals, while our sense of unknown

strength burns our heart of its flame invincible. !his bitterness

intolerable for some souls too shady or too proud, already rich in

e&cruciating pain for the soul most sincerely Stoic


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house for him, which, more than any other among the high

personalities of his time, deserves to be praised, glorified, admire8

and loved it2

thinker of this magnitude, a metaphysician pure 6antian tradition 1

because we know that Schopenhauer, so proud, so bitter yet never

thought to deny the intellectual debt he had contracted despite all his

genius, as well as all of us very obscure and humble, to the great man

there 9ure #eason, creator and initiator of all modern philosophy 1 a

philosophy that has penetrated so deeply into the mysterious and

serene regions of the bsolute and Eternity should have despised her

turn foolish contempt of his contemporaries, vain satisfactions of

vanity and pride and pleasure that order so obviously provide less

than the votes of the public or the glamor of fame. /e should have

resigned to isolation, loneliness, silence stubborn about his

personality and his work.

%t does not have the strength, and suffered cruelly ...

*ut finally, after so long a period of darkness, waiting feverishly for a

chimerical glory and whose fate was yet to carry out him as a sacred

debt, here it appears slowly on the horizon this being so sad and

empty a man of genius isolated, embittered cl unknown behold it

illuminates the decline of what might be called for when even happy,

comparing to the e&istence of the vast ma$ority of human beings, if

there was always something fatuous el a huge dose of silliness in

presumptuous claim to appreciate the reasons for sadness and $oy of

our fellowmen.

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nd, obviously, there was the moral nature of Schopenhauer in his

psychic personality and individual temperament, an ine&haustible

source of bitterness and melancholy. /owever, his hatred and fear of

life seem to vanish under the beneficent influence of this very sweet

chimera of glory that the first rays drunk and soothe the most

stubborn souls who, for him, appeared so late in the time,

everywhere, the evening mists rise, where the icy breath of the grave

already withered crops and the flowers fall, but also seems to give

them more price and value.

e do not intend to trace the well1known biography of rthur

Schopenhauer, in this sketch, whose purpose is to indicate in his work

some synthetic and generally unnoticed aspects, but which require

the attention of all fans and to all the friends of philosophy, when

deeper doctrine, metaphysical system and the moral teaching of this

e&traordinary man. % do not dwell on the successive phases that

crossed this rather rapid progression of celebrity "aster momentous

event of his individual destiny, from the mysterious and solemn

moment when he deigned to smile this dreadful and

incomprehensible power whose reality is yet more certain than any

other, because each of us e&periences the effects and humanity

among the mirages, the struggles and disappointing or sublime

visions of history, was venerated under various names of Fate,

4estiny, /asard, the adverse or favorable -hance, beneficent or

hostile, from the day on which the )ot, so long enemy, granted to

Schopenhauer the revenge that the great man, unknown to the days

of his youth, still claiming with so much bitterness and anger. without

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hope perhaps itself the realization of his dream. ?et it triumphed, as

we know, the lifetime of Schopenhauer. fter disrepute, also

e&aggerated, as any movement of reaction, which struck the

flourishing philosophical school time. so great and noble, moreover, of

the (erman idealism of the nineteenth century, one that seems to

identify with the genius of Fichte, Schelling and /egel especially,

deeply forgotten and un$ustly despised in turn, and was. in a still

recent past, the Supreme "aster of European thought, which remains

equal to his greatest enemy, here ion discovered the work ignored,

disdained, moisissant on the dusty shelves of libraries, and the

gigantic work sublime Schopenhauer. !he high light of a new

doctrine, the invincible force of truth and discovery of one of these

essential truths and indestructible against which the time or human

ingratitude can not prevail, the dazzling beauty of a brilliant idea,

hatched in a large intelligence and developed with a talent as a writer

equal to the force that inspires speculation, yes, light, beauty,

splendid $oy of victory, the $oy of a victory obtained by more human

genius, confusion, emotion, irresistible allure of a huge emerging

glory, all that springs suddenly old books for an unknown philosopher,

barely mentioned by the historians of modern metaphysics, despised

by professional, totally ignored by the public, and whose immortal

works, widespread today around the world, found neither buyers nor

readers could even detractors.

*ut, again, here is the long1awaited revenge, complete, dazzling, and

worthy of a superior man who en$oyed. e discover his philosophical

system, is passionate about his books, where an e&traordinary literary

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mastery argued with such skill and originality power of speculative

thought and richness of metaphysical ideas. %t says, we analyze the

works, ideas, doctrine, the conception of the world, the vast cosmic

synthesis and parado&es of Schopenhauer2 %ndescribable enthusiasm,

and the furious attacks of the envious and foolish revive and make it

more intense, one similar to that which caused the once great, cloudy

and formidable /egel, personal enemy, the bane of Schopenhauer,

and whose enthusiasm author of !he orld as ill and

#epresentation always speak with rudeness and harshness so

distressing, really unfortunate, because we can not repeat too much

/egel was, too, a great genius, a general enthusiasm of youth

literate, of anyone who thinks, who suffer, who meditate and aspire

ma$or problems to solve, a veritable delirium of admiration, sympathy

and curiosity, is pervasive and compensates Schopenhauer insults,

disdain of the past.

