Time Study Time Study What is time study? What is time study? Time study is a work measurement technique for Time study is a work measurement technique for recording the time of performing a certain specific recording the time of performing a certain specific job or its element carried out under specific job or its element carried out un der specific condition and for analyzing the data so as to obtain condition and for analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for an operator to carry out at a the time necessary for an operator to carry out at a defined rate of performance. defined rate of performance.
Time study is a work measurement technique forTime study is a work measurement technique for
recording the time of performing a certain specificrecording the time of performing a certain specific
job or its element carried out under specific job or its element carried out under specific
condition and for analyzing the data so as to obtaincondition and for analyzing the data so as to obtain
the time necessary for an operator to carry out at athe time necessary for an operator to carry out at adefined rate of performance.defined rate of performance.
The job in question is a new one! notThe job in question is a new one! not
previously carried out %new product!previously carried out %new product!component! operation or set of activities&component! operation or set of activities&
change in material or method of working change in material or method of working
has been made and a new time standard ishas been made and a new time standard is
required.required. complaint has been received from a worker complaint has been received from a worker
or worker's representative about the timeor worker's representative about the time
standard for an operation.standard for an operation.
particular operation appears to be a particular operation appears to be a(bottleneck) holding up subsequent(bottleneck) holding up subsequent
operations and possibly previous operations.operations and possibly previous operations.
Standard times are required before anStandard times are required before anincentive scheme is introduced.incentive scheme is introduced.
piece of equipment appears to be piece of equipment appears to beidle for an e*cessive time or its outputidle for an e*cessive time or its outputis low! and it therefore becomesis low! and it therefore becomesnecessary to investigate the method ofnecessary to investigate the method ofits use.its use.
The job needs studying as aThe job needs studying as apreliminary to marking a methodpreliminary to marking a methodstudy! or to compare the efficiency ofstudy! or to compare the efficiency of
two proposed methods.two proposed methods.
The cost of a particular job appears toThe cost of a particular job appears tobe evidenced by a pareto type ofbe evidenced by a pareto type ofanalysis.analysis.
+efore starting the study! there are a+efore starting the study! there are anumber of points to be observed in relationnumber of points to be observed in relationto the approach to the worker and the job heto the approach to the worker and the job he
is doing.is doing. ,. -ake sure the job has been method,. -ake sure the job has been method
studied. specially where the standard timestudied. specially where the standard timeis to be used for incentive purposes.is to be used for incentive purposes.
/. in an organisation where time study has/. in an organisation where time study hasnever been used before! supervision andnever been used before! supervision andworker representatives should be told theworker representatives should be told thereasons for the study programme and givenreasons for the study programme and givenand insight into tie study procedure.and insight into tie study procedure.
0. 1t is good policy to ask the supervisor or0. 1t is good policy to ask the supervisor orworkers representatives to be studied. Theworkers representatives to be studied. Theworker should be a competent steadyworker should be a competent steadyperson with an average rate of workig.person with an average rate of workig.
2. the worker should be told the reasons for2. the worker should be told the reasons forthe study. Why he has been selected andthe study. Why he has been selected andasked to work at his normal pace e*plainingasked to work at his normal pace e*plaining
any problems that may arise during the timeany problems that may arise during the timethe study is taken.the study is taken.
3. workers should be allowed plenty of time3. workers should be allowed plenty of timeto settle down to new methods.to settle down to new methods.
4. when making the study the observer4. when making the study the observershould take a position where he can see theshould take a position where he can see thewhole of the job being performed. This iswhole of the job being performed. This isgenerally to the side of the operator! slightlygenerally to the side of the operator! slightlyto the rear and appro*imately 4 feet away.to the rear and appro*imately 4 feet away.
5o attempt should be made to carry out5o attempt should be made to carry outtiming from a concealed position! without thetiming from a concealed position! without theoperators knowledge or with the watch in theoperators knowledge or with the watch in thepocket.pocket.
6. the observer should take a6. the observer should take acomfortable standing position for thecomfortable standing position for the
duration of the study.duration of the study.
RatingRating
7ating is a technique used to assess7ating is a technique used to assessthe speed and (effectiveness) of anthe speed and (effectiveness) of anoperator.operator.
#onsider may take into account#onsider may take into account
Speed of movementSpeed of movement ffortffort ffectivenessffectiveness etc.etc.
n element is a distinct part of a specified n element is a distinct part of a specified job selected for convenient of observation. job selected for convenient of observation.-easurement and analysis-easurement and analysis..
+reaking down the job in to elements+reaking down the job in to elements;; lements should be easily identified! withlements should be easily identified! with
definite beginnings and endings so that!definite beginnings and endings so that!once established. They can be repeatedlyonce established. They can be repeatedlyrecognized. The point at which one elementrecognized. The point at which one elementends and another begins is called breakends and another begins is called break
point. +reakpoints must be decided by thepoint. +reakpoints must be decided by thework study officer when he divides the workwork study officer when he divides the workcycle into elements.cycle into elements.
ll breakpoints can be recognised by a ll breakpoints can be recognised by asound or by a change of direction of a handsound or by a change of direction of a hand
7easons for breaking down the job into elements7easons for breaking down the job into elements
<ariations in speed! pace and effort which an<ariations in speed! pace and effort which anoperator works can be more accuratelyoperator works can be more accurately
recorded over short periods of time. Thererecorded over short periods of time. There
could be some parts of the work=cycle withcould be some parts of the work=cycle with
the operator performs better than others.the operator performs better than others.
