Working at Heights Training Program...

Working at Heights Training Program –Blended Resource Manual

Working at Heights Training Program - Blended

Copyright © 2015

Product Code: SWFMNBEN0915

Public Services Health and Safety Association (PSHSA)4950 Yonge Street, Suite 902Toronto, Ontario M2N 6K1CanadaTelephone: 416-250-2131Fax: 416-250-7484Toll Free: 1-877-250-7444Web site: www.pshsa.ca

Connect with us: @PSHSAca

The Public Services Health and Safety Association (PSHSA) supports the prevention and reduction of workplace injuries and occupational diseases in Ontario’s public services sector by assisting organizations to implement best practices in prevention.

All material copyright 2015 Public Services Health & Safety Association. You may use and reproduce these materials as required for training and education purposes only, provided that this copyright notice paragraph appears in full on any copy or reproduction. You may make no claim to copyright in any materials incorporating or derived from these materials.

All other rights reserved.

Working at Heights Blended Program eLearning Review

Terms of Use i © Public Services Health and Safety Association

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Document Name: Review Document v3.0 WAH BLENDED PSHSA Product Code: SWFMNBEN0915 Version Date: 12/14/2015


Terms of Use ii © Public Services Health and Safety Association


Table of Contents iii © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Table of Contents Terms of Use ................................................................................................................................................................................ i

Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................................................iii

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Section 1: The Law ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Section 2: Working at Heights Hazards ........................................................................................................................... 30

Section 3: Controlling Working at Heights Hazards ................................................................................................... 46

Section 4: Introduction to Fall Protection Equipment............................................................................................... 56

Section 5: Warning Methods and Physical Barriers .................................................................................................... 62

Section 6: Safe Ladder Use .................................................................................................................................................. 72

Section 7: Resources .............................................................................................................................................................. 90

Glossary .................................................................................................................................................................................... 102


Introduction 1 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Introduction This training is focused on helping you stay safe when you work at heights. If you were to get hurt on the job it could impact your ability to work or spend time with family or friends. It could also impact everyday things like getting dressed, eating, going for a walk or out for dinner. Falls can cause broken limbs, cracked ribs, head trauma, and often are critical or fatal injuries. While that is bad enough, imagine how your friends and family would feel if you died because of a fall at work. On the other hand, imagine if this happened to your friend or family member.

According to the Ontario Ministry of Labour, falls from heights are the number one cause of critical injuries and deaths of workers in construction projects. (Ministry of Labour, 2014) 12,040 workers were injured, and 8 workers died because of falls in Ontario in 2013. (WSIB, May 2014) This includes all types of falls.

It’s the Law: You Must Receive Training As of April 1, 2015 workers in Ontario who work on construction sites, at heights are required to receive training. It says that you must get training if you work in construction using any of these methods of fall protection: A travel restraint system A fall restricting system A fall arrest system A safety net A work belt A safety belt

Your employer (boss) must make sure you receive training that has been approved by the Ministry of Labour. This training must meet the requirements of the Working at Heights training standard. They have to make sure your training is valid, keep records and make the records available to the Ministry if asked.

Why is this important? If you were to get hurt on the job it could impact your ability to work or spend time with family or friends.


Introduction 2 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

About the Working at Heights Training Welcome to PSHSA's Working at Heights training program. This training meets the learning objectives and requirements of the Ministry of Labour Working at Heights Program Standard. The purpose of the standard is to set the mandatory minimum for high quality, consistent training for workers who work at heights.

Falls from heights occur too often in Ontario, resulting in severe injuries and deaths. To keep you and other workers safe, this training tells you about: The hazards, or things that can hurt you when working at heights Legislation, codes, standards and guidelines How to stay safe on the job by taking steps to prevent falls

This document is intended to serve as a refresher for you to review after you have completed the eLearning component of the course and before you attend the classroom component.

How to Use the Review Document This review document is designed serve as a refresher for what you learned in the eLearning module, before you attend the classroom session. You can also use it after you are done your training to find important information, tools, websites and resources. This review document will provide refresher information on: Roles, Rights and Responsibilities Legal Requirements for Working at Heights Working at Heights Hazards and Controls How to work Safely with Equipment and around Barriers, Warning Methods

and Safety Nets

You are not required to complete the activities in this document before attending the classroom session but they may help in the review process.

In this document you will see the following icons. The table on the next page explains what these icons mean and how they are used.


3 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Icon What it Means

There is an exercise for you to complete in your workbook.

There are additional resources available to you on the internet.

There are documents that you need to fill out and provide to your instructor for review and signature.

The exercise is a group exercise.

The exercise is to be done on your own.

This is an assessment of knowledge or skill.

This is a tip or important information for you to remember.

Real Life Story, or a Preventable Accident

New Section

Working at Heights Training Standards Reference

MOL Call Centre Number

Recall this from your eLearning module.



Program Overview

Evaluation There are various types of evaluation within this course including exercises and discussions as well as a written test. The practical module requires hands-on demonstration of proper equipment inspection, donning and doffing of industry standard equipment and maintaining 100% tie-off to anchor points.

Exercises and Discussion There are exercises and discussions during the course. They include answering questions, talking with other learners, applying what you learned to work-related examples. They provide a check-in to make sure you understand the content. You will receive feedback as you do these exercises from your instructor.

Written Test The written test makes sure that you meet the learning outcomes of the course. The written test requires a 75% passing grade.

Hands-On Evaluation You will be required to show that you know how demonstrate learning outcomes – inspection, donning and doffing of fall protection equipment and changing anchor points while maintaining 100% tie-off.

Training Valid for 3 Years The Working at Heights training will be valid for a period of 3 years.

The employer must supplement this training program with additional

information, instruction and training on specific workplace policies, procedures, hazards and equipment related to work done at heights.

For more information on Working at Heights training or Refresher training, visit the PSHSA website: www.pshsa.ca

Or send an email with your questions to: [email protected]

http://www.pshsa.ca/



Intro to the Review

Exercise: Ice Breaker

Think about a family member or friend that is important to you. Imagine that they are about to start a job that involves working at heights. What advice would you give this person before they started work?

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Section 1: The Law 6 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

PART 1: UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS

Section 1: The Law The goal of this section is to explain the rights, roles and responsibilities of workplace parties when work is happening at heights. It also reviews Working at Heights Legislation and explains the role of the Ministry of Labour in workplace health and safety.

Objectives By the end of this section you will be able to: 1. Identify the roles and responsibilities of the employer, supplier, contractor,

supplier, supervisor and worker, with respect to working at heights.2. Describe three worker’s rights with regards to working at heights and how a

worker would take steps to exercise them.3. Explain that all workers have a duty to report to their supervisor or employer

any fall hazard or defect in fall prevention/protection equipment of whichthey are aware and which may endanger themselves or another worker.

4. Explain that an employer is prohibited from threatening to fire or dismissworkers for exercising their health and safety rights with respect to workingsafely at heights, or for asking their employer or supervisor to do what theOccupational Health and Safety Act requires.

5. Explain that the Ministry of Labour enforces the Occupational Health andSafety Act and its regulations, and that Ministry inspectors may make orders,requirements and may initiate prosecutions, where appropriate, for non-compliance with requirements for working safely at heights.

6. Explain the types of help and resources available through the Ministry ofLabour’s website www.ontario.ca/labour and the purpose of the Ministry ofLabour’s #1-877-202-0008 telephone line.

http://www.ontario.ca/labour



Purpose of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) and Regulations The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) or the “Act”, helps protect you and other workers from health and safety hazards. OHSA is the law and sets the minimum legal requirement for safety. The Act is general and it assigns duties and responsibilities for all the different types of jobs in the workplace (worker, supervisor, employer, etc.). These duties and rights aid every persons’ participation in workplace health and safety. This is critical to the successful functioning of OHSA at work.

There are various regulations, standards, codes and guidelines that support occupational health and safety legislation. Here is how that works: Regulations are guiding laws specific to the work/workplace and hazards

that outline how to apply the Act. There are many regulations that pertain to work done at heights and fall protection.

Standards give specific technical information and are often developed by industry professionals. All fall protection equipment components must meet CSA standards and be appropriately identified with tags, stamps or markings.

Codes help outline and support regulations and are developed by experts. For example, the Ontario Building Code would be applicable when considering fall protection.

Guidelines are detailed rules or policies by experts and/or government, but are not enforceable on their own. If adopted into a specific piece of legislation, they will become part of the law and enforceable.

Regulation 213/91 Construction Projects

People may have different perceptions about what the law requires, but OHSA and the Regulations tell you what to do. Regulation 213/91 Construction Projects tells you specific details about how to work safely at heights.

It can be found online at www.ontario.ca/laws

http://www.ontario.ca/laws



The Internal Responsibility System (IRS) The principle underlying the Occupational Health and Safety Act is the Internal Responsibility System (IRS). The IRS means that everyone is working together to solve health and safety concerns.

OHSA creates an interlocking set of duties and rights. This means that: Everyone has responsibilities for health and safety in the workplace Joint Health and Safety Committee (JHSC) or health and safety representative has

a role to play by monitoring and supporting the IRS MOL will intervene to determine if duties and obligations are fulfilled and will enforce

•Ensures the organization complies with the OHSA and Regulations

Board

•Provides a safe work environment and sets the standard, or workplace rules, to work safely, does everything they can to keep workers safeCEO

•Communicates, monitors and enforces the workplace rules to work safely, informs workers of hazards, does everything they can to keep workers safeManager/Supervisor

•Complies with workplace safety rules, participates in health and safety activities and brings forward concernsWorker



Application of IRS to Working at Heights

Roles and Responsibilities of Workplace Parties 9.1.1 (a) Identify the roles and responsibilities of the employer, constructor (if applicable), supplier, supervisor and worker with respect to working at heights.

9.1.1 (c) Explain that all workers have a duty to report to their supervisor or employer any fall hazard or defect in fall prevention equipment of which they are aware and which may endanger themselves or another worker.

Employer Responsibilities The employer is defined as a person who employs or contracts the services of one or more workers. Under Section 25, your employer must: Instruct, inform and supervise workers to protect their health and safety Provide competent supervision Develop health and safety policies with programs set-up for everyone to

know and to follow. Make available copies of health and safety policies, programs and procedures

available to all workers in the workplace

•Ensures the organization complies with the OHSA and Regulations related to Working at Heights including Construction Regulation, Industrial Regulation and Health Care Regulations that have specific working at heights requirementsBoard

•Requires working at heights program for the organization, identifies working at heights training needs for workers, ensures policies and procedures are developed and equipment is available.CEO

•Ensures workers have the required training, understand the polices and procedures, hazards and equipment. Makes sure workers know how to use equipment. Enforces safe practices on the job.

Manager/Supervisor

•Follows the workplace working at heights policies and procedures, attends and participates in training, wears equipment, reports any concerns.Worker



Provide required training programs to workers and supervisors (i.e. fall protection program and working at heights training)

Take every precaution reasonable to protect workers

Appointing Competent Persons Your employer is legally required to provide workers with competent supervision and to have only competent workers operate the equipment. The OHSA defines a competent person as one who has knowledge, training and experience to organize work and its performance, is familiar with the Act and its Regulations that apply to the work, as well as potential and actual dangers.

Supervisor Responsibilities Under Section 27 the supervisor must: Ensure workers work in a safe manner

following policies, procedures and the law

Monitor each worker to ensure they are using or wearing any equipment and protective devices required by the employer

Inform workers about hazards and respond to concerns

Provide workers with written instructions about the measures and procedures to be followed to work safely (i.e. a rescue plan)

Take every precaution reasonable to protect workers

OHSA is Available Online for Easy Reference and Definitions Visit: http://www.ontario.ca/laws

See OHSA Section 1(1) for Definitions of Workplace Parties

What this means on the Job Working at Heights… There are many types of work that involve working at heights, these include working at heights: within a structure; on a ladder; through gaps or openings in a work surface; on level surface and from or onto machinery and rotating parts.

Supervisors of workers who do these jobs need to make sure workers: Know the requirements of OHSA and Regulation 213/91 Construction Projects Receive training on how to do this work safely Have the right equipment to do the job Are supervised to make sure the work is done safely and reduce risk of falling




Worker Responsibilities A worker is any person who performs work or supplies services who is paid, a student of a secondary school or post-secondary school under an authorized work experience program who is unpaid, not an employee but has received training from the employer. Under Section 28, workers must: Work according to the OHSA and

applicable regulations (i.e. Construction Projects, Regulation 213/91)

Use or wear the equipment or protective devices that the employer requires to be used or worn

Report any missing or defective equipment or protective devices to their supervisor or employer

Report any potential or actual hazards to their supervisor or employer

Discussion Exercise: If You Saw a Hazard? If you saw a hazard in your workplace who would you report it to?

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What this means on the Job Working at Heights… Workers must: Follow the requirements in OHSA and

Regulations Use and wear the right fall protection

equipment and devices Inspect their equipment and make sure

it is working properly. If the equipment is damaged or not working properly, they need to tell their supervisor

Duty to Report

You must tell your employer about hazards you see in the workplace or equipment that is broken or damaged in a way that could hurt you or someone you work with.

What this means on the Job Working at Heights… Workers must: Follow the requirements in OHSA and

Regulations Use and wear the right fall prevention

equipment and devices Inspect their equipment and make

sure it is working properly. If the equipment is damaged or not working properly, they need to tell their supervisor



Constructors, Contractors and Suppliers A constructor is a person, including the owner, that undertakes a “project” and is responsible for all the people in the workplace., A contractor is a person or company that undertakes a contract to provide material or labour to perform a service or to do a job. When hired by an owner to do all the work on a project the contractor is the constructor.

Under Section 23, constructors who have undertaken a project must: Ensure the measures and procedures prescribed by this Act and the

regulations are carried out on the project Ensure all workplace parties performing work on the project complies with

this Act and the regulation Protects the health and safety of workers on the project

A supplier is a person who under a rental or leasing arrangement supplies equipment or tools in good condition. Under Section 31, suppliers who supply any machine, device, tool, equipment under any rental, leasing or similar arrangement for use in or about a workplace must: Ensure that the machine, device, tool or equipment is in good condition Ensure that the machine, device, tool or equipment complies with the Act

and its regulations Ensure that if it is the person’s responsibility under the rental, leasing or

similar arrangement to do so, that the machine, device, tool or equipment is maintained in good condition.