Nothing more moving in its childishness, more human, more touching

than the story of the last years of the great (erman philosopher, and

this une&pected development of his fame and influence which marks

the events. e find the details in the biographies of many (ermanic

"aster. For us, it must be said, high personality Schopenhauer was

very little studied in this sub$ective point of view, yet so important to

the overall understanding of the ideas of a reformer, a contemplative

also obviously inspired and vibrant the slightest impression of life.

/owever, % repeat, in outline and general appearance of late -eltic

period and final victory, is known to us. For almost overnight,

Schopenhauer became famous faithful disciples, enthusiastic

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admirers come to Frankfurt to present their respectful homage to the

genius who seems to have found the word of all riddles, the cosmic

origins as well that of )ove, rt and *eauty of the Earth. ith

spontaneous and sincere candor of genius, which always involves at

whoever has the formidable privilege a certain dose relies charming

simplicity, Schopenhauer is pleased with these childish

demonstrations daily increasing admiration of new generations, he

en$oys these impressions with une&pected delight, he fully en$oys its

popularity it en$oys all the sensations of pride, triumph, vanity

satisfied that success can give sensations lower, but still intense and

ennobled by the consciousness of a great work accomplished, the

certainty of having conquered the spell. Finally, after several years of

valuable hand when the man who was Shakespeare really knew the

illusion of pessimism and perhaps the reality of happiness and glory

possible here, the soul reconciled with fate, trusting in the future

immortal work he bequeathed to humanity and whose breath of

misfortune and bad luck do not ever doubt it had Schopenhauer

sleeps Supreme sleep.

!his sublime intelligence, which had penetrated so deeply by d0laies

vain appearances of the material world to the bottom of the

primordial *eing, to dark areas of the )'#4 and the bsolute, the

mysterious ill of which all proceeds and where all returns and fades,

this flame shining in the clear, bitter and disillusioned gaze of the

great pessimist el that, even through death, yet illuminates the road

of humanity, the flame was e&tinguished forever in the night without

waking.

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nd the influence of Schopenhauer really reached its peak after the

death of the philosopher. ll the late nineteenth century is dominated

by its dark and despotic genius. !he reflection of his work, the echo of

his faint voice quivered for eternity, more vivid than ever, on this

glorious tomb whose generations had not had time to unlearn the

way. !rack of his theories, always original and vibrant, its worldview,

of duty, and the ideal of truth is found, we find its influence, to say all

in a word, in areas of intellectual activity social and the most foreign

to the great metaphysical speculations appearance.

!hese are not only the professors of philosophy whom he had

dedicated a fierce hatred and somewhat unfair, frankly, because if

there are pedants among them, as in any other social class, no

among classes contemporary society, can not compete with it as

current intellectual culture are not only professionals Supreme

Science dealing with Schopenhauer month as amateurs, dilettantes,

literary critics, moralists lounge, $ournalists, columnists, vaudeville,

etc.. Needless to note that these improvised $udges, who arrogate to

themselves the right to decide without appeal a work they are too

often unable to understand the attribute morose and sublime

metaphysical pessimism inconceivable nonsense he can not be held

responsible any degree unnecessary retract his thought is more

disguised and distorted, but is not in this transformation and this

alteration as is the influence and sustainability dune doctrine, what is

commonly called the glory, and what Schopenhauer coveted his life

with so much sadness and enthusiasm: %t cites all about, to rhyme

and several generations of young people admire and choose to

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intellectual guide and Supreme "aster@ hundreds of volumes

published in all countries of the world, even the most e&travagant


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still languishing in the darkness of the most complete barbarism.

man of the people with us as the )apps or 6affirs do not even know

that 9lato, 4escartes or 6ant e&isted. nd how moral and intellectual

action Schopenhauer on the society of the time, action was profound

yet now seems ineffective, insignificant and small2

No modern thinker, however, e&ercised to the e&tent and limits of the

possible, more legitimate and more beneficial. nd here are the

results obtained, the harvest and the salary of engineering the

modern world has retained none of the teachings of noble thinker and

philosopher sublime. For cruel and stupid humanity, eternal victim

and accomplice of the ruthless will to live, the e&ample, the word and

doctrine of Schopenhauer, despite their overwhelming response

remain null, void and non1e&istent. !he moral of the "aster

penetrated nor spirits, nor in the morals of the time, it caused only

disdainful pity men of action who vaguely know the main lines,

inspiration and method dialectic, it seems all an e&travagant parado&

and reality gives him every moment of cruel denials.