The more clear=cut the item of work which isThe more clear=cut the item of work which is
timed! separately! the more readily can antimed! separately! the more readily can an
appropriate fatigue allowance be arrived atappropriate fatigue allowance be arrived at
for incorporation with the element.for incorporation with the element.
To ensure that productive work is separatedTo ensure that productive work is separatedform unproductive work.form unproductive work.
To enable a detailed job specification to beTo enable a detailed job specification to be
The basic time for the operation isThe basic time for the operation is
found by applying concept of ratingfound by applying concept of rating
to relate the observed to that of ato relate the observed to that of a
standard place of working.standard place of working. #alculated as follows;#alculated as follows; +asic time observed time A+asic time observed time A observedobserved
ratingrating
,99,99
%%BT = Observed timeBT = Observed time * Observed Rating =* Observed Rating = AA
,.,. 7ela*ation llowances7ela*ation llowances Dersonal needsDersonal needs This allowance provides for the necessity toThis allowance provides for the necessity to
leave the workplace to attend to personalleave the workplace to attend to personalneeds such as washing! going to the lavatoryneeds such as washing! going to the lavatory
or fetching a drinkor fetching a drink #ommon figures are from 3 to 6 percent of#ommon figures are from 3 to 6 percent of
basic time.basic time. +asic fatigue+asic fatigue
This allowance! always a constant is given toThis allowance! always a constant is given totake account of the energy e*pended whiletake account of the energy e*pended whilecarrying out work and to alleviate monotony.carrying out work and to alleviate monotony.
common figure is 2 percent of basic time. common figure is 2 percent of basic time.
These are applied to the total basic timesThese are applied to the total basic timesfor those elements which are concernedfor those elements which are concerned
with the operation of machinery.with the operation of machinery.
#ommon used as follows;#ommon used as follows;
Single needle lockstitchSingle needle lockstitchE:E:Twin needle lockstitchTwin needle lockstitch ,2:,2:
Ways of improving productivityWays of improving productivity
Droduct enhancementsDroduct enhancements$esign innovations$esign innovationsStandardizing designStandardizing design 1nvesting in training and the1nvesting in training and the
development of employees.development of employees. 1nvesting in better plant and1nvesting in better plant and
equipment.equipment.
-anagement > Worker -anagement > Worker 1mproving the planning or work1mproving the planning or work 1mproving methods of production1mproving methods of productionffective worker selection processffective worker selection process
Ways of improving productivityWays of improving productivity
improving worker effectivenessimproving worker effectiveness Droviding workers with adequateDroviding workers with adequate
trainingtraining 1mproving morale1mproving morale 7ewarding success7ewarding success 1mproving attendance levels1mproving attendance levels 7educing labour turnover 7educing labour turnover ffective communicationsffective communications -easuring the performance.-easuring the performance. -onitoring the ID1's against proven-onitoring the ID1's against proven
GS$ is a technique for methods analysis and theGS$ is a technique for methods analysis and the
setting of time standards for the sewn productssetting of time standards for the sewn productsindustries.industries.
GS$ was developed using -T- core data! toGS$ was developed using -T- core data! toprovide a consistent! accurate and easy toprovide a consistent! accurate and easy tounderstand! easy to communicate! methodsunderstand! easy to communicate! methods
analysis and time standards determinationanalysis and time standards determinationtechnique. 1t was designed specifically for thetechnique. 1t was designed specifically for thesewn products industries! and was researchedsewn products industries! and was researchedand developed within these industries.and developed within these industries.
The final system consists of 04 items of data in 6The final system consists of 04 items of data in 6categories with simple retrieval codes for ease ofcategories with simple retrieval codes for ease of
application and understanding. ach data has aapplication and understanding. ach data has aconstant T-K value. There is also a system ofconstant T-K value. There is also a system ofsewing code derivation within the system andsewing code derivation within the system andsewing formulae to facilitate the calculation ofsewing formulae to facilitate the calculation ofmachine time.machine time.
,. Bbtain part or parts and match,. Bbtain part or parts and match /. Dre=form andFor put parts%s& to/. Dre=form andFor put parts%s& to
machine foot.machine foot.
Sew parts together withSew parts together withalignmentsFadjustments andFor thealignmentsFadjustments andFor theaddition of parts between sewingaddition of parts between sewingbursts.bursts.
2. trimming of threads or detaching2. trimming of threads or detachingwork from the machinework from the machine
The advantages of the GS$The advantages of the GS$
approach to method and timeapproach to method and time
studystudy -ethods sensitive-ethods sensitive Mour own specificationMour own specification #onsistent#onsistent ccurate ccurate
Transferable between locationTransferable between location Trace abilityTrace ability DredictiveDredictive asy to communicateasy to communicate liminates the need for performance ratingliminates the need for performance rating
asy to understandasy to understand $esigned specifically to the sewn products$esigned specifically to the sewn products