Exercise: What is Your Role?

Given the roles we have just learned about can you identify your role in the workplace?

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If you had questions about working at heights who would you ask?

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Did you learn anything new about your roles and responsibilities in the workplace?

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Worker Rights 9.1.1 (b) Describe three worker rights with regard to working at heights and how a worker would take steps to exercise them.

Workers have three basic rights under OHSA.

The Right to Know Workers have the right to know about any potential hazards to which they may be exposed. This means workers have the right to:

Training Information on equipment they use, working conditions and processes.

Workers have the right to know and how to protect themselves.

The Right to Participate Workers have the right to take part in health and safety. This means workers help identify hazards, provide feedback and recommend solutions to health and safety concerns. This right is commonly expressed by being the:

Worker Member on a Joint Health and Safety Committee (JHSC) or Health and safety representative (HSR).

The Right to Refuse or to Stop Unsafe Work Workers have the right to refuse work that they believe is dangerous to either their own health and safety or that of another worker. OHSA describes the exact process for refusing dangerous work and the responsibilities of the employer in responding to such a refusal.

Discussion Exercise: How Can You Exercise Your Right to Know and Your Right to Participate in the Workplace?

When working at heights how can I exercise my Right to Know?

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When working at heights how can I exercise my Right to Participate?

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Section 43 of OHSA outlines When a Worker May Refuse Work

OHSA Section 43(3) Refusal to Work – A worker may refuse to work or do particular work where he or she has reason to believe that,

(a) Any equipment, machine, device or thing the worker is to use or operate is likely to endanger himself, herself or another worker;

(b) The physical condition of the workplace or the part thereof in which he or she works continues to be likely to endanger himself or herself;

(b.1) Workplace violence is likely to endanger himself or herself; or

(c) Any equipment, machine, device or thing he or she is to use or operate or the physical condition of the workplace or the part thereof in which he or she works or is to work is in contravention of this Act or the regulations and such contravention is likely to endanger himself, herself or another worker

Steps a Worker can take to Refuse or Stop Unsafe Work



Exercise: The Work Refusal Process Pick a scenario and determine what steps are needed to be taken to refuse the unsafe work.

Work Refusal Scenario Steps To Take

Scenario 1 Your role is to access a roof using a permanent fixed ladder on the side of a building. When climbing the ladder you can see that the bottom 6 m (20 ft) is freshly painted and in good condition. As you continue, you find numerous rusty rungs, a missing bolt, and a missing rung.

What should you do?

Scenario 2 You are asked to retrieve a step ladder from the truck and use it to access a light fixture on the side of a building. You find that the spreader lock is bent and is not fully locking in place. Also, two of the anti-slip feet are missing. The worker doing the task sets-up the ladder saying that in their opinion it is fine.

What should you do?

Scenario 3 When setting up an extension ladder you notice that one of the locks has to be manually put into position and rope to extend the ladder is missing.

What should you do?



Reprisals: Section 50 9.1.1 (d) Explain that the employer is prohibited from threatening to fire or dismiss workers for exercising their rights with respect to working safely at heights, or for asking their employer or supervisor to do what the Occupational Health and Safety Act requires.

It is against the law for an employer or supervisor to dismiss, threaten, penalize or fire you if you have followed the law. If you bring up safety concerns or refuse to do unsafe you are exercising their rights. If your employer threatens to fire you, then you need to contact the MOL. Reprisals are against the law.

According to the Act Section 50(1), no employer or person acting on behalf of an employer shall: Dismiss or threaten to dismiss a worker Discipline or threaten to discipline or suspend a worker Impose any penalty upon a worker Intimidate or coerce a worker Onus of proof is on the employer

If there is a reprisal because the worker has acted in compliance with OHSA or the regulations, or an order; sought enforcement of OHSA and the regulations; or has given evidence in a proceeding with respect to enforcement of OHSA or

the regulations or an inquest under the Coroner’s Act as per Section 50(2), the worker may have the matter dealt with by a union or the Ministry of Labour.

The Ministry of Labour Call Line is 1-877-202-0008.

Speak Up - Ask Questions, Report Hazards It is against the law for your boss to fire, bully or threaten you for doing what the Act says. You can:

Ask questions about health and safety

Report health and safety problems

Refuse to do something that is unsafe, or seems unsafe

If you need more training, or think you could get hurt, speak up. Talk to your supervisor immediately.



Exercise: What to Ask In the conversation bubbles below write some things that you might ask your employer related to working at heights.



The Role of the Ministry of Labour: Enforcement, Penalties and Fines

9.1.1 (e) Explain that the Ministry of Labour enforces the Occupational Health and Safety Act and its Regulations and that the Ministry inspectors may make orders, requirements and may initiate prosecutions, where appropriate, for non-compliance with requirements for working safely at heights.

Enforcement Tools An MOL inspector is given power through OHSA to enforce health and safety compliance rules. They can issue orders to the employer which explain the steps the employer needs to take to follow the rules. Other tools include tickets, fines and prosecution. Orders are written against contravention of the Act and Regulations. A contravention means that someone is breaking the law.

Issuing Orders: Section 57

When the MOL inspector finds that a part of OHSA or a regulation is not being followed (contravened), the inspector may issue an order to: The employer The person in charge of a

workplace, or A person he or she believes to

be at fault.

An order tells this person to follow the law and what needs to be done to follow the law. The inspector may issue an order with a compliance date or, where there is danger to a worker, limit or stop work.

A stop-work order issued by an inspector remains in force until it is cancelled by the inspector after further inspection of the workplace. An employer achieves compliance with an order only when the inspector determines that compliance has been achieved.

Compliance Orders may be: Time-based, where compliance must be achieved by a certain time decided

by the inspector Forthwith, where the compliance must begin immediately, before the

inspector leaves the workplace

Forthwith Orders – Comply Before the Inspector Leaves Most often, order written for working at heights require immediate compliance. This means the problem must be fixed right away. These are called forthwith orders.



Time unknown, where the amount of time to comply is not specified. Requirements for compliance is detailed by the inspector. This results in a stop work order based on the immediate risk of injury to a worker. Examples include scaffolding with no engineering certificate, or a worker on a roof without fall protection equipment.

Ticketing

MOL inspectors may issue tickets for offences relating to the Act and its regulations. Tickets may be issued during a workplace inspection or as a result of investigating a complaint, injury or work refusal. If issued a ticket, one may plead guilty or give notice of intention to appear in court. Examples of tickets include: A worker fails to wear full body harness connected to a fall arrest system

while on suspended equipment ($295) - Item #10/Schedule 67.1 Construction Projects

A supervisor fails to ensure their worker is wearing appropriate fall protection equipment under Section 85 of the Industrial Establishments Regulation 851 ($295) – Item #55/Schedule 67.3 Industrial Establishments

Appeals: Section 61 An appeal against an inspector’s order (or lack of one being ordered) may be made by any aggrieved party (e.g. an employer, worker or trade union) in writing, in person or by phone to the Ontario Labour Relations Board (OLRB) within 30 days of the order being issued. The order stands pending the appeal decision, unless the Board orders otherwise. Prosecutions and Penalties: Section 66(1)(2)

Failure by any person within an organization to comply with any part of the OHSA and its regulations could result in a severe penalty. On conviction, the person is liable to a maximum fine of $25,000 or to imprisonment for not longer than 12 months, or both. OHSA provides for a maximum fine of $500,000 to be imposed on a corporation convicted of an offence under OHSA or a regulation.

See also: www.OLRB.gov.on.ca

Have questions regarding appeals, direct them to the MOL by calling the Health and Safety Contact Centre at

#1-877-202-0008.

http://www.olrb.gov.on.ca/

http://www.olrb.gov.on.ca/



Regulations that Apply to Working at Heights These are rules that provide more detail on how to carry out the minimum requirements and duties stated in the Act. Regulations apply to specific sectors and workplaces, types of work and hazards. They outline what must be done to work safely. Inspectors use these Regulations to write orders.

Construction Projects, Regulation 213/91, Section 26 Section 26 states the specific regulatory requirements regarding fall protection. Constructors or employers must install guardrails, or take other protective measures, if workers are at a risk of falling: More than 3 m (10 ft) More than 1.2 m (3.9 ft) if the work area is used

as a path/walkway Into operating machinery Into water or other liquids Into or onto a hazardous substance or object Through an opening or gap on a work surface

A guardrail system must also be used if a worker is exposed to a fall of 2.4 m (7.87 ft) or more and has access to the open side of an elevated work surface (i.e. mezzanine, balcony floor, bridge-like platform, roof while formwork is in place, scaffold, runway or ramp). If guardrails are not reasonably possible to install, then the worker must be protected by one of the following fall protection systems: Travel restraint Fall restriction that limits a worker’s free fall to 0.6 m (2 ft) A safety net Fall arrest (i.e. full body harness, a lanyard with a shock absorber, or a

system attached by a lifeline or lanyard)

All components of the fall protection systems provided and used must be CSA-approved - O. Reg. 213/91, sec. 26.1(3).

Roles and Responsibilities

Section 26 also states the employer, supervisor and workers specific responsibilities regarding fall protection.

The employer must: Install guardrails, or where not possible, providing a travel restraint system,

fall restricting system, a fall arrest system or a safety net

Complying with Regulations: Orders issued by the Ministry of Labour (MOL) for working at heights are issued under the regulations, primarily the Construction Projects and Industrial Establishments Regulations, not the “every reasonable precaution” requirement in OHSA



Develop written procedures for rescuing a worker, before any use of a fall arrest system or a safety net

Ensure workers are provided with, and use, adequate personal protective equipment and gear correctly

Train workers who may use a fall protection system how to use it

The supervisor must: Ensure that workers work in the manner and with the protective devices,

measures and procedures required by the OHSA and its regulations Ensure that workers use the fall protection equipment and protective devices

as required by the employer Advise workers of any potential or actual danger to the health and safety of

the worker of which the supervisor is aware, including any potential fall hazards

The worker must: Use and/or wear the protective equipment, devices or clothing as required

by the employer Report hazards or any contraventions of the OHSA and its regulations to the

supervisor or employer Work with and use equipment in a safe manner

Industrial Establishments, Regulation 851, Sections 13, 14, 45, 73 & 85 Section 13

Section 13 states that there should be a guardrail in areas of the workplace where there is a risk of falling. This includes openings in the floor, roof or other surface where a worker has access. Open sides of a raised floor, mezzanine, balcony, gallery, landing, platform, walkway, stile, ramp or other surface. A vat, bin or tank the top of which is less than 107 cm (3.5 ft) above the surrounding floor, ground, platform or surface.

Section 14

Section 14 provides details on the requirements for a guardrail. A guardrail must have A top rail that is between 91 cm (2.9 ft) - 107 cm (3.5 ft) above the ground or

surface A mid rail A toe board if tools or other objects may fall on the worker that extends the

surface to be guarded to at least 125 mm (4.9 inches) A surface clean of splinters and protruding nails



This section also states that the guardrail must be built so that it meets the structural requirements in The Building Code. The Building Code sets requirements for openings in guardrails and height, it also sets out materials and design features.

Section 45

Section 45 is specific to material handling and states that precautions and safeguards should be put in place to ensure that lifting, carrying and moving of materials does not endanger a worker.

If a MOL inspector determines the worker is in danger of falling and he/she is working less than 3 m (10 ft) from a working surface, orders under Section 45 (Industrial Establishments Regulation 851), may be issued. Such hazardous situations may include workers climbing shelving rather than using a ladder, working on racking, riding on mobile equipment other than the operator’s seat, using a stepladder like an extension ladder, etc.

If the employer fails to provide a safe means for workers to retrieve material, such as heavy boxes on a second level, that protects the workers from falling, an order under the same section may be issued.

Section 73

Section 73 outlines the requirements for portable ladders. It says the ladder shall: Be free from broken or loose members or other faults Have non-slip feet Be placed on firm footing Be held in place by one or more workers while being used and it exceeds 6

m (19.6 ft) and is not fastened and is likely to be endangered by traffic Be inclined (slanted) so that the horizontal distance from the top support to

the foot of the ladder is not less than ¼ and not more than 1/3 of the length of the ladder

Section 85

This section of the Regulation explains that workers who are exposed to falls of more than 3 m (10 ft) must wear fall protection. Examples include working on a roof removing ice or retrieving a soccer ball, racking, climbing and working from a ladder or a scaffold, if the worker is exposed to the hazard of falling.

It states the worker should wear a serviceable safety belt or harness and a lifeline that is secured to a fixed support so that the worker cannot fall freely for more than 1.5 m (5 ft). The fall arrest system needs to be able to absorb twice the energy and twice the load its use may transmit. The system also needs to be equipped with a shock absorber or other devices to limit the arresting force to 8.0 kilonewtons to the worker.



Other Sections of Industrial Establishments, Regulation 851 that apply to working at heights include: Sections 12, 15, 20 and 21 – These Regulations address requirements for

clearances from moving parts, covering of floor openings, barriers, warning signs and lighting.

Section 52 - This section addresses specific requirements for platforms and fall protection, in some circumstances. MOL will issue orders for workers doing any kind of work on elevated work platforms if the worker is not tied-off to the anchor point designed by the manufacturers and not wearing one of the belts designed for use with the equipment. In some cases, lines can be retractable and in others they must be fixed.

Health Care and Residential Facilities, Regulation 67/93, Section 13 This section applies when work is done with the use of a ladder and the hazard of falling is 3 or more metres (10 feet or more). The worker must be provided with, and must wear, a fall arrest system. The system also needs to be equipped with a shock absorber or other devices to limit the arresting force to 8.0 kilonewtons to the worker.

Other Regulations Related to Working at Heights Mining and Mining Plants, Regulation 854, Part 1 General, Sections 14, 46, 60,

84 & 94 Window Cleaning, Regulation 859, Section 10, Safety Precautions and

Requirements

It is important to consider what the work being performed is and to know which regulations must be followed. For example, if it is considered to be construction work even though it is not being done on a construction site, the work must be done in accordance with the Construction Projects Regulation.