s before, as in yesterday8s reality or eternal time, this time is also a

fundamental and innate illusion, a priori forms of sensibility devoid of

reality itself superior truth familiar every spirit somewhat grown since

the revolution effected by 6ant, as of old, blind, stupid and criminal

ill living continues unabated painful work that Fate

incomprehensible assigns. %t deploys its wonders tips, perversity and

hatred with the same harshness, the same stubbornness and even

dementia. Not only among the visions of terror, murder, destruction

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that seem essential conditions of animal life on this earth of slavery

and shame, but in human relations, political, individual and social

civilized world, or supposedly so, never him for life has emerged with

more violence, frenzy and bestiality. !hroughout the fittest

oppressing the idea of $ustice and law, ruthless competition, and the

negation of the %deal, the e&clusive worship of success and victory

obtained in1out price, and the master and ruler of money world, and

all infamies, all crimes, all baseness completed and accepted in

advance to conquer some of that money so quickly remove death to

those who hold the illusory power. !hroughout the living beings,

throbbing -eltic will whose law governs the impenetrable harmonious

rhythm constellations pursuing their mysterious road paths %nfinity,

which will in the tiny and dark regions of earthly life suffers and seeks

the happiness with equal ardor in a man of genius or in the most

disgusting gross crawling on the bark muddy abominable our little

planet, all human beings, too, despite the redemption of the Savior

who died on the cross, destroy suffering and hatred, despite the

warning fair, sages and prophets, of those who, having dispelled the

illusion of appearances, discover the deep source of pain and hurt,

and tell us the issue and everywhere human creatures devour, to

fight, tear, cling to a horrible e&istence, rebel with a wild fury against

the very idea of a possible abdication of selfishness. Never affirmation

of *eing, the ill1live to use the terminology of Schopenhauer himself

1 not spread its iniquity resources, more cynically. %t is in vain that the

sublime moralist pessimism liberating taught the estern world the

wisdom of renunciation hatched long among siatic barbarism, which

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does not draw that also hangs strong profits or real progress. %t is in

vain that we prove, in the immortal masterpieces, the nothingness of

all ambitions, all desires, all mirages here below. %n vain he believed

convince humanity that sad fact, so simple for him, bright certainty of

falsehood so aggressive in the $udgment of the crowd the will to live

is identified with the desire, or desire is itself eternally and

necessarily painful qu8effort sterile aspiration, disappointment and

suffering. Still must contend with the fierce lust of other wills,

spouting sparks the same mystical home, it always spreads around

you suffering and evil will always suffer, since it is the desire. h2 if

you want to live a better life and which may appear light ignored a

happiness that seems impossible, renounce life, or at least to that

cosmic order and Fate Fatal and we require that n 8 is selfishness,

pain, crime and madness. Not fight, do more hate, no longer want the

property lying immediately vanish as our feeble hands reach to grasp.

#eturn to First Source, dispel the eternal illusion, break the chains of

slavery. %t is in the immolation of our desires and our hopes that you

will find some promise and pledge of a new, single life worth living,

and whose illusory happiness and freedom in this world are only the

infamous parody, or disappointing symbol for abdicating its own

essence, the ill can break the 4estin and deliver the world.

/umanity listened for a moment, or at least pretend to bed hearing

the words of the wise disillusioned and disdainfully, she continued her

way among the same mistakes, the same inequities and the same

tests. )ove, ambition, greed, stupidity, vanity and violence, 4esire

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and #egret of *liss impossible, burn, devastate and always oppress

the poor human souls thirsting for happiness and $oy. No chimeras, no

mirages that delight or fill with terror weak eyes, tomorrow vanished

into eternal night, no grand illusions has abdicated its omnipotence

misleading, or fatal attraction ... No, humanity has given up nothing

and advice pessimism qu8h0roAques also remain useless and

ineffective.

!he philosopher fashion, the dawn of the twentieth century begins

among many concerns and political or social inequities in a

depressing atmosphere of unease and lying, which replaces thinker

Schopenhauer in public favor as influence and reputation for

boldness, the writer who symbolizes the aspirations of avant1garde

and speculative daring literate youth, this is no longer the sublime

rebellious, bitter and charitable who formerly taught in the name of

the invincible suffering the universal pity is not Schopenhauer, but the

hard, bitter and cruel Friedrich Nietzsche, the enemy of -hristianity

and kindness, the apologist of brutal force, the critic of all chimeras

which believed reformers and sages of the past. !he merciless and

eloquent 9russian writer, whose morality is a total negation of the

concept of morality, in a radical transmutation of values that once

gave a price and meaning to human life, unhappy and pathetic

Nietzsche n 8 made elsewhere, building the doctrine of the Superman

and the cult of the vital power which summarizes that continue

printing in him a well unpleasant anti1humanitarian leadership, the

initial theory of the ill conceived as a principle of world gasoline *e

the theory that forms the basis and starting point of the philosophy of

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Schopenhauer. oe to the vanquished2 oe to the weak2 woe to