The Construction Projects Regulation applies to all construction projects, installations and removals whereas the Industrial Establishments Regulation applies to the moving and manufacturing of items.



CSA Standards that Apply to Working at Heights The following CSA standards must also be considered when working at heights. These are much more detailed and technical in how they address hazards than regulations.

On their own, they are resource documents and not regulations without legal authority unless they are adopted into specific legislation: CSA Z259.1- 95 - Safety Belts and

Lanyards CSA Z259.10-12 - Full Body Harness CSA Z259.11-05 - Energy Absorbers and Lanyards CSA Z259.11-M92 - Shock Absorbers for Personal Fall Arrest Systems CSA Z259.2.1-98 - Fall Arrestors (rope grabs), Vertical Lifelines and Rails CSA Z259.2.2-98 - Self-Retracting Devices for Personal Fall Arrest Systems CSA Z259.2.3-12 - Descent Devices - Rated by manufacturer CSA Z259.14-12 - Fall Restriction for Wood Pole

Manufacturers and Use of Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Marks

The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) provides certification services for manufacturers who, under license from CSA, wish to use the appropriate registered CSA marks on certain products of their manufacture to indicate conformity with CSA Standards.

Ministry of Labour Guidelines The Ministry of Labour has published several guidelines to assist employers, workers and other workplace parties when working at heights. Their purpose is to clarify the intent and requirements of specific portions of the OHSA or regulations. Available guidelines include:

• Confined Spaces • Constructor • Film and Television Industry • Multi-Point Suspended Scaffolds

• Portable Ladders • Safe Operation and

Maintenance of Powered Lift Trucks

• Step Stools

Standards Available Online: Visit http://www.csagroup.org/

.

http://www.csagroup.org/



Discussion: Real Life Story - Suspended Scaffold Accident, Christmas Eve 2009

On December 24, 2009 six Ontario workers fell 13 storeys after the suspended scaffold they were working on collapsed.

4 workers died

1 young worker sustained serious injuries

1 worker who was wearing fall protection survived with no injury

A total of 61 charges were laid by the Ministry of Labour

Project Manager

•Charged with 4 counts of criminal negligence causing death and one causing bodily harm under the Criminal Code

Construction Company

• Fined $750,000 – highest fine in Canadian history for Criminal Corporate Liability

Construction Company Owner

• Fined $112,000 after pleading guilty to 4 violations of OHSA

Swing Stage Manufacturer

• Fined $350,000•One of their

Directors was also fined $50,000



MOL Court Bulletins The MOL publishes court bulletins. These bulletins specify health and safety violations and fines and penalties issued to the employer.

MOL Court Bulletin #1: Roofing Company Fined $15,000 for Health and Safety Violation

An Ontario roofing company was fined $15,000 for a violation of the Occupational Health and Safety Act.

In April of 2014, seven workers were re-shingling the roof of a house. None of the workers were wearing fall protection equipment, even though they were working at a height of greater than 3 m (10 ft). There were no guard rails around the roof of the house. There were no injuries of workers.

The roofing company pleaded guilty to failing to ensure that workers exposed to the hazard of a height greater than 3 m (10 ft) were equipped with necessary fall protection. Conviction was based on violations of: Occupational Health and Safety Act, Section 25(1)(c) Ontario Regulation 213/91, Section 26.1(2)

MOL Court Bulletin #2: Leading Manufacturer Fined $75,000 after Worker Falls, Suffer Injuries

A manufacturer of aviation products was fined $75,000 after one of its workers fell from a scissor lift at its Toronto facility, suffering a head injury and broken bones.

In July of 2013, the worker at the company’s facility was working on a plane engine and used a scissor lift to do so. The worker fell about 5 ft to the concrete floor below. The less critical injuries included dislocation and scrapes.

A MOL investigation determined that the worker fell because the end gate of the scissor lift was held open by plastic ties and the latch was taped over. The investigation also found that the worker did not carry out the required daily pre-use inspection on the lift prior to using it.

The company pleaded guilty to failing to ensure that equipment, materials and protective devices provided by the employer were maintained in good working condition at the workplace, and was fined $75,000. Conviction was based on violations of: Occupational Health and Safety Act, Section 25(1)(c) Ontario Regulation 213/91, Section 26.1(2)

Court Bulletins Available Online: Current and archived MOL Court Bulletins can be found online at the MOL Newsroom: www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/news/index.php.

http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/news/index.php

http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/news/index.php



MOL Court Bulletin #3: Company Directors Receive Jail Sentences, Corporation Fined $250,000 After Worker Dies in Fall

A Ontario importer and retailer of furniture and accessories has been fined $250,000 and 2 of its directors have been jailed for 25 days each after pleading guilty to safety violations that lead to the death of a warehouse worker.

In January of 2013, a worker was moving merchandise in the workplace using a combination of forklift/operator-up platform called an order picker. The order picker had an additional platform supported by the forks that was tack-welded to the manufacturer-equipped operator platform. The added platform did not have a guardrail around it and the worker using it was not wearing fall protection or the appropriate safety shoes.

The worker was found on the floor and was pronounced dead; the cause of death was later determined to be blunt force trauma to the head.

A MOL investigation found multiple violations of Ontario’s Occupational Health and Safety Act and of Regulation 851 which covers industrial workplaces. There had been no health and safety training provided to the workers in the warehouse. Workers indicated that they were not provided fall protection equipment. MOL inspectors identified more health and safety hazards in the workplace after the fatality occurred.

Section 85(a) of the Industrial Establishments Regulation or IER 851 requires that workers who may fall more than 3 m (10 ft) must wear fall protection equipment, specifically a safety harness. The Act requires that employers ensure safety measures prescribed by IER 851 are properly carried out in the workplace.

The 2 directors pleaded guilty to charges of failing to take reasonable care that the corporation complied with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and with IER 851. Each director was ordered to serve 25 days in jail.

The company pleaded guilty to providing information, instruction and supervision to a worker regarding fall protection and/or working from a height; as well to failing to ensure the safety measures required by law were properly carried out by the worker, and was fined $250,000. Conviction was based on violations of: Occupational Health and Safety Act, Section 32 Industrial Establishments Regulation 851, Section 85(a)



Getting Support from the Ministry of Labour 9.1.1 (e) Explain the types of help and resources available through the Ministry of Labour’s Website www.ontario.ca/labour, and the purpose of the Ministry of Labour’s 1-877-202-0008 telephone line.

The Ministry of Labour is responsible for the prevention of occupational injury or illness and regulates, communicates and enforces health and safety requirements and standards in the workplace.

Get in touch with the MOL by calling the Health and Safety Contact Centre at #1-877-202-0008.

Contact the MOL for help dealing with health and safety concerns not being addressed, reprisals and for reporting unsafe work practices, incidents, critical injuries or fatalities. To access specific health and safety information and support go to the MOL website: www.labour.gov.on.ca to find resources such as: Alerts Engineering Data Sheets

(e.g. Fixed Access Ladders) Fact Sheets & Information

Bulletins

MOL Blitz Information Posters Prosecutions –Court

Bulletins Videos

Other Sources of Health and Safety Information

There is a variety of sources of health and safety information available to Ontario workers which include: Government of Ontario website of online legislation at: www.ontario.ca/laws Public Services Health and Safety Association at: www.pshsa.ca Workplace Safety and Insurance Board at: www.wsib.on.ca Canadian Standards Association (CSA) at: www.csagroup.ca

Taking it Back to Work: Information Needs This about what you have learned in this section about roles and responsibilities and where to get information and help.

Write down one or two things that you would like more information about in your workplace when you go back to work.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

http://www.ontario.ca/labour


http://www.pshsa.ca/

http://www.wsib.on.ca/

http://www.csagroup.ca/



Knowledge Check Answer the questions below to check your knowledge. Use the lines below to make notes.

1. Under the Act, workers are obligated to report all hazards, unsafe conditions and violations of health and safety law to their employer or supervisor.

a. True

b. False

2. A worker who has refused unsafe work under the Act may be made to do the job if the employer feels it is necessary.

a. True

b. False

3. The Ministry of Labour enforces the Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations.

a. True

b. False

Notes: ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________


Section 2: Working at Heights Hazards 30 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Section 2: Working at Heights Hazards The goal of this section is to enable participants to identify hazards associated with working from heights.

Objectives By the end of this section you will be able to:

1. Recognize hazards of working at heights.

2. Recognize other hazards where workers are exposed to the hazard of falling from heights.

3. List typical accidents and injuries related to working at heights in the workplace.

4. Identify the frequency, severity and consequences of injuries/fatalities from falling at heights.

5. Explain the role of safe work plans and procedures in identifying hazards of falling from heights.



Fall Hazards 9.1.2 (a) Recognize the hazards of working at heights.

The moment you step up off the ground, your risk of falling increases. A fall hazard is defined as anything that causes loss of balance or support and results in a fall. The major causes of falls include: Unprotected edges of elevated

surfaces, platforms, walkways, pits and floor openings

Improper scaffold construction Unsafe portable ladders Openings that you could step into or

fall through

Exercise: Falls Statistics Enter the statistical information from the slide into the spaces below:

1. Falls are one of the leading causes of occupational _____ in North America.

2. In Ontario, falls account for ____ people getting injured every day on the job from a fall.

3. There are ____ fall-related deaths in Ontario each year.

Recognizing the Hazard An important first step in controlling hazards is recognizing the hazard. To recognize working at heights hazards, start by looking at the types of work that is being done in your workplace.

Methods to recognize hazards in your workplace include: Worker feedback Hazard assessments/Job task analysis Safe work procedures Equipment inspections Workplace inspections Manufacturers’ specifications for equipment, machines and devices Workplace documentation Observation

“Falls from heights are a major hazard for Ontario workers and are one of the leading causes of critical injuries and fatalities on the job ” Health and Safety at Work TODAY/Ontario Ministry of Labour http://www/labour.on.gov.ca/english/hs/pubs/hsawtoday/issue3.php

http://www/labour.on.gov.ca/english/hs/pubs/hsawtoday/issue3.php

http://www/labour.on.gov.ca/english/hs/pubs/hsawtoday/issue3.php



Common areas where people work at heights include:

Staircases Staircases to mezzanines or other surfaces within the work space where work

may be done, or materials are stored Staircases leading into buildings or portables or to floors within the building

Ladders Portable ladder – a ladder that can be easily moved or carried such as a

stepladder or extension ladder Fixed ladder – a ladder that cannot be easily moved because it is fixed or

attached to a structure. For example, a ladder attached to the outside of a building that allows access to a roof

Elevated Work Surfaces Temporary elevated work surfaces

o Scaffolds – such as transportable suspended scaffolds used in window cleaning

o Platform ladders – for working on machinery, equipment, loading and unloading flatbed trucks, tankers, loading docks and any associated devices

Permanent elevated work structures including roofs, mezzanines, catwalks, walkways, decking, bridges, towers, etc., and any associated devices

Powered Elevated Work Platforms (PEWPs)/ Aerial Devices Aerial devices – Cherry pickers, ladder trucks, aerial baskets or bucket trucks,

crane suspended lift baskets, powered lifting devices with elevated work platforms and other similar devices that carry or move a worker to an elevated work position using hydraulic pneumatic or electrical power

Contributing Factors and Other Hazards 9.1.2 (b) Recognize other hazards where workers are expose to the hazard of falling from heights (i.e. into water, machinery, electrical equipment, and hazardous substances or objects.

Five factors (PEMEP) that can contribute, either on their own or in combination, to workplace hazards are: People – The actions of people, the things they do or don’t do Equipment – This includes all the tools, and machines that people work with

or near; such as machines, vehicles, material handling, personal gear Materials – The handling of materials including raw materials, hazardous

chemicals and other substances workers use



Environment – This refers to every part of the workplace which includes the condition of all surfaces on which people walk or where things are placed, hazards caused by physical agents, housekeeping and maintenance, storage and debris and blocked exits

Process – This combines the other four contributing factors, everything in the workplace design and the organization of the work being done

The table below highlights some of the factors that can contribute to fall from height hazards.

People

• Competence• Experience• Training• Distraction• Fatigue• Stress• Fitness• Situational

awareness• Adequate/

Inadequate supervision

Equipment

• Capabilities to use

• Worn or damaged

• Not CSA Approved

• Poor maintenance

• Contact with electricity

• Incorrect equipment for the job

• Absence of equipment

Materials

• Anchorage points

• Unknown load capacity

• Difficult to handle materials

• Sharp, heavy or hot objects

• Falling objects or materials

• Scaffold collapse

Environment

• Weather -wind, rain, temperature extremes

• Confined space

• Noise• Lighting• Debris left

around worksite

• Improper storage of materials

• Other machinery

• Working above water or liquids

• Hazardous substances

Process

• Procedures• Job design• Schedule for

work• Organization

of work• Improper

equipment• Rescue plans• Collisions or

tip-overs



Common Causes of Falls from Heights The following lists examples of conditions and acts that cause falls when working at height. Conditions are the job site setting and quality of equipment while acts are the things that people do or do not do. Examples of Common Conditions that Cause Falls when Working at Heights include: Poor condition of equipment Wrong equipment/tool for the job Missing protective devices (e.g. no guardrails, no covers) Poor site conditions such as uneven surfaces, poor weather, inadequate

lighting Inappropriate personal fall protection equipment used for the job Damaged or deficient personal fall protection equipment Loose tools or other materials falling

Examples of Common Acts that Cause Falls when Working at Heights include: Not wearing personal fall protection equipment Not inspecting work/work site and equipment prior to use Inadequate planning of work Insufficient training Inadequate or lack of competent supervision Poor housekeeping practices such as clutter on stairs Inadequate maintenance programs Improper use of equipment or devices Lifting and carrying overhanging loads onto elevated work areas or over

openings Rushing to meet deadlines Not following safe work procedures

Hazards from Working on Ladders

Ladders must always be inspected prior to use. There are many different types and sizes of ladders which is why it is critical that the one chosen for the job is the right one (i.e. CSA approved, Grade 1 or equivalent). Other hazards to look out for before using a ladder include: Damaged or in poor condition (i.e. cracks, bent, missing feet, unstable) Not secured at top or bottom to fixed points Incorrect size or type of ladder for the job Poor placement of ladder (i.e. near a door, near pedestrian traffic) Proximity to electric power lines Windy conditions Wet, slippery conditions Inadequate lighting Poor work design (i.e. handling tools and materials/breaking 3-points of

contact) Unsecured tools and attachments



Hazards from Working on Elevated Work Surfaces

Hazards to be aware of when working on scaffolds and platform ladders include: Damaged or in poor condition (i.e. missing guardrails, toe guards or uneven) Unstable construction (i.e. not level, too tall) Unable to support weight of equipment or load Proximity to electric power lines Inadequate lighting

Hazards from Working in Powered Elevated Work Platforms / Aerial Devices

Mobile elevated devices such as aerial lifts require specialized training for safe operation. Tip-overs are a common accident with aerial lifts. It is important that all hazards associated with the lift be identified and addressed prior to its operation. Hazards to look out for include: Surface is not level - tip-over risk Obstacles in the path and overhead Unable to support weight of load Guardrails and locking pins are

missing, damaged Improper use of aerial lift controls,

stabilizers and outriggers

Exercise: Fall Hazards Inventory Think about your workplace and the hazards related to falling that may be present.

Make an inventory of the hazards in the chart below.

Classify each of the hazards by the type of fall, location and department where it is, as well as the work activity involved and equipment used.

Review the example in the chart to see how to complete your inventory.

It is important to identify hazards that may exist for jobs performed at heights less than the required level for fall protection equipment.

Make sure to include people’s behaviours in your inventory, such as those situations where workers needing to reach a little higher have improvised by climbing on racks.

Risky situations such as when a worker stands on the forks of a lift truck, or borrows a co-worker’s harness that was the wrong fit (i.e. a different class and size).

A Real Life Story A worker was climbing a 3 m (10 ft) ladder to access a landing, which was 2.75 m (9 ft) above the adjacent level. The ladder slid down, causing the worker to fall to the floor. The worker sustained fatal injuries.

The ladder was examined and since it was new it was found to be in good condition with slip resistant feet. It was determined that the railings’ length did not extend 0.9 m (1 foot) above the landing and the ladder had not been properly secured before its use.



Type of Fall Hazard

Location/ Department

Work Activity Equipment Used

Falling out of aerial bucket (from height greater than 3 m or 10 ft)

Outside at the top of the building/ maintenance department

Replacing the lightbulbs in the building sign

Aerial lift/bucket truck, full body harness, lanyard, safety hat and other PPE (insulated boots, gloves)



Accidents and Injuries 9.1.2 (c) List typical accidents and injuries related to working at heights.

9.2.1 (d) Identify the frequency, severity and consequences of injuries and fatalities due to falls from heights (morale, family, society, reputation).

In construction and manufacturing industries, falls from heights above 3 m (10 ft) injure over 800 people a year. In the public sectors, including the education sector, most of the injuries are a result of falls from lower levels – usually off of step and straight ladders.

According to the Ontario Injury Prevention Resource Centre that uses data from hospital emergency rooms, urgent care centres and other medical treatment sources (rather than only worker injury data), there are about 9,000 falls from ladders every year in Ontario that require some form of medical treatment.

Of these, about 250 caused the worker to miss work, these are called lost time injuries. The balance includes injuries that require treatment with the worker returning to work as well as injuries to non-workers which includes clients, students and the general public.

About 15% of the injured people needed to be in the hospital. Their average time spent in the hospital is over 5 days. Even worse, about 1% die as a result of their injuries.

The areas of the body where the injuries occur from a fall from heights are indicated in the diagram to the right.

Injury Stats:



Contributing Factors to Fall Injury Severity The severity of an injury from a fall depends on:

Height

Movement of the Worker

The fallen person’s individual characteristics (i.e. age, weight, health)

The hardness of landing surface

Contact with moving machinery

Contact with water or other liquids

Contact with sharp objects

Consequences of Falls There are many instances of preventable critical injuries and fatalities where workers have fallen from heights, in particular, less than 3 m (10 ft) above a working surface. The risk for injury increases with height. However, in a work situation, a fall from only a short distance can cause you to have a serious injury or even to die.

A fall of less than 2 m (6.6 ft), which is less than most people’s height can fracture a person’s skull. The major hazards from the use of ladders, elevated platforms and scaffolds are usually a result of ignorance about proper set-up, securing and failure to use, or the improper use, of personal fall protection equipment.

If there is an accident while working on a ladder, on an elevated platform or on a scaffold, the results tend to be fatal or critical with irreversible harm. Typically, there is severe damage to the brain, neck and/or spine. As well, there may be other traumatic injuries such as fractures, lacerations and punctures along with contusions and crushing. The potential for risk when working at heights is very high. High risk hazards must be corrected immediately.



Keeping Safe on the Job 9.1.2 (e) Explain the role of safe work plans and procedures in identifying hazards of falling from heights.

Everyone in the workplace shares in the responsibility of keeping the workplace safe. You play a key role in protecting yourself from falls when working at heights. The following will help to keep you from getting hurt on the job: Adequate training Following safe work procedures (i.e. site specific, work and equipment as well

as rescue) Recognizing hazards Using fall protective equipment properly Wearing appropriate fall protection equipment correctly Competent supervision

Developing a Fall Protection Program Having a fall protection program in place helps to protect you from fall hazards. An effective program should address site-specific conditions as well as be compliant to the Act and its regulations. The program will include the following components: List of identified fall hazards Safe work procedures Fall protection systems Workplace and equipment inspections Rescue procedures/emergency preparedness

For the program to be effective, you need to be familiar with all safe work procedures and safe work plans. You must be well trained and know how to correctly use your equipment. You need to know how to identify hazards related to your work and to conduct inspections of your workplace and equipment prior to use each and every time.

Importance of Safe Work Plans and Procedures Safe work plans help you do a hazardous task like working at heights as safe as possible. It tells you the steps to take, the tasks that need to be done and the personal protective equipment you need to use to do the job safely. Supervisors and managers can use the safe work plan to see that the work is done safely. It can also help to identify issues in the process or steps that need to be addressed.



Safe Work Plans Planning is a key to keeping those working at heights safe. Providing a written safe work plan and training workers before starting any work at heights will help to protect them. A safe work plan is a key component to a fall prevention program.

The purpose of a safe work plan is to enable those involved at the worksite to understand all the requirements developed to perform the work at heights safely.

A written safe work plan sets out the job in order and identifies related hazards and associated risks. It also describes control measures. Key components of the written safe work plan should include: Name of specific work site List of all identified hazards List of all fall protection systems for the work site and work to be used Inspection and maintenance checklists of work site and equipment Safe work procedures and Rescue procedures Supervision Permits

Checklists Once the hazards have been identified, the use of checklists specifically designed for the particular job site and equipment being used and can be useful to ensure proper precautions, inspections and controls are carried out.

Checklists should be flexible enough to take into consideration different work sites, work conditions, etc. These checklists can also be used for inspections before equipment is used and as part of the supervisor’s hands-on training. Checklist items need to include: Safety measures to take safety precautions Safe use of equipment/control of identified hazards Pre-start procedures and checks Operating procedures

Ongoing Inspections Inspections are important to a Fall Protection program. In addition to the required checks that operators do before using their equipment, workers must conduct inspection and maintenance checks on a regular basis. Only an adequately trained worker should inspect equipment, especially since a person’s safety (life) depends on it. Checklists are used to record changes when inspecting the following equipment/work areas: Equipment used to access elevated work areas along with devices and

attachments



Elevated work surfaces Personal fall protection equipment Work zone/area around, above and under where work is being done

Regular inspections and maintenance will increase the useful life of equipment and reduce the number of accidents. Equipment found to be defective should be taken out of service and either tagged for repairs or, in the case of ladders, destroyed.

Since there are so many parties involved, it is easy for some part of the maintenance to go undone. The preventative maintenance plan should clearly state the person/company who is responsible for doing maintenance. All parties involved should be made aware of their responsibilities and what is expected of others.

Only a person who is both competent and familiar with the recommended manufacturers’ procedures should carry out repairs. Wherever possible, the condition causing the damage should also be corrected.

Once tagged for repairs, equipment should be locked out and not be used until repaired by a competent person or discarded if repairs cannot fix the problem. The tag should have printed on it in bold words:

DANGER - OUT OF SERVICE.

It is recommended that owners/employers keep a log of: Inspections Tests Repairs Modifications Maintenance Names and signatures of workers and inspectors

Training Training should only be given by competent persons, and should consist of oral and written instructions as well as hands-on demonstrations and operation of all controls.

Workers should be made aware of the hazards involved with each type and model of fall protection equipment to be used as well as any specific hazards related to the work site. The worker will be trained in the following: Safety measures and precautions Selection and safe use of fall protection equipment Recognizing and assessing the workplace for hazards Control of identified hazards Pre-start procedures and checks Operating procedures



Emergency and rescue procedures

Workers and operators of equipment, especially the scaffold and aerial lifts, should have specific training on the following items for each make and model that they use: Manufacturer’s instructions Load limitations Device and platform limitations Interpreting placards and instructions Carrying out emergency procedures

Exercise: Flip It: Impact of a Fall Prevention Program A good fall prevention program can prevent the negative consequences caused from a fall from heights.

This exercise is designed for you to think about negative outcomes from a fall and determine what the positive outcome would be if a good fall prevention program was in place.

1. PART 1: For each of the categories below brainstorm what the negative consequences of a worker falling from heights would be.

2. PART 2: For each negative consequence “flip it” to the positive by answering how a good fall prevention program would eliminate or reduce the negative consequence.

Workers Negative Consequence Positive Outcome

Worker is unable to work, or has died as a result of the accident

Worker is able to continue to work and enjoy life

Negative Consequence

of Injury or Fatality

Positive Outcome of Prevention

Program



Supervisor/Employer Negative Consequence Positive Outcome

Work is stopped while the organization deals with the loss of a worker

Work continues and project deadlines are met

Organization Negative Consequence Positive Outcome

Reputation is tarnished as an organization that does not value employees; health and safety

Seen as a leader in health and safety, employees want to work for this organization

Society Negative Consequence Positive Outcome

Seen as a high risk career, difficult to find qualified people to do the work

Increased interest in the career



Taking It Back to Work: Fall Prevention Program Write down three questions that you have about your workplace fall prevention program. When you return to work ask your supervisor so that you have the information that you need.

1. ________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

3. _______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Knowledge Check Answer the questions below to check your knowledge.

1. Working at heights is work done in any place, at, above, or below a level where a person could be injured if they fell from that place.

a. True

b. False

2. Identifying fall hazards at the work site is an important part of a fall prevention program.

a. True

b. False

3. Workers don’t need to be concerned with the weather before starting their work in an elevated work zone.

a. True

b. False




Section 3: Controlling Working at Heights Hazards 46 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Section 3: Controlling Working at Heights Hazards Eliminating or controlling the hazard means either removing it or reducing the risk to an acceptable level. The goal of this section is to provide participants with a basic understanding of the key steps used to address fall hazards.


1. Explain the hierarchy of controls (such as elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative or PPE) related to working at heights.

2. Explain the role of safe work plans and procedures in identifying hazards of falling from heights.

3. Utilizing realistic workplace scenarios (for barriers, access equipment, positioning equipment and Personal Protective Equipment), use the hierarchy of controls to choose the preferred method of working safely at heights.



Controls 9.1.3 (a) Explain the hierarchy of controls (such as elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative or PPE) related to working at heights.

The risk of injury is eliminated, or reduced, by putting controls in place. Controls can be placed at the source of the hazard, along the path from the source to the worker, or at the worker.

Hierarchy of Controls The most effective type of control is removal of the hazard, however that is not always possible. The last type of control to consider is personal protective equipment (PPE), which has been proven to be the least effective method when used on its own. Below you will see a diagram which introduces the hierarchy of controls:

.



Hierarchy of Fall Protection The hierarchy of fall protection equipment in order of most protective to least protective, is as follows:

Location of Controls Controls at the source are always preferred because the hazard is removed or controlled before it reaches the worker. Controls at the worker are least preferred since if the wrong control is selected or the control fails, the worker will be exposed to the hazard. The diagram illustrates the location of controls and how it relates to the hierarchy of controls.



Consider using more than one control to reduce the risk. Priority for controlling the hazards is at the source. This eliminates the hazard or reduces it to a level at the source so the worker is protected. If this is not possible, having controls along the path from the source to the worker is to be considered.

Types of Controls CONTROLS EXAMPLE

Eliminate or avoid the hazard with: Relocation of equipment to be assembled on

the ground level rather than assembling pieces at heights

Use of an extension device on paint roller to paint top section of wall rather than using a ladder

Use a mechanical aid device to lift materials to an elevated location rather than manually carrying them up

Installation of approved guardrails, handrails and other protective devices on walkways, elevated open sided platforms, gaps in the floor and stairs

Mobile access, scaffolds Permanent walkways Redesign of floors, walkways, ramps and stairs Relocation of walkways Installation of adequate lighting Installation of safety nets



CONTROLS EXAMPLE

Providing procedures and practices such as: Housekeeping Preventive maintenance Checklists and logs Fall protection equipment inspection and use Safe operating procedures for specific work

and equipment Conducting a hazard assessment of the work Conducting workplace and equipment

inspections Planning the work, fall protection and rescue Rescue plans/emergency procedures Providing adequate training and education in

the work, hazards, procedures and controls Supervision Permit systems Work/rest schedules Alarms/warning systems Safe Work Plans High angle rescue procedures

Fall protection equipment (i.e. travel restraint, fall restriction or fall arrest systems)

Hard hats Safety boots Safety glasses Gloves Hearing protection Protection appropriate work clothes



Exercise: Brainstorm Controls from Your Workplace

Brainstorm controls from your workplace and identify them as a control at the source, along the path and at the worker.

At the Source __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Along the Path _________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

At the Worker __________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Applying Hierarchy of Controls to Workplace Scenarios

9.1.3 (b) Utilizing realistic workplace scenarios (for barriers, access equipment, positioning equipment and Personal Protective Equipment), use the hierarchy of controls to choose the preferred method of working safely at heights.