those who suffer2 who despair and weep2 !his was summed up in

vulgar terms, the currency of the philosopher Barathustra, striking

antithesis of the wise according to Schopenhauer, but so well adapted

to trends and the deepest aspirations of the modern world that he

found no difficulty in aggressive doctrine of #eturn eternal, the living

image of his ideal despicable. For Nietzsche, the flame of a genuine

literary genius, eloquence, the beautiful lyricism, pathos and beauty

of symbols conceal the horror but proclaimed by the vile crowd,

really, what more could inspire a doctrine melancholy sort of disgust:

!he horrible time of transition in which we live the dream of

e&istence, which began then, however, the lifetime of Schopenhauer,

this regime of murder and blood reign over the world, and this

nightmare of armed peace seems to be the normal condition of all

civilization, progress, when in fact even at the worst times of

barbarism and darkness, humanity never knew of such slavery, the

era in which we live could certainly not choose guide and advocate

more appropriate to its value and its deep soul.

CCC

?et a third period began in the history of pessimism. fter being

attacked, commented, vilified or hated by so many fools, having been

for nearly half a century, to the ignorant crowd, the designated

representative of the ultra1advanced and ultra1revolutionary trends of

speculative thought Schopenhauer is no longer discussed by person

here that an era of peace and healing begins for this great memory

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and this immortal work. ?es, finally2 finally2 1 nd thanks be fair and

conducive to intended 1 Schopenhauer is the philosopher most

fashionable one cite the people of the world, when they want to

demonstrate erudition, one mock $ournalists when want to flaunt or

civic virtue, admired by the confidence the snobs of any kind,

harmless race, certainly, but still hateful because it distorts and

shrinks its level cloud and sublime genius designs.

nd visionary pathetic orld as ill and #epresentation, haughty and

austere asceticism 9latonic moralist is not only the most fashionable

intellectual revolutionary, but it is already, for his opponents and his

supporters as one of classics of the nineteenth century and of all

ages. ?es, Schopenhauer, a classic and as such seems strong backlog

probably some severe $udges, who should nevertheless reserve for

themselves lucid severity 1 this may seem a parado&ical assertion or

e&aggerated. /ow challenging yet the obvious and overwhelming

truth:

%t now belongs to the race of great philosophical genius which no one

discusses the dreaded wisdom. *ecause it seems to personify the

most noble effort, the most sublime of earthly aspirations and glory

around a bit mysterious deaths names immortal masters, hovers

above the vicissitudes of time, contemporary struggles, passions ,

loves and hates the present. ?es. Schopenhauer now appears to us

the equal of 9lato and ristotle, 9lotinus and Epictetus, "arcus

urelius, Seneca and Epicurus, St. nselm and St. ugustine,

4escartes and Spinoza, )eibniz and *erkeley, /ume and Spencer,

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"alebranche and Fichte, /egel and Schelling, perhaps even great, the

incomparable 6ant, his master and the master of us all. -ertainly,

intellectual strength and metaphysical significance of these

philosophers as diverse engineering can not claim the same tribute of

gratitude and glory, but each of them truly embodies some

tendencies of the human mind or some clearly defined period of

thought speculative. Each of them was really creative in the sense

that each glimpse of the eternal riddle as an unseen side to him. Each

built a new and fruitful hypothesis, embracing %n !otality of *eing el

the things Ensemble. Each bequeathed us a doctrine of life, based not

on vague and arbitrary sentences mandatory, but following some

great universal principle of 7nity. Each rebuilt the universe on a new

plan, each spoke during the fleeting dream of his earthly life of these

imperishable words against which nothing can prevail neither

forgotten nor change the world, nor the labor of centuries, or even

ingratitude and contempt for our fellow man. %t is argued in vain to

conquer and assign a philosophy of argumentation and scientific

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not claim other sciences, always limited by their definition and

purpose of their e&perimental investigations. ll large syntheses

developed by the "asters of the perennial philosophy, are, in fact,

that funky assumptions, keyed alike, our dazzled eyes, the endless

vistas of eternity and immensity, at the same time that they

penetrate to the inner essence of life, until ultimate bottom and hid,

that is the radical end of the analysis possible, the deep source where

all that e&ists derives its reason for living. gain, there is nobility,

grandeur, the inestimable beauty, the action force on elite, austere

grace and sustainability philosophy souls. *ut how deny: mong the

main e&planations of the total #eality, among these immortal systems

which are the common heritage of our slave race, the treasure of

superior wisdom which are enriched in turn successive generations,

the doctrine of Schopenhauer, this gigantic and so clear and so clear

philosophy of the ill, the principle of the orld, mysterious essence

of universal e&istence, is one of the most fruitful e&planations, and

more inspired mystery of origins and destinies.