Exercise: Assessing the Risk Pick a scenario on the next few pages and use the information you have just learned about the hierarchy of controls to choose how to work safely at heights.



1. Installation of Air Conditioning Units on a Building Roof

1. Can the Hazard of working at heights be eliminated for this task? How?

2. Can you replace the need to work at heights by doing the work in another way? How?

3. What engineering controls can be put in place to make working at heights safer?

4. How can the way the work is done be changed? What administrative controls can be put in place?

5. What Personal Protective Equipment should be used while completing this task?

6. What is the preferred method, or methods of control?



2. Arborist









3. Changing Lights










Section 4: Introduction to Fall Protection Equipment 56 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Section 4: Introduction to Fall Protection Equipment

The goal of this section is to provide participants with a basic understanding of fall protection equipment. It reviews the travel restraint system, fall restricting system or fall arrest system would be required and what the essential components of each.

Objectives By the end of this section you will be able to: 1. Explain when a travel restraint system, fall restricting system or fall arrest

system would be required and the essential components of each. 2. Explain and discuss the limitations and the appropriate applications of travel

restraint, fall restricting and fall arrest systems.



Use and Limitations of Travel Restraint, Fall Restricting and Fall Arrest Systems

9.1.3 (c) Explain the limitations of personal protective equipment.

9.1.6 (a) Explain when a travel restraint system, fall restricting system or fall arrest system would be required and the essential

components of each.

9.2.2 (a) Discuss the limitations and the appropriate application of travel restraint, fall restricting and fall arrest systems.

When the risk of falling cannot be eliminated, or engineering controls (i.e. guardrails and barriers) cannot be used, you must select and use appropriate personal fall protection equipment. Proper selection of fall protection equipment is the law for those working at heights. In addition, workers must be adequately trained in the safe use and limitations specific to the equipment they are using.

Personal fall protection systems include:

Travel restraint system

Fall restricting system

Fall arrest system

This section discusses when these systems would be required, the essential components of each at a high level and the limitations and application of all of these types of personal fall protection equipment.

Essential Components of Fall Protection Systems Key components that make up a fall protection system can also be referred to as the ABCs of fall protection: A is for anchorage, this is the tie off point or secure attachment for lanyards,

lifelines or deceleration devices B is for body support, this must be a CSA approved body harness secured

around the chest, shoulders, legs and truck of the worker, equipped with a D-ring to attach to a lanyard and fitted to the worker

C is for connection, these are the connectors which couple the fall arrest systems components together such as D-rings, carabiners and snaphooks

Other Components

Lanyard – connects the harness to the anchor points and must be CSA approved. The lanyard keeps the worker from reaching the location of the hazard and must have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 lbs.

Lifeline – provides links between the worker and anchor points with one end connected either vertically or horizontally.



Travel Restraint System The travel restraint system is an assembly of components that work together to prevent a worker’s centre of gravity from reaching a location where a fall hazard exists.

A travel restraint system should be used when:

The work is to be done on flat, low-sloped roof

Working surfaces might be slippery or oily

All components have been properly inspected to ensure it meets manufacturer’s specifications, standards and are not damaged

Exercise: Pros and Cons of Travel Restraint In the chart below write the pros and cons of travel restraint systems as discussed:

PROS CONS

Fall Restricting System The fall restricting system is designed to hold a worker securely in place at elevated heights, allowing them to work hands-free. The equipment is arranged to limit free fall distance to 0.6 m (2 ft). It should only be used when:

The worker’s footing can be regained or self-rescue can be carried out (i.e. roof, bridge, fixed ladder, scaffold, tree)

It has been thoroughly inspected to ensure it meets manufacturer’s specifications, standards and is not damaged

Never use a fall arrest body harness for fall restricting work – only use full body harness with body belt and D-rings on each side for attachment of work positioning equipment.



Exercise: Pros and Cons of Fall Restricting Systems In the chart below write the pros and cons of fall arrest systems:

PROS CONS

Fall Arrest System The fall arrest system is designed to keep a falling worker from hitting the ground, level, water or any object or person below the work. It must: Limit the fall distance Limit the impact of arresting forces on the fallen worker

o Without a shock absorber, fall arrest system must be able to support a static load of 1,800 lbs (8 kN)

o With shock absorber, fall arrest system must be able to support a static load of a minimum of 1,350 lbs (6 kN)

Must be inspected to ensure it meets manufacturer’s specifications, standards and is not damaged

Must be worn correctly with only suitable and compatible, CSA-approved components



Exercise: Pros and Cons of Fall Arrest Systems In the chart below write the pros and cons of fall arrest systems:

PROS CONS

Taking it Back to Work – Start, Continue, Stop Below list two things that you learned in this section that you think will help you stay safe while working at heights. What do

you need to START doing, CONTINUE doing and STOP to apply these things in your workplace.

What I Learned Start Doing Continue Doing Stop


1. The most ideal what to control a fall hazard is to eliminate the risk of falling entirely.

a. True b. False

2. A travel restraint system prevents a fall and a fall arrest system limits a fall. a. True b. False

3. A travel restraint system should never be set-up in a location that exposes the worker to a potential falling hazard.

a. True b. False




Section 5: Warning Methods and Physical Barriers 62 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Section 5: Warning Methods and Physical Barriers

The goal of this section is to review types of warning methods (signs and bump lines) and physical barriers (fencing, guardrails, protective coverings) and safety nets. It reviews their appropriate use, limitations and regulatory requirements. It also identifies the characteristics and uses of permanent and temporary guardrails and explains which precautions are necessary when relocating or removing guardrails.


1. Describes the types of warning methods (signs and bump lines) and physical barriers (fencing, guardrails, protective coverings), and safety nets.

2. Identify limitations of bump lines, barriers, guardrails (permanent and temporary) and safety nets and situations in which use would be appropriate.

3. Identify regulatory requirements (if any) for bump lines, barriers, guardrails and safety nets, including design and strength of temporary guardrails.

4. Explain which precautions are necessary when relocating or removing guardrails.



Warning Methods, Physical Barriers and Other Fixed Equipment

9.1.4 (a) Describe types of warning methods (signs and bump lines), and physical barriers (fencing, guardrails, protective coverings), and their appropriate use.

9.2.1 (a) Identify situations in which bump lines, barriers, guardrails and safety nets would be appropriate.

9.2.1 (b) Identify the regulatory requirements (if any) for bump lines, barriers, guardrails, and safety nets.

9.2.1 (c) Identify the limitations of bump lines, barriers, guardrails and safety nets.

Before you start work, consider the setting and the work to select the best fall protection system. You will want to select fall protection that eliminates the risk of falling. In some situations you can use a fixed barrier that prevents access to a fall hazard may be possible. This section will explain more about these types of controls and when they should be used.

Warning or Bump Line System A warning or bump line system is used to prevent falls from roofing work. Warning signs and bump lines are designed to alert the worker that they are coming too close to an unprotected edge.

The warning lines allow for movement around the work area while preventing workers getting too close to edge. The lines keep the worker 2 m (6.6 ft) away from the edge. When you are outside the work area, between warning line and roof edge, you must use and wear approved fall protection.

Bump lines are:

To be set 2 m (6.6 ft) from unprotected edges

To have barriers/lines set at least 1.1 m (3 ft 3 inches) high, consisting of weighted posts, fibre rope and warning flags

To ensure anyone outside of the lined area are protected with personal fall arrest or restraint systems, safety nets and/or guardrails



Bump Line Regulatory Requirement Limitations of Bump Lines

Construction Projects Reg. 213/91, Section 207 specifies requirements for a barrier to be placed for work done on a roof.

Workers outside the barrier arenot protected from falling.

Completing a job on the roof willrequire use of fall prevention orother measures to be usedoutside of the warning or bumpline system.

Physical Barriers Barriers are a type of protection that prevents accidental falls from a work level to a level below, into a floor opening or to provide a barrier on a fixed ladder. Barriers may be temporary or permanent, depending on the circumstances of the job and the workplace.

Types of fixed barriers you may see in your workplace include:

Guardrails

Fencing/Barricades

Ladder cages

Protective coverings

Guardrails

9.1.4 (b) Identify the characteristics and appropriate uses of permanent and temporary guardrails.

9.2.1 Identify the specific requirements for strength and design of temporary guardrails.

9.1.4 (c) Explain which precautions are necessary when relocating or removing guardrails.

Guardrails are the most reliable means of fall protection.

A guardrail acts as a barrier between the worker and a hazardous location (i.e. edge), removing the risk of falling. They must be inspected regularly. Guardrails are required when there is a risk of falling more than 2.4 m (8 ft) due to access to the unprotected edge of:

A floor ( i.e. ground level, mezzanine and balcony)

A surface of a bridge

A roof

A scaffold platform or other work platform, runway or ramp

An opening or pit



You may see guardrails constructed of different materials (i.e. wood slat, wire rope, steel frame, tube and clamp, safety fencing or perimeter netting) in your workplace. Regardless of what the guardrail is made up, it must be strong enough to provide protection from a fall.

Surface openings in floors, elevated open-sided platforms, ramps and other walking surfaces in your workplace must be protected by guardrails and/or other coverings. If a guardrail system is used at your work site, it must meet the specified loading conditions and requirements for permanent and temporary guardrails under OHSA and the applicable regulations, CSA and The Ontario Building Code. More detailed information is included in the table below.

Guardrail Regulatory Requirement

Limitations of Guardrails

Construction Projects Reg. 213

Section 26 states the specific regulatory requirements regarding fall protection. Constructors or employers must install guardrails or take other protective measures if workers are at a risk of falling: More than 3 m (10 ft) More than 1.2 m (3.9 ft) if the

work area is used as a path/walkway

Into operating machinery Into water or other liquids Into or onto a hazardous

substance or object Through an opening or gap on a

work surface

A guardrail system must also be used if a worker is exposed to a fall of 2.4 m (7.87 ft) or more and has access to the open side of an elevated work surface (i.e. mezzanine, balcony floor, bridge-like platform, roof while formwork is in place, scaffold, runway or ramp). If guardrails are not reasonably possible to install, then the worker must be protected by one of the following fall protection systems:

Guardrails must be properly installed and meet design and strength requirements

Installation and removal is costly and takes time

For situations where guardrails or barriers can’t be set-up, the bump line could be used along with appropriate fall protection equipment, warning signs and training

When removed to enable work to be done in immediate area, employers must ensure workers use appropriate fall protection and warning signs or tape mark the hazard area (see image below)



Guardrail Regulatory Requirement

Limitations of Guardrails

Travel restraint Fall restriction that limits a

worker’s free fall to 0.6 m (2 ft) A safety net Fall arrest (i.e. full body harness, a

lanyard with a shock absorber, or a system attached by a lifeline or lanyard)

Industrial Establishments Regulation 851

Section 13 states that there should be a guardrail in areas of the workplace where there is a risk of falling. This includes openings in the floor, roof or other surface where a worker has access. Open sides of a raised floor, mezzanine, balcony, gallery, landing, platform, walkway, stile, ramp or other surface. A vat, bin or tank the top of which is less than 107 cm (3.5 ft) above the surrounding floor, ground, platform or surface.

Health Care and Residential Facilities Regulation 67/93

Regulation 67 has the same requirements as Section 13 in the Industrial Establishments Regulation stating in Section 36 that a guardrail must be around the perimeter of an opening in the floor, a raised floor mezzanine, balcony, gallery, landing, platform, walkway, stile, ramp or other surface. A vat, bin or tank the top of which is less than 107 cm (3.5 ft) above the surrounding floor, ground, platform or surface.

It must also meet the requirements of the appropriate CSA standards and the Ontario Building Code



Design and Strength Requirements for Temporary Guardrails

Industrial Establishments Regulation 851, section 14 outlines the design requirements of a guardrail. It says a guardrail must have A top rail that is between 91 cm (2.9 ft) -

107 (3.5 ft) cm above the ground or surface

A mid rail A toe board if tools or other objects may

fall on the worker that extends the surface to be guarded to at least 125 mm (4.9 inches)

A surface clean of splinters and protruding nails

This section also states that the guardrail must be built so that it meets the structural requirements in The Building Code. The Building Code sets requirements for openings in guards and height, it also sets out materials and design features.

The guardrail should be easy to assemble with minimal installation strain on workers. It needs to be stable, study and secure and can be designed out of different materials including: Wood-slat design; made of either spruce, pine or fir wood Wire rope Steel frame Safety fencing

Load Requirements for Guardrails

A guardrail must be able to withstand the following loads: 150 lb of force (675 newtons) applied laterally to the top rail 100 lb of force (450 newtons) applied in a vertical downward direction to

the top rail 100 lb of force (450 newtons) applied in a lateral or vertical downward

direction to the mid-rail 50 lb of force (225 newtons) applied laterally to the toe board

Relocating or Removing Guardrails

There are times on the job when a guardrail needs to be removed or relocated. In these situations you will see brightly-coloured warning signs and warning tape to let you know that the guardrail has been moved. This is a requirement under the law and must be used to indicate the hazard zone.

When you work in an area where the guardrail has been removed you must use and wear appropriate fall protection equipment, travel restraint or fall arrest.



Fences or Barricades

These are warning barriers used to keep you away from hazardous areas where you can fall (i.e. excavations, pits, shafts or trenches) or be struck by falling objects. They are usually made from posts, wire or boards. Fences or barricades are intended to warn people but not capable of protecting anyone against falls or from falling objects.

Ladder Cages

Cages on fixed ladders provide a barrier between you and the surrounding space. A cage is a permanent structure attached to a ladder. Cages are sometimes used for support to rest against when ascending or descending. This barrier is not an effective control for fall protection and appropriate personal fall protection equipment must be worn when working on fixed ladders. The risk of injury is greater for a worker using the fixed ladder. Rescue is made more difficult due to the enclosing design of the cage.

Protective Covers

All openings in floors, roofs, and work surfaces must be protected by guardrails or protective covers of sufficient strength. Covers must: Completely cover opening Be secured in place Be clearly identified as a cover to

avoid removal Be constructed to adequately

support all expected loads (50 lbs/square foot)

Protective Covers Regulatory Requirement

Limitations of Protective Covers

The Building Code - Structural requirements for loads due to the use of floors and roofs.