*ecause we can not stress enough on this important capital, an

e&planation of the secret of the world, an overview of the universe

and a doctrine of life for us consolation and support from pain and

earthly ties, that8s what should make any philosopher worthy of the

name, and this is the merit that can claim more than any other, the

philosophy of Schopenhauer. %t presents= read this very rare feature

the perfect homogeneity of the legal practice, and the powerful

speculative theory which is the basic frame and base. !he ethics of

Schopenhauer is the rational result, logic and irrefutable conclusion

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established in the premises of his metaphysical system, inspiration

and unity of dialectics that really gets any impartial a kind of awe

player. No, most certainly, nobody has penetrated the secret of the

world more, no flame great inspiration dissipated as a powerful breath

opaque mists that hide us under the disappointing mirage of vain

appearances, eternal truth. nd this gigantic work was accomplished

by the e&traordinary man who could say with pride the fact of the

possibility of a moral law ence world of lies set egoism depends on

the reckless assertion there is a metaphysics. /e who denies the

reality destroyed without noticing the evidence and any legal

e&istence dune. *ut Schopenhauer knew that, despite all the

negatives and all the revolts of human pride, the sacred law that

pulsates at the bottom of souls, and whose beneficent memory, as

well as the sublime aspect of the starry sky, moved him up tears

illustrated reformer of modern thought, this imperishable law had

found in his own doctrine and a new indestructible foundation.

For these various reasons, the teaching and doctrine of rthur

Schopenhauer grow more each day, as the crowd is not interested in

the false image it once in training, his work appears footprint of such

nature of beauty, tragic serenity, calm, depth and genius, that, now,

the faithful disciples of this great man have the right to admire the

aspect of eternity, sub specie aeternitatis .

nd it is appropriate for kids reasons to re$oice deeply passenger

discrediting of this immortal work, the period of reaction it undergoes

at this time, as any manifestation of human genius. !he influence,

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indirect, though, and passing it may have on the arts, ideas, manners,

and the chatter of an era coming to an end. )isten to the sublime

complaint !ristan dying of despair, crying her abandonment and love

deceived in the infinite distress of those eternal illusion of love was

marked at the front of the dreaded sign, those for whom the world is

a desert when creature adored and betrayed no remorse dying of

pain under the indifferent eyes of distant stars, where the soft star

that shines for them in a human eye has moved away, taking with it

the strength to live, dreams of gold and the divine lie. *ecause there

is there a spell more powerful than *rengane itself potion, and the

omnipotence of the ill1to1live has created countless worlds as his

overwhelming burden crushing a poor soul helpless, so weak cl so

tired, the inevitable time when love appears ...

/ere is the great masterpiece of #ichard agner, this lyrical drama

!ristan and %solde, directly, immediately inspired by the doctrine of

Schopenhauer, whose poem as well as the music, superhuman

beauty, traverse the centuries as living testimony to the creative

force that throbbed in the philosophy of despair, metaphysical

masterpiece whose light and flame were hatched around him flowers

changing colors, penetrating fragrance, the colors vibrant and lasting

of /eads work of art ... !ristan8s farewell to the beloved gone, the

ungrateful who despises and forgets evoke in ourselves the thrill of

the great tragic emotions, because it is the invisible soul of

Schopenhauer and present, who meddles the voice of the dying, and

address in the world, and the long1awaited glory, an eternal farewell.

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)et us once more lulled by pure sob and inspired songs that stand on

the vast sea, hovering over the waves wrath and mingling with the

breath of the storm and the confused voices of the material world, the

noble accents human pain, the sadness of farewell, bitterness

ine&orable separations, the sustainability of faithful love, the

atrocious suffering souls despised ...

%n these immortal tears in the complaint and that unappeased yet

soothes the denouement of noble masterpiece of #ichard agner,

which worshiped in return for receiving a last kiss, the last farewell of

one who did not survive the absence, in these sublime harmonies

e&hales, peaked, and then seems to vanish, the influence of

Schopenhauer8s philosophy on art, ideas, aesthetic, intellectual and

emotional activity of the living world . !he main principles of the

metaphysics of the ill, his assertion in the various types of cosmic

life or earthly organization, the pathos that emerges, the depths of

suffering, distress and despair reveals she suddenly and the salvation

and deliverance which discovers in his own depths, in this eternal

miracle of renunciation and sacrifice, where -hristian morality had

already designated the same ideal of wisdom and happiness possible,

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!hen a kind of silence slowly envelops the prestigious work of the

great (erman philosopher. !he crowd away from the tomb, lay let

rest soothed his ashes, artists, poets and amateurs looking elsewhere

inspired motifs and their enthusiasms.