If not constructed properly, can slip or move unexpectedly.

A person could remove protective cover leaving opening exposed

A Preventable Accident A worker was backing up while installing solar panels on a roof when the worker plunged 6 m (20 ft) onto a concrete floor below and died.

The worker had fallen on a plastic-domed skylight which broke under his weight. http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/ib_skylights.php

http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/ib_skylights.php

http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/ib_skylights.php



Safety Net System Safety Net Systems are rarely used in Ontario. They are intended to catch and break the fall of a worker and protect the people and structures below. Safety nets must be placed as close as possible under the working surface from a maximum distance of 9 m (30 ft).

Safety Net Systems Regulatory Requirement

Limitations of Safety Net Systems

Construction Projects Reg. 213/91, Section 26.8 specifies requirements for safety nets.

They must be: Designed,

inspected and installed in accordance to ANSI standard

Installed by competent worker

Inspected and tested by professional engineer and competent person

Sufficient training is needed along with a professional engineer to install, inspect and test the safety net

Difficult to set-up

If the set-up is too tight, the workers may bounce off of the net and if too loose, workers may hit the ground below



Taking it Back to Work: Barriers and Fixed Equipment

If a guardrail had been removed or relocated in your workplace what are some of the precautions that you would expect to be in place?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

In your workplace what warning methods or physical barriers are used? What are their limitations of these barriers and fixed equipment?

Barrier or Fixed Equipment Limitation


1. Guardrails must be capable of resisting any load likely to be applied.

a. True

b. False

2. Protective covers need to support all expected loads.

a. True

b. False

3. When guardrails are removed, additional protective measures must be used.

a. True

b. False



4. Bump lines must be set-up around the work area 1 m (3.3 ft) from unprotected edges.

a. True

b. False

5. A guardrail has to be able to withstand 150 lb of force (675 newtons) applied laterally to the top rail.

a. True

b. False


Section 6: Safe Ladder Use 72 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Section 6: Safe Ladder Use The goal of this section is to provide participants with a basic understanding of safe ladder use.

Objectives By the end of this section you will be able to: 1. Identify a minimum of three types of portable ladders and similar equipment. 2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ladders and similar equipment

for working at heights. 3. Identify that there are different types of regulatory requirements for ladders

in different sectors and that these requirements may place restrictions on the type of work which may be performed for working at heights from a ladder.

4. Identify and assess situations in which ladders could be used safely for working at heights and when alternative means of access would be more appropriate.

5. Explain how to properly inspect and care for ladders and similar equipment.



Portable Ladders and Similar Equipment

Falls from Ladders Falls from ladders can happen because: The wrong type of ladder is used for the job A defective ladder is used The ladder is not properly secured (tied off, held) The weather conditions are poor The ladder is used near other hazards, for example close to electrical lines Workers not grip the ladder when moving up and down Workers uses unsafe or unstable positions while working on ladders

Types of Portable Ladders 9.1.5 (a) Distinguish a minimum of three types of portable ladders and similar equipment and their limitations.

You need to select the type of ladder that will help you do your job safely. There are many different types of ladders available to use such as step ladders, single ladders, fixed ladders and extension ladders. When selecting a ladder to work safety consider: How long the ladder is, What material it is made of, CSA grade and load rating which can be found on a sticker on the ladder.

Ladder Length The maximum length of a ladder measured along its side rail must not exceed:

6 m (20 ft) for a stepladder

9 m (30 ft) for a single/straight ladder

15 m (50 ft) for an extension ladder with 2 sections

20 m (65 ft) for an extension ladder with more than 2 sections

Taking it Back to Work: Ladders What types of ladders are used in your workplace and what are the limitations of this ladder?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________



Ladder Material

Wood LadderDurable material quality variesNot safe near electricity if it has metal reinforcing or is dampCan rot or be damaged by moisture or chemicalsResists physical damageResists heat and cold conduction

Aluminum LadderLightweight and strongNot safe to use near electricityResists most types of corrosionEasily physically damagedReadily conducts heat and cold

Fiberglass LadderStrong and durableSafe for work with or near electricity, when dryResists corrosionResists physical damageResists heat and cold conduction



The CSA Standard for Portable Ladders - CAN3-Z11-M81 The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standard for portable ladders (CAN3-Z11-M81) classifies minimum characteristics of strength and stability required for safe use. It also provides a guideline for the use and care of ladders.

SECTOR CSA LOAD RATING

GRADE TYPE WEIGHT LIMIT

Construction

Industrial

Utilities

Extra Heavy Duty (ANSI)

Heavy Duty

1A

1

300 Lbs

250 Lbs

Light Maintenance

Office

Tradesman

Medium Duty 2 225 Lbs

Household Light Duty 3 200 Lbs

Ladders that are designed for extra heavy duty loads fall under the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards, ANSI ASC 14.2-2007 for portable metal ladders. The maximum load capacity is 300 lbs and is classified as Type 1A.



The Advantages or Disadvantages to Working with Ladders

9.1.5 (b) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ladders and similar equipment for working at heights.

There are many reasons why ladders are good and sometimes not so good when you are working at heights. This could be because of the work you are doing, or what material the ladder.

Exercise: Advantages and Disadvantages of Ladder Use for Working at Heights Think about work that you could do on a ladder and the risks involved. Brainstorm some of the advantages and

disadvantages to using them when working at heights.

Advantages Disadvantages

Portable and easy to move May slip if not secured

A Preventable Accident A worker was going to get a measurement at the top of a 7.6 m (25 ft) fiberglass tank. With the assistance of a co-worker, he set the ladder against the tank and tied off the bottom to pipes at the base. He climbed the ladder, stood on the top rungs and measured the tank.

While climbing down, the ladder slipped against the slickness of the surface and twisted abruptly. The worker lost his balance and fell 5.5 m (18 ft) onto the concrete. He sustained fatal head injuries.

It was determined that the ladder was defective and had not been tagged or removed for service as the side rails were dented and rungs damaged with a missing halyard. The worker was new to the job and had not received safe ladder training



Advantages Wood ladders are strong and durable Wood ladders do not conduct electricity if they are dry Aluminum ladders are strong and withstand routine use damage Fiberglass ladders are safe for work near electricity, when dry

Disadvantages Wood ladders deteriorate fast with cracks, warping and splitting Fiberglass ladders are heavier or equal weight than other types of ladders Aluminum ladders are not safe near electricity Aluminum ladder can be bent or damaged and still be used, leading to misuse

without warning

Regulatory Requirements: Ladder Safety Legislation and Standards

9.1.5 (c) Identify that there are different regulatory requirements for ladders in different sectors and that these requirements may place restrictions on the type of work which may be performed for working at heights from a ladder.

Ladders must be made and maintained so that you can work with it safely. It should be able to carry the load required to do the job. For construction and industrial projects you should use a CSA approved, Grade 1 ladder. There are regulations that describe how ladders should be maintained and used in your workplace. These rules are outlined below.

Industrial Establishments, Regulation 851/90 Section 18

Section 18 talks about access ladders that are fixed in position. It says that access ladders fixed in position shall: Be vertical Have rest platforms at not more than 9 m

(30 ft) intervals Be offset at each raised platform When it extends over 3 m (10 ft) it needs to

have a safety cage where required which still provides access at rest platforms

Have side rails that extend 90 cm (2.9 ft) above landing

Have rungs at least 15 cm (5.9 inches) from the wall, spaced at regular intervals



Section 19

Section 19 sets out requirements that when frequent access is needed to use equipment that is above or below floor level that a permanent platform should be provided. This platform should be accessible by stairs or an access ladder.

Section 73

Portable ladders shall; Be free from broken or loose members Have non-slip feet Be placed on firm footing Where it exceeds 6 m (20 ft) in length and is not securely fastened, or is likely

to be endangered by traffic it must be held in place by one or more workers while being used

When not securely fastened, be inclined so that the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is not less than 1/4 and not more than 1/3 of the ladder’s length

Construction Projects, Regulation 213/91 Section 78

Section 78 provides you information about the allowable maximum length of a ladder measured along its side rail. The ladder shall not be more than: 5 m (16 ft) for a trestle ladder or for each of the base and extension

sections of an extension trestle ladder 6 m (20 ft) for a stepladder 9 m (30 ft) for a single ladder or individual section of a ladder 15 m (49 ft) for and extension ladder with two sections 20 m (65 ft) for an extension ladder with more than two sections No ladder shall be lashed to another ladder to increase length No ladder shall be present in an elevator shaft or a similar hoisting area when

the shaft or area is being used for hoisting

Section 79

Section 79 states that you cannot have a ladder in an elevator shaft or a similar hoisting area when it is being used to hoist or lift items.

Section 80

A ladder used as a regular means of access between levels of a structure: Shall extend at the upper level at least 900 mm (3 ft) above the landing or

floor Shall have a clear space of at least 150 mm (6 inches) behind every rung Shall be located so that an adequate landing surface that is clear of

obstructions is available at the top and bottom of the landing



Shall be secured at the top and bottom to prevent movement

Section 81 - 82

Section 81 provides you instructions on how a wooden ladder needs to be constructed. It states that a wooden ladder: Must be made of wood that is straight-grained and few of loose knots, sharp

edges, splinters and shakes Cannot be pained or coated with an opaque material

These sections also provides detailed information about how the side rails and rungs of a wooden ladder and a double width wooden ladder should be built.

Section 83

Section 83 explains how you use a stepladder. It says that a stepladder being used as a self-supporting unit should be opened fully with its spreader locked in place. It also explains that you cannot stand of the top step of the stepladder, or on the stepladder’s pail shelf.

Section 84

Like Section 18 of the Industrial Establishments Regulation 851, this section outlines what is required for access ladders. It has the same requirements as that Regulation including stating that the access ladders fixed in position shall: Be vertical Have rest platforms at not more than 9 m (30 ft) intervals Be offset at each raised platform When it extends over 3 m (10 ft) it needs to have a safety cage where

required which still provides access at rest platforms Have side rails that extend 90 cm (2.9 ft) above landing Have rungs at least 15 cm (5.9 inches) from the wall, spaced at regular

intervals

In the Construction Regulation this section does not apply to access ladders on a tower, water tank, chimney or similar structure that has a safety device that provides protection should you fall while using the ladder.

Section 93(3)

This section requires that all vehicles, machines, tools and equipment be used the way the operating instructions from the manufacturer states they should be used. Remember your ladder is equipment.



Health Care and Residential Facilities, Regulation 67/93 Section 80

Section 80 of this Regulation states that you cannot use a chair, box or other loose object as a substitute for a step stool when you work. You must use a step stool if such equipment is required for the job you are doing. Also it says that a chair, box or other loose object cannot be used to support a ladder, scaffold or working platform.

Section 81

Section 81 states the required length of a ladder measured along the side rail as: 6 m (20 ft) for a stepladder 9 m (30 ft) for a single ladder or individual section of a ladder 15 m (49 ft) for and extension ladder with two sections

Section 82

This section says that the ladder shall Have adequate strength, stiffness and stability to support any load likely to

be applied Be free from broken or loose members or other faults Have rungs evenly spaced Be equipped with slip-resistant feet Shall not be painted or coated with an opaque material

Section 83

This section provides direction on how to use a ladder. It says that you need to make sure that: The ladder is placed on a firm footing and secured against slipping If it is between 6-9 m (20-30 ft) it must be securely fastened or held in place

by one or more workers while it is being used If it exceeds 9 m (30 ft) it must be securely fasted or stabilized to preventing

tipping or falling When not securely fastened, be inclined so that the horizontal distance from

the top support to the foot of the ladder is not less than 1/4 and not more than 1/3 of the ladder’s length

If likely to be endangered by traffic the ladder should have another worker at its foot to direct traffic or have barriers or warning signs

Section 84

This section has the same requirement as Section 83 of the Construction Regulation. It says that a stepladder being used as a self-supporting unit should be opened fully and the spreader should be locked in place. It also explains that you cannot stand of the top step of the stepladder, or on the stepladders pail shelf.



Quick Check Assessment: Ladder Safety 1. You are required to change a light bulb and the ceiling is 3.7 m (12 ft) high. Which ladder should you use to do this work safely? Circle your answer

1. Stepladder

2. Single Ladder

3. Extension Ladder

2. The Regulations that apply to my workplace regarding safe ladder use are:

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Ladder Hazards and Controls 9.1.5 (d) Identify and assess situations in which ladders could be used safely for

working at heights, and when alternative means of access would be more appropriate.

Sometimes ladders are not the most appropriate equipment to use when you need to work at heights. The Regulations above provide specific rules that need to be followed in workplaces. Let’s review, using PEMEP (People, Equipment, Materials, Environment and Process) other contributing factors that increase risk when you are using ladders in the workplace.

Hazard Control When Using Ladders When implementing controls for the hazards of working with ladders, scaffolds, and lifts: Use the best type of equipment for the job Ensure equipment is set up properly Ensure equipment is secured by the proper devices Do the appropriate inspections, checks and maintenance Provide the specialized training that is required



Preferred Methods There are safer methods to use when working with a ladder. Consider using one of the following preferred methods when planning the work: Lowering work Performing work from stairs Using ramps Scaffolding Using elevated platforms

Contributing Factors to Ladder Hazards The chart below highlights some of these contributing factors:

People

•Rushing on the job

•No training on how to use the ladder

•Distractions while on ladder

Equipment

•Worn or damaged ladder

•No warning signs set up, or attendant present at base

Materials

•Carrying materials while on the ladder

•Exceeding the ladder's weight limit

Environment

•Placing the ladder on an uneven surface

•Poor weather conditions• wet• windy• dark

•Traffic -people or equipment

•Electrical wires

Process

•Placing the ladder at an incorrect angle

•Using the wrong type of ladder for the job

•Unsure how to use the ladder

•Not using 3 points of contact

•Not following safe practices



Hierarchy of Controls The chart below provides you with control options that can help eliminate or reduce risk related to working at heights using a ladder.

Lowering the task so that it can be done at a lower level

or at the ground

Using work platforms, scaffolds or person lifts rather than using ladders for carrying out work at heights when possible

Using an alternative means for access or egress for emergency procedures

Ensuring weight restrictions are adhered to Ensuring ladder has non-slip feet, or is securely fastened Using the right type of ladder for the job

Properly positioning ladder at safe distances and angles Provide training on how to use ladder Setting up on stable ground

Always using three points of contact and facing the ladder when going up and down



Exercise: Ladder Case Studies Pick a case study below that is most like the work you do in your workplace, or one that is meaningful to you.

1. Identify if a ladder could be used safely to do the task.

2. Assess why the task is safe, or unsafe.

3. If appropriate, identify alternatives for working at heights to complete the task. Consider the hierarchy of controls.

Task Is this task safe, or unsafe? Why?

Is there an alternative? What could be done to make the task safer?

A worker is going to get a measurement at the top of a 7.6 m (25 ft) fiberglass tank. There is a ladder available but it would require that the worker stand on the top rung to do this task. He has a co-worker to help him with securing the ladder and there are pipes at the base of the tank.

A worker has to secure a shelf unit to a wall. The shelf unit is 2 m (6.6 ft) high and is being positioned next to a doorway.

A worker is changing a light bulb in a ceiling that is 2.5 m (8 ft) high. The stepladder that is available is 2 m (6.6 ft) high.

During a storm a tree in the local park was damaged and needs to be trimmed. The park is next to the municipal office. The branch is about 10 m (30 ft) in the air.



Ladder Inspection 9.1.5 (e) Explain how to properly inspect and care for ladders and similar equipment.

Each time you are going to use a ladder you must inspect the ladder. Ladders should also be inspected as part of regular maintenance. You should check the ladder for signs of deterioration, any loosening of parts, missing parts, corrosion, defects or other damages. If the ladder is damaged tell your supervisor. The ladder should be removed from service until it is either repaired or replaced.

Develop checklists to suit the specific equipment and tasks. This includes: Safe use of equipment Precautions Safety measures Pre-use procedures and checks

To properly care for ladders make sure that ladders are: Stored away from weather Supported horizontally on racks with

supports every 2 m (6.6 ft) Not used to hang other materials Kept away from excessive

temperatures Lubricated parts lightly and kept free

of oil and other slippery material

Exercise: Ladder Inspection

Remember before a ladder is used it must be inspected. Using the picture to the right, imagine that you are about to start work on this ladder.

Conduct an “inspection” of this ladder using the checklist on the next page.

Ladder Inspection Checklist Available in Resources Section



Ladder Inspection Checklist Before using a ladder must be inspected thoroughly for any damage, defects, suitability and quality. This checklist will help you determine if the ladder is safe to use or not. If you answer “Yes” to any of the following, the ladder should be tagged and taken out of service immediately.

Date: __________________________________ Type/Grade of Ladder ____________________________

Inspected By: ____________________________ Length: ________________________________________

Location: ________________________________ Ladder ID: ______________________________________

Material: Wood Fiberglass Aluminum Other _____________

Inspection Item Yes No

Metal Parts broken, loose, dented, rusty, missing

Side Rails broken, loose, dented, rusty, signs of deterioration

Rungs broken, loose, dented, rusty, signs of deterioration

Braces, Uprights or Steps broken, cracked, splintered, chipped, defective, missing or signs of deterioration

Anti-Slip Feet broken, cracked, defective, poor condition, missing, or signs of deterioration

Extension ladder lock, pulley or other fittings worn, out of place, damaged, unworkable, missing or signs of deterioration

Steps: greasy, slippery, cracks, splitting

Spreader Arms and Stops broken, bent, loose, damaged, defective, rusty, unworkable or missing

Rope damaged, worn, broken, frayed, knotted or missing

Pail Tray damaged, worn, broken, bent, rusty, tight, unworkable or missing

Ladder makeshift repairs, signs of deterioration, bent, warped, twisted or bowed

Storage Improperly stored

Identification Marks (CSA) not visible

Continue Use Repair Destroy



Safe Ladder Use 9.1.5 (e) Describe how to safely position and use ladders.

Setting Up and Using the Ladder When you are setting up the ladder it is important to check the area for other hazards such as: Traffic Electrical wires overhead Uneven surfaces

To use the ladder, be sure to: Select the right ladder for the job

you are going to do Place the ladder on a stable, even

surface Secure the ladder and make sure

that it will not be accidently moved while you are working on it

Have someone watch for hazards while the work is being done, or use warning signs if needed

Place the ladder at a 75 degree angle with the ground. This is a 4:1 ratio. This means that the ladder’s base is back by 1 foot for every 4 feet up. The distance from the bottom of the ladder to the surface it leans against should be ¼ of the height of the ladder’s position

Do not work from the top 3 rungs Always maintain 3-points of contact (1 hand with 2 feet or 2 hands with 1

foot) with a firm grip when climbing up and down and while working

Test the 4:1 Set-Up Angle

By standing at the base of the ladder with toes touching the rails, extend your arms forward. If your fingertips touch the ladder rung nearest to your shoulder level, the set-up angle has a 4:1 ratio.



Stepladders

Before using a stepladder, check to make sure: The rungs and rails are straight and

tight The legs are fully open Spreaders are locked Secured on a firm, flat surface Never to step on top step or the pail

shelf

Portable Ladders

Before using a portable ladder, check to make sure: The rungs and rails are straight and

tight It is positioned 1 ft out for every 4 ft

up (4:1 ratio for angle set-up) Set on a firm, flat surface Never to step on top rung

To test that the angle set-up has the correct 4:1 ratio, check that your feet touch the bottom foot of the ladder while your outstretched arms are able to touch the ladder rails.

Fixed ladders

Before using a fixed ladder, ensure: There is a safety cage or fall restricting system if the ladder is 5 m (16 ft) or

longer Anchors, rungs and side rails are in good condition without distortion, dents,

looseness or corrosion

3-Points of Contact

Fixed Access Ladders Refer to the Ministry of Labour’s Engineering Data Sheet for Fixed Access Ladders: http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/eds2-4_ladders.php

http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/eds2-4_ladders.php



Storage and Maintenance

Ladders need to be stored in a location that provides protection from:

• Moisture

• Cold or heat

• Sunlight

• Chemicals

Ladders need to be stored securely in appropriate positions. Stepladders need to be closed and vertical while single ladders need to be stored horizontally and securely in racks to prevent bends or distortion. Unused ladders may become unsafe and must be inspected for signs of corrosion, worn-out, loose or missing parts, bends or other defects. The unsafe ladder must be removed from storage immediately, tagged until it can be repaired or replaced. If repair is not possible, the ladder must be disposed of.

Exercise: Safe Ladder Do’s & Don’ts Brainstorm some “Do’s & Don’ts” on safe ladder use below:

DO DON’T Always inspect your ladder prior to use

Never use a ladder that has missing feet


Section 7: Resources 90 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Section 7: Resources

This section provides participants with resources as a quick reference post training.





Legislation Resources Developed by industry experts to provide specific information regarding fall protection equipment and devices along with advice on the design, installation and management of fall hazards. The capacity of fall protection equipment differs depending upon the CSA standard being met:

CAN CSA Z259.1-05 - Body belts | Saddles - 310 lbs (141 kg)* CAN CSA Z259.2.5-12 - Fall arresters | Vertical lifelines - 310 lbs (141 kg)* CAN CSA Z259.2.2-98 - Self-retracting lifelines - 310 lbs (141 kg)* CAN CSA Z259.2.3-12 - Descent control devices - Rated by manufacturer CAN CSA Z259.10-12 - Full body harness - 352 lbs (160 kg)* CAN CSA Z259.11-05 - Energy absorbers: Class E4 - 100-254 lbs (45-115

kg)*, Class E6 - 200-386 lbs (90-175 kg)* CAN CSA Z259.11-05 - Lanyards: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E,

Class F - 310 lbs (141 kg)* CAN CSA Z259.12-11 - Connecting components: Class I - Load rating

marked on device, Rated capacity same as product CAN CSA Z259.12-11 - Connecting components: Class 2 - Rated capacity

same as product CAN CSA Z259.14-12 - Fall restrict for wood pole - 310 lbs (141 kg)*

* User Capacity

CAN CSA B167-1964 – General purpose electric overhead travelling cranes CAN CSA Z796 – Accident information CAN CSA PLUS 1156 – Fall-arrest systems – practical essentials CAN CSA Z11 – Portable ladders CAN CSA Z150 -1974 – Safety code for mobile cranes CAN CSA Z10535 – Hoists for the transfer of disabled persons



Regulatory Requirements for Travel Restraint, Fall Restricting and Fall Arrest Systems

Construction Projects, Regulation 213/91 Construction Projects, Regulation states the requirements for travel restraint, fall restricting and fall arrest systems.

Travel Restraint System Regulatory Requirements

Construction Projects Reg. 213/91, Section 26.4 specifies requirements for a travel restraint system. It says that a travel restraint system must: Consist of a full body harness or a safety belt attached to a lifeline or

lanyard to a fixed support Inspected by a competent worker before each use Removed from service right away if any part found to be defective on

inspection

Fall Restricting System Regulatory Requirements

Construction Projects Reg. 213/91, Section 26.5 specifies requirements for a fall restricting system must: Be attached to an appropriate fixed support Designed and arranged in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions Ensure that a worker’s free fall distance must not exceed 0.6 m (1 foot) Inspected by a competent worker before each use Any part found to be defective on inspection, the component is to be taken

out of service right away

Fall Arrest System Regulatory Requirements

Construction Projects Reg. 213/91, Section 26.6 specifies requirements for a fall arrest system. The fall arrest system must: Consist of a full body harness with adequate attachment points, a lanyard

equipped with a shock absorber Be designed so the worker doesn’t hit the ground or an object or a level

below Be inspected by a competent worker before each use Be taken out of service immediately, if any part found to be defective on

inspection

Industrial Establishments, Regulation 851 Regulation 851, Section 85 also outlines requirements which apply to travel restraint, fall restricting and fall arrest system. It says that any worker exposed to the hazard of falling more than 3 m (10 ft) shall: Wear a serviceable safety belt or harness and lifeline that is adequately

secured to a fixed support to arranged that the worker cannot fall freely for a vertical distance of more than 1.5 m (5 ft)



The fall arrest system needs to o Have sufficient capacity to absorb twice the energy and twice the

load that may be transmitted to it through use o Be equipped with a shock absorber that limits the arresting force to 8

kilonewtons to the worker

The CSA Standard for Portable Ladders - CAN3-Z11-M81 The Canadian Standards Association standard for portable ladders (CAN3-Z11-M81) classifies minimum characteristics of strength and stability required for safe use. It also provides a guideline for the use and care of ladders.

SECTOR CSA LOAD RATING

GRADE TYPE WEIGHT LIMIT

Construction

Industrial

Utilities

Extra Heavy Duty (ANSI)

Heavy Duty

1A

1

300 lbs

250 lbs

Light Maintenance

Office

Tradesman

Medium Duty 2 225 lbs

Household Light Duty 3 200 lbs



Safety Around Power Lines

Voltage Rating of Power Line Minimum Distance

750 to 150,000 volts 3 m (10 ft)

150,001 to 250,000 volts 4.5 m (15 ft)

Over 250,000 volts 6 m (20 ft)



Ladder Inspection Checklist Before using a ladder must be inspected thoroughly for any damage, defects, suitability and quality. This checklist will help you determine if the ladder is safe to use or not. If you answer “Yes” to any of the following, the ladder should be tagged and taken out of service immediately.

Date: __________________________________ Type/Grade of Ladder ____________________________

Inspected By: ____________________________ Length: ________________________________________

Location: ________________________________ Ladder ID: ______________________________________

Material: Wood Fiberglass Aluminum Other _____________

Inspection Item Yes No

Metal Parts broken, loose, dented, rusty, missing

Side Rails broken, loose, dented, rusty, signs of deterioration

Rungs broken, loose, dented, rusty, signs of deterioration

Braces, Uprights or Steps broken, cracked, splintered, chipped, defective, missing or signs of deterioration

Anti-Slip Feet broken, cracked, defective, poor condition, missing, or signs of deterioration

Extension ladder lock, pulley or other fittings worn, out of place, damaged, unworkable, missing or signs of deterioration

Steps: greasy, slippery, cracks, splitting

Spreader Arms and Stops broken, bent, loose, damaged, defective, rusty, unworkable or missing

Rope damaged, worn, broken, frayed, knotted or missing

Pail Tray damaged, worn, broken, bent, rusty, tight, unworkable or missing

Ladder makeshift repairs, signs of deterioration, bent, warped, twisted or bowed

Storage Improperly stored

Identification Marks (CSA) not visible

Continue Use Repair Destroy



Information Resources/Sources in Occupational Health and Safety

ANSI - American National Standards Institute 25 West 43rd Street New York, NY, 10036 (P): 212-642-4900 www.ansi.org American Society of Safety Engineers 1800 East Oakton Street Des Moines, IL, 60018 (P): 847-699-2929 www.asse.org Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety 135 Hunter Street East Hamilton, ON L8N 1M5 (P): 905-527-2981 or 800-668-4284 www.ccohs.ca Canadian Institute for Scientific and Technical Information National Research Council of Canada 1200 Montreal Road, M-55 Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 (P): 613-998-8544 cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/main_e.html



Canada Labour Congress (CLC) Ontario Regional Office 15 Gervais Drive, Suite 401 Don Mills, ON M3C 1Y8 (P): 416-441-3710 Fax: 416-441-4073 canadianlabour.ca Canada Safety Council 6-2750 Stevanage Drive Ottawa, ON K1G 3N2 (P): 613-739-1535 www.safety-council.org Canadian Standards Association (CSA) 5060 Spectrum Way, Suite 100. Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6 (P): 416-747-4000 or 1-800-463-6727 www.csa.ca International Safety Equipment Association 1901 North Moore Street, Suite 808 Arlington, VA 22209 (P): 703-525-1695 www.safetyequipment.org Labour Canada 4900 Yonge Street, 8th Floor North York, ON M2N 6A8 (P): 1-800-641-4049 National Safety Council 1121 Spring Lake Dr. Itasca, IL 60143-3201 (P): 630-285-1121 www.nsc.org Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers (OHCOW) 1090 Don Mills Road, Suite 606 Toronto, ON M3C 3R6 (P): 416-510-8713 www.ohscow.on.ca