'ther moralists, other thinkers have this irrational enthusiasm that

fades so quickly, others less austere voice, but harder, of course,

more aggressive, speak words that seem the antithesis of your noble

doctrine, and are received with transports of enthusiasm, they find

immediate application, not only in the fictions of art immortal but also

in world politics, class struggle and individuals disappointing melee

passions and interests of the present. !his is not the annihilation of

the eternal ill to life we are taught but his fierce and e&clusive

worship. !his is no longer the universal pity we are taught to cherish

and spread, but the contempt and hatred of the poor, the outcast, the

loser, the eternal outcast.

!his is no longer the great rest, the supreme calm, dreamless sleep

within the Nirvana, once the illusion of time struck down like the

others, which is promised us some revenge, but the *ack endless

same suffering the same trials, the tragedy of 4estin renewed

through the mirage centuries for the sole benefit of a chosen few, the

miserable fate of slaves without number is dismal and fatal ransom.

Nietzsche is the idol of the day. 'nce again we find victory. Superman

unleashed in the illusory world of reality his fierce selfishness,

fratricidal struggles, fights and foolish pride.

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Barathustra inspired thinkers and artists, politicians, statesmen and

even the dreamers of the present time, the 4ream and #eality kl, rt

and life belong to him2 . oe to the humble2 shame and contempt for

those who succumb especially those who are reaching out on behalf

of the Society and "ercy, both e&iled queens2 !his is the ruthless law

of the new squealed that the world has chosen. nd yet here % speak

of the elite of modern society, because human brutes, always and

instinctively knew this doctrine, and do not want another.

-/9!E# %%%.

4EN%) N4 S!!E"EN! 'F )%FE

Schopenhauer8s philosophy, if you want to summarize in a brief form

the ultimate teaching that emerges, resulting in an absolute and

radical negation of life. !his is indisputable and certain, and to

pretend otherwise would be an attempt parado& easy manifestation

of intellectual mediocrity very supportive today, but that has always

had a gift for us especially annoying.

/owever, it should be understood and there in the very notion of

nothingness so hateful a foreign element and the deepest aspirations

of the human soul a more rigorous and comprehensive analysis of the

fateful conclusion philosopher of pessimism was brought there may

discover the beginnings of a possible reconciliation with destiny, the

germ of a fragile hope.

Such a discovery would certainly remain the point without profit to

human knowledge, or for the solution of the most e&citing moral

problems, the same one that gives value and meaning to life. %f

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careful consideration of speculative results by the most lucid, the

most brilliant, the most pathetic and the most inspired of all

misanthropic and pessimistic all, if the inquiry that we would like to

outline briefly, making it not be on the principles, which we assume

known to the reader, but the conclusions of the metaphysical system

of Schopenhauer, if we undertake the study allowed us to observe in

the most fierce critic of humanity and living conditions where the it

develops in man of genius who spoke about the suffering of the world,

the hardest and the most severe sentences and who dreamed of

destroying the very principle of be his last refuge, if we find kid

Schopenhauer invincible and unnoticed trend itself to an impossible

happiness, towards a notion of $oy that attracts and tempts despite

him the consequences of this simple observation can be significant

and are in effect.

hen we read the wonderful masterpieces of metaphysical

construction and bitter literary eloquence which are almost unique

effort in the history of human thought, how now we $ust give a cursory

glance appears however difficult, almost impossible2 %t seems at first

that the conclusion generally accepted won with an overwhelming

evidence. No, certainly not more tragic indictment, no more burning

was up against in$ustice, cruelty, brutality and illogicality of this

terrible world we live our earthly e&ile, where everything is despair,

crime or madness, where the depths of distress dig at every step of

learning these roads do not lead to any port of peace, happiness or

salvation possible. *ecause there was, at once, poignant, admirable,

and terrible in this picture of the immense human misery initial terror

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of e&istence, there was wonderful and sublime Schopenhauer is that

his description of the orld and countless aches that plague while

being pushed to paro&ysm of disenchantment lucid remains ruthlessly

true, fair and persuasive is that the inimitable accent of !ruth it

throbs.

/ence the thrill Shakespearean horror it causes, hence the despotic

influence she e&erted over the minds and souls, the kind of

fascination that draws to its terrible depths unfortunate who have

suffered, cried and including the ultimate truth lies precisely in the

suffering and despair. !his tragic truth, we had all interview, but we

do not dare proclaim aloud, and behold, a man of genius is this

courage and $ustifies the curse that falls on the world by any doctrine

of the 7niverse, an original and profound philosophy.

!he physical world whose ugliness, hostility and blind omnipotence

overwhelm us, the world of force and matter, the outside world that

seems to be the only reality is that the apparent world, the world as

representation as it dies and is reborn with each creature designs in

the making. s such, it has no stability, no reality, no continuity, it

takes us, puny and miserable, and cosmic systems that revolve roads

of infinity in this reflu&ing torrent, this whirlwind of events perishable,

the show already filled with bitterness and melancholy soul of old

/eraclitus 9oint ob$ect without a sub$ect, that is the great principle of

eternal %dealism Schopenhauer found after his glorious predecessors,

9lato, *erkeley, 4escartes, 6ant, but he never settled in an

imperishable form of clarity, sharpness and intuitive evidence.

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)aws that because we attest, a so tyrannical power, the very

e&istence of the visible universe, are the conditions under which we

participate in the illusion and mystery of *eing. !he appearance

offered the world comes from the constitution of our intelligence,

innate way all creatures of our species must represent things. *ut as

an immediate consequence of this assumption is a first evidence of

truth, the material world, infinite, immeasurable, wonderful and

terrible we ourselves are part, is a world of phenomena and

appearances of truth relative. !he material is a true lie, according to

the definition of strong and admirable "aster el under the

multicolored fabric of visions that causes, or disappointing e&quisite,

always prophetic, as the iron law of universal determinism encloses

all sides lurk the ultimate reality, the hidden depths of *eing and )ife,

'ne Substance whose very name has changed, the thing in itself, the

noumenon "ysterious 6ant denied our slave race the power of an any

intuition, understanding even appro&imately, a transient vision.

!his thing in itself that the philosophers, thinkers and sages of all

times and of all races really cl an&iously sought among the ghosts of

material reality, in vain arabesques


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infinite continues the eternal dreamer called the human mind. *ut he

wakes up in the supreme moment of deliverance and visions of his

dream vanish immediately.

ill alone is free, so there is only the will and, apart from the

appearance it takes for perishable creatures, chained forever

connected by !ime, Space and 7niversal causal forms priori principle

of sufficient reason in itself the world8s only desire.

Schopenhauer proclaimed this fundamental truth, starting and deep

source of all his doctrine on several occasions, with an eloquence,

zeal and strength of 9latonic dialectic incomparable. Should be

attached in support of this assertion a few quotes that awaken in the

memory of fans "aster emotions unlike any other in their first

readings:

!his world with all its phenomena is the ob$ectification of the will, and

the will, it is not a phenomenon or an idea or an ob$ect, but a thing in

itself, is not sub$ect to report consequences principle is the law of any

idea.

!hese few lines taken at random from the treaty of free will

summarize the already gigantic construction, future work that found

its final e&pression in this monument of speculative thought entitled

!he orld as ill and #epresentation.

gainst this definition of the Essence of the world reserve any

criticism can not prevail, it is legitimate, since it corresponds to one of

the key observations of the e&perimental sciences.

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"oreover, as Schopenhauer says, the word will is chosen faute de

mieu&, and the hypothetical nature of this latest attempt does not

diminish our eyes to the deeper meaning and greater truth, the size

and the same sustainability living philosophy, we believe in the

problematic character that fans vote again its ambitious and

grandiose investigations, so beautiful and so rela&ing from the harsh

precision Science and distressing pettiness of 4eterminism.

lso, when Schopenhauer identifies the ill to live, source of being,

with suffering, that is to say, when he pronounces a verdict on the

moral essence of being, in this world of invisible, inaccessible to

human $udgment, we can say that, without e&ceeding that assigns to

each of us the beneficent power of metaphysical reverie rights, yet he

gets all his predecessors in these regions of the arbitrary and the

unreal beauty which cloud sublime and pathetic beyond any rational

assessment.

?es, really, when a philosopher says that the thing in itself, that the

entire universe, in its first reality is that desire and when he develops

his thesis with power and splendor of such a dialectic in eloquence

that illuminates the immortal pages of !he orld as ill and

#epresentation, he may not incur blame kid from supporters of

dualism, opponents of monism and assumptions remain beautiful and

fertile, dune metaphysical truth that is well worth the truth

e&perimental sciences.

*ut if he considers that the purpose of 7ltimate #eality seems to

envelop with the vague and uncertain criterion of human morality, it

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lends more to the discussion, it causes the same, especially if the

ultimate verdict of the philosopher is a conviction against which

Nature and %nstinct Soul, everything around us and everything that

beats in us, protest and revolt. gain, the metaphysician who says

/ere is the e&planation of the orld seems to me in solving problems

and troubling mystery here is the principle of *eing and !hought, the

original source from which the stream of springs events and things,

all the taunts and all baffles critics remain powerless to destroy his

work inevitably incomplete, but still beneficial and lucid. For his

philosophical system enlightens us and says the universe, and its

value is measured by the amount of phenomena he e&plains. !here,

the metaphysician remains within the proper sphere of action and

noble independence. very typical e&ample of this truth, readily

confused with unpleasant parado&es, is provided by the same

doctrine of Schopenhauer, and it should be emphasized particularly

on this issue, much larger than is generally believed, of especially as

it merges with the ob$ect of this study.