Office of the Employer Advisor, Ministry of Labour 151 Bloor Street West, Suite 704 Toronto, ON M5S 1S4 (P): 416-327-0020 or 1-800-387-0774 www.employeradviser.ca Office of the Worker Advisor, Ministry of Labour 123 Edward Street, Suite 1300 Toronto, ON M5G 1E2 (P): 1-800-435-8980 English; 1-800-661-6365 (French) www.owa.gov.on.ca Ontario Federation of Labour (OFL) 15 Gervais Drive, Suite 202 Toronto, ON M3C 1Y8 (P): 416-441-2731 or 1-800-668-9138 www.ofl.ca Ontario Ministry of Labour Information and Administrative Services 14th Floor – 400 University Ave. Toronto, ON M7A 1T7 (P): 877-202-0008 www.labour.gov.on.ca Public Services Health and Safety Association 4950 Yonge Street, Suite 902 Toronto, ON M2A 6K1 (P): 416-250-2131 www.pshsa.ca The Workplace Safety and Insurance Board 200 Front Street West Toronto, ON M5V 3J1 (P): 416-344-1000 or 1-800-387-0750 www.wsib.on.ca



References Arkon Inc. Safety Equipment, User’s Guide to Fall Protection Canadian Centre of Occupational Health and Safety Infogram Set C: Ladders Canadian Safety Association Standard CAN 3 -Z11 –M18 Canadian Safety Association Standard CAN 3-B354. 1-M82 Canadian Safety Association Standard CAN 3-B354. 2-M82 Canadian Safety Association Standard CAN 3-B354. 3-M82 Canadian Safety Association Standard CAN Z259.2.1 Construction Safety Association of Ontario, ISBN 0-919465-05-6, Health and Safety Executive, Inspecting Fall Arrest Equipment Made from

Webbing and Rope (2002), www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg367.htm International Safety Equipment Association. ISEA Use and Selection Guide

Personal Fall Protection Equipment International Standards Organization, Standards ISO-2860, Access Ladders on

Earth Moving Machinery National Safety News, Feb 1983, Keeping Them Up In The Air Safely National

Safety Council Industrial Data Sheets, 1-665-Rev. 82, Portable Ladders National Safety Council Industrial Data Sheets, 1-568-80, Job-Made Ladders National Safety Council Industrial Data Sheets, 1-606-Rev. 83, Fixed Ladders and

Climbing Devices National Safety News, Feb 1983, Keeping Them Up In The Air Safely National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Preventing Worker Injuries

and Deaths NIOSH ALERT (August 1992): Caused by Falls from Suspension Scaffolds Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act, Ministry of Labour Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations for Industrial

Establishments, Regulation 851, Ministry of Labour Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations for Construction

Projects, Reg. 213/91, Ministry of Labour Ontario Ministry of Labour, Engineering Data Sheet No. 2, Access Ladders,

www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/publcations.php Ontario Ministry of Labour, Safety Guideline No. 21: Working at Heights/Safety

Guidelines for the Film and Television Industry in Ontario, www.labour.gov.on.ca/English/hs/pubs/filmguide/gl_21.php

Ontario Ministry of Labour. Working At Heights – It’s a Matter of: Recognition, Assessment and Control

Robert I. Carr, Safety Fall Protection, www.myconstructionphotossmugmug.com Standards Information Sheet-CSA Standard Z259.10-06 Full Body Harnesses,

safemanitoba.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bulletins/standardcsa_harness_z259_10.pdf

http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg367.htm

http://www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/publcations.php

http://www.labour.gov.on/

http://www.myconstructionphotossmugmug.com/




Glossary 102 © Public Services Health and Safety Association

Glossary Accident: An undesirable event which results in either harm to people, damage to property or loss to process.

Administrative Controls: A category of hazard control that uses administrative/managerial involvement to help reduce exposures to hazards. Examples include job rotation, enrichment, work/rest scheduling or training.

Aerial Platform: A work platform attached to an articulating support that is designed to position workers and their tools at elevated locations. Examples of mobile elevated work platforms include bucket trucks, scissor lifts, boom lifts. Also referred to as aerial platforms

Anchorage: A secure point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards, or deceleration devices. Also referred to as an anchor point or anchor.

Anchorage Connector: A component or system used to join the connector or connecting device (i.e. lanyard, lifeline or deceleration device) to the anchorage.

ANSI: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) coordinates the development and use of safety and performance standards in USA and internationally. An example is ANSI Z359.1 -American National Safety Standards for Personal Fall Arrest Systems, Subsystems and Components.

Arresting Force: The force transmitted to the body when a fall is arrested.

Barrier: A temporary or permanent structure erected to prevent people from falling to lower levels (e.g. guardrails)

Boatswain’s Chair: A personal lowering device that provides a means of lowering an individual from a height at a controlled rate of descent. Also spelled Bosun’s.

Body Belt: A strap that is secured around the waist and is used for positioning, restraint, or ladder climbing only. Body belts are not used for fall arrest. Also known as a safety belt.

Body Harness: A design of straps which is secured about a person in a manner to distribute fall arresting forces over at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders, with provisions for attaching it to other components of a personal fall arrest system. Also known as a full body harness.

Body Support: Personal protective equipment worn by a worker, such as a body belt or body harness.

Buckle: An integral connector used to attach straps or webbing segments together or to themselves.

Bump Line: Temporary demarcation erected to warn people that they are near to an unprotected edge. This demarcation must outline an area at least 2 m (6.6 ft) from a fall hazard in the work site. Also referred to as warning line system.

CSA Standards: Canadian Standards Association (CSA) coordinates the development and use of safety and performance standards in Canada and North America. The CSA mark certifies products have been tested and meet safety and performance requirements.



Carabiner: A connector component generally composed of a trapezoidal or oval shaped body with a normally closed gate or similar arrangement which may be opened to permit the body to receive an object and, when released, automatically closes to retain the object. Carabiners used in personal fall protection should be self-closing and self-locking and only be capable of opening with two consecutive actions by the user.

Class A Full Body Harness: As per CSA Standard Z259.10-06, full body safety harnesses that are designed to support the body during and after the arrest of a fall are classified as ‘Class A – Fall Arrest’. Harnesses may have more than one classification but all harnesses must meet the requirements of Class A.

Class D Full Body Harness: As per CSA Standard Z259.10-06, full body safety harnesses that are designed for suspension or controlled descent from a height are classified as ‘Class D – Suspension and Controlled Descent’.

Class E Full Body Harness: As per CSA Standard Z259.10-06, full body safety harnesses that are designed to support a worker in a position that reduces the worker’s profile during passage through a limited access area and usually involves hoisting, are classified as ‘Class E – Limited Access (Evacuation)’.

Class L Full Body Harness: As per CSA Standard Z259.10-06, full body safety harnesses that are designed for use with fall restricting systems involving the use of a fall arrester that travels on a vertical lifeline or rail, are classified as ‘Class L – Ladder Climbing’.

Class P Full Body Harness: As per CSA Standard Z259.10-06, full body safety harnesses that are designed to position a worker during work operations, are classified as ‘Class P – Work Positioning’.

Committee: Is a Joint Health and Safety committee, a forum, consisting of worker and management members who meet on a regular basis to deal with health and safety issues.

Competent Person: Often referred to as an agent of the employer. It is a person who,

(a) is qualified because of knowledge, training and experience to organize the work and its performance, (b) is familiar with this Act and the regulations that apply to the work, and (c) has knowledge of any potential or actual danger to health or safety in the workplace.

Connector: A mechanism or device used to join together components of a personal fall arrest system (for example a carabiner) or parts of a component within the system (such as a D-ring on a body harness).

Constructor: A person who undertakes a project for an owner and includes an owner who undertakes all or part of a project by himself or by more than one employee.

Construction: The erection, alteration, repair, dismantling, demolition, structural maintenance, painting, land clearing, earth moving, grading, excavating, trenching, digging, boring, drilling, blasting, or concreting, the installation of any machinery or plant, and any work or undertaking in connection with a project, but does not include any work or undertaking underground in a mine.



Construction Projects Regulation 213/91: Specific rules that address requirements for work on construction projects. Also referred to as O. Reg. 213/91.

Contractor: A person a person or company that undertakes a contract provide material or labour to perform a service or to do a job. When hired by owner to do all the work on a project, the contractor is the “constructor”.

Controls: Designed to eliminate or reduce hazards or hazardous exposures. The categories of controls are: engineering, administrative and personal protective equipment (PPE).

Controlled Descent Device: A device that provides a means of lowering an individual from a height at a controlled rate of descent.

Critical Injury: An injury of a serious nature that, (a) places life in jeopardy, (b) produces unconsciousness, (c) results in substantial loss of blood, (d) involves the fracture of a leg or arm but not a finger or toe, (e) involves the amputation of a leg, arm, hand or foot but not a finger or toe, (f) consists of burns to a major portion of the body, or (g) causes the loss of sight in an eye.

D-Ring: An integral “D” shaped connector commonly found on body wear and some anchorage connectors which allows for attaching a connecting device (i.e. lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device).

Deceleration Device: A device that absorbs or dissipates energy during a fall arrest.

Deceleration Distance: The fall stopping distance which can include the deployment of shock absorber and/or system stretch in its measurement.

Due Diligence: The taking of every reasonable precaution in the circumstances for the protection of health and safety of all in the workplace.

Elevated Work Systems: A work platform attached to an articulating support that is designed to position workers and their tools at elevated locations. Examples of mobile elevated work platforms include bucket trucks, scissor lifts, boom lifts. Also referred to as aerial platforms.

Emergency Plan: Detailed procedures for responding to an emergency, such as a fire or explosion, a chemical spill, or an uncontrolled release of energy. An emergency plan is necessary to keep order, and minimize the effects of a disaster.

Employer: A person who employs or contracts for the services of one or more workers.

Energy Absorber: A component of a personal fall arrest system which allows dissipation of energy by extending deceleration distance reducing fall arrest forces.

Energy Absorbing Lanyard: A specially designed lanyard that elongates during a fall to significantly reduce fall arrest forces.

Engineering Controls: A category of hazard control that uses physical or engineering means to help eliminate or reduce a hazard. Examples include elimination, substitution, isolation, ventilation and design of the workplace/equipment. Examples include substitution, isolation, ventilation and design of the workplace/equipment such as guardrails, handrails, cages.

Fall Arrest: A method of minimizing the effects of a fall.



Fall Arrest System: A system of components grouped together with connection to a fixed support. The system is designed to arrest a user’s fall and minimizing injury. It is made up of a full body safety harness with a back-mounted D-ring, a shock-absorbing lanyard, a lifeline and connecting devices and anchor points.

Fall Clearance Distance: The maximum vertical distance that a worker could potentially fall and still avoid contact with a lower level.

Fall Hazard: A fall hazard is defined as anything that causes loss of balance or support and results in a fall.

Fall Indicator: A safety device or warning flag which serves to let a user know that a component of a personal fall arrest system has been involved in a fall, or has been exposed to equivalent forces, and should be removed from service.

Fall Protection: A method of minimizing the possibility of falling.

Fall Protection System: A system designed to protect workers from the risk of falling between levels when working at heights. Examples of fall protection systems include safety harnesses and lifelines; the use of guardrails or barriers; and, travel restraints that limit a worker's movement to a safe area.

Fall Restrict: A method of limiting the distance of a worker's fall to 2 ft (0.6 m) while securing them in a position at heights to enable them to work.

Fall Restricting System: A type of fall arrest system designed to limit a worker’s fall to 2 ft (0.6m) while enabling them and securing them in a position to perform work tasks.

First Aid: The immediate care given to a person who is injured or who suddenly becomes ill. It can range from disinfecting a cut and applying a bandage to helping someone who is choking or having a heart attack.

Fixed Anchorage: A stationary anchor point that is capable of supporting at least twice the maximum potential force of the fall arrest system.

Free Fall: The act of falling before the personal fall arrest system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.

Free-Fall Distance: The vertical displacement that a person falls before the fall arrest system begins to stop/arrest the fall.

Friction Buckle: An integral connector where the webbing passes over the knurled bar and back down between the knurled bar and frame to allow for adjustment and tightening of the webbing straps.

Full Body Harness: See body harness.

Guardrail: A barrier constructed of strong metal, plastic or wood, that is placed along an unprotected edge or openings to reduce the risk of serious accidents (prevent falling).

Guardrail System: Means an assembly of components joined together to provide a barrier to prevent a worker from falling from the edge of a surface. The most protective method after elimination, of fall protection.

Hardware: Buckles, D-rings, carabiners, thimbles, snaphooks and associated connectors which are used to attach components of a personal fall arrest system or parts of a component within the system.



Hazard: The potential of a machine, equipment, process, material or physical factor in the environment to cause harm to people, or damage to property or the environment.

Health and Safety Policy: A statement of intent or a commitment from management to coordinate action. The policy clearly states the organization’s health and safety objectives. The Health and Safety Policy in turn provides direction for the Health and Safety Program. A statement of intent or a commitment from management to coordinate action. The policy clearly states the organization’s health and safety objectives. The Health and Safety Policy in turn provides direction for the Health and Safety Program.

Health and Safety Program: A systematic combination of activities, procedures and facilities designed to ensure and maintain a healthy and safe workplace.

Health and Safety Representative (HSR): A representative selected by fellow workers under provisions of the Act to help identify potential health and safety issues and to bring them to the employer’s attention. An HSR is required in workplaces with more than five but fewer than 20 employees. Generally speaking, an HSR has the same responsibilities and powers as a JHSC (except not the authority to participate in work stoppages).

Housekeeping: A way to control hazards along the path between the source and the worker. Good housekeeping practices ensures no items in the workplace are out of place and that there is management of wastes, dust and there is proper clean-up of all materials, walking and working surfaces and work areas.

Immediate Causes: The substandard acts or substandard conditions that have potential for harm in terms of injury, illness or damage. These are the observable