!he philosophy which teaches us that the Noumenon of 6ant, the

absolute approached, the initial cause of *eing is that ill, we can not

oppose any evidentiary ob$ection, any more than /erbert Spencer

bringing the same design of primordial essence of the world to the

concept of the Force, )eibniz that of a dynamic and spiritual atomism

both Fichte than ego sub$ective. #eminiscent -reator and the

-osmos.


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those of materialism.= !he metaphysician tells us a picture of the

world, it brings us always incomplete unknown solution of the eternal

riddle, picture, always a temporary solution, but who cares2 ny

e&planation of the world, every ma$or system of the universe, that is

to say, every great philosophical doctrine contains some truth, since it

establishes the principle of universal intelligibility of mysterious forces

whose hierarchy escapes us.

%t can not be said of the innate tendency for any philosopher who

encouraged him to establish a relationship of mutual influence and

immediate reaction between the metaphysical principle of the orld

and our ephemeral creatures bounded sensitivity and fragile, and our

ability to suffering is $oy. Note also that the dilemma of this report,

particularly difficult to establish conceivable words, a rational and

precise manner, this dilemma is likely that two solutions which

necessarily bring all others 9essimism or optimism, there is none

and there can be others. the 7niverse can be designed, analyzed,

understood, and rebuilt in a thousand different ways. #elations that

are imposed with the overwhelming vastness of the world and the

totality of being, fatalism Statutes can only appear in two different

and antithetical aspects. 'r life seems good and desirable, acceptable

in any case. or we utter conviction, we deem bad, cruel and hateful. %t

is worth living, or the annihilation becomes the supreme wisdom, the

ultimate goal and the single issue and no return.

nd neither optimism nor pessimism can not be refuted an absolute

refutation of even they can not convince those whose temperament,

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their ideas, their moral nature make refractory to initial trend of these

two great doctrines. *ecause if Schopenhauer shows us a series of

dazzling and eloquent analyzes didactic descriptions that the will is

the essence of the world, we certainly find no compelling argument

that can refute his system, and prove him wrong. *ut if he continues

to show up wanting to establish an absolute identity between wanting

and suffering, if cut convince us that all is pain and disappointment

in this world, how does he manage to convince us, if our whole being

aspiring to happiness, the !riumph and Doy, claims to have proven

many times, effects, drunkenness and pleasure, e&citement and

charm like no other. %f our soul refuses to believe that life is an evil, if

it refuses to renounce the illusion, if it finds an incomplete pessimism

doctrine and also unacceptable that the uncompromising optimism

of )eibniz, of #ead or -ousin despite the genius of Schopenhauer,

despite the terrifying truth that contains its doctrine, pessimism will

point taken on its trends and intimate convictions.

as accustomed, nowadays, foolishly enough to mock the traditional

division of the faculties of rallies in three clearly differentiated groups

sensitivity 8, intelligence and will.

/owever, in good faith and sincerity in all philosophical. no

classification is better suited to the same truth, none match, a more

accurate and sagacious way to the various modes of our present life,

as have developed innate forms of psychic organization and our

reactions e&erted on it incomprehensible universe, even assuming

that it is not anything other than the dune psychic manifestation

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Force and any immanent ... ?es, you can feel, or want to understand

life. !he world can be designed, felt or wanted by the perishable

creature in a few moments contemplating changing mirages. !he

cycle of sensations, thoughts and feelings of human s is driven

entirely. ll reactions % shudder against his multiple storms senses,

the Soul and the Spirit, is e&pressed in the story of the three basic

sciences which lead the initial three trends that some popular science

books have some little discredited by isolating each of these faculties

with a stupid and superficial formalism, while in reality they

complement and connect into a living synthesis.

Sensitivity, reason and moral sense are the living unity of the Self.

esthetics is the science that is the sensitivity, which reflects its inner

essence and the highest inspirations, one of the creative instinct, $ust

as a similar harmony, "etaphysics is the science par e&cellence

rational since it is in the -ompany8s satisfaction that burning need

universal unit that turmoil and the sketchy science can not give him

the same, finally, that the morality or ethics e&pressed that there has

noblest and deepest in the human will, always tending to another

goal. !his is a great discovery, we will say it can be and that we can

offer at reduced prices, opening any te&tbook school philosophy. *ut

there is no question here of any discovery. hile it is nice to make a

new method or a known truth, sometimes it is useful to recall certain

truths already very old but we forget too often under the guise of

innovation and modernism. !he old division of philosophical sciences

into three distinct groups is the number of these beneficial truths

un$ustly despised and a quick study, but careful conclusions, which

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apply to Schopenhauer in the regions of pure metaphysics as well as

in those of aesthetics and morality, we provide some decisive in

support of the thesis that we would like to develop ourselves and

present perhaps the greatest philosopher of the system in a n

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Work of Schopenhauer Were Studied More Than Once in France

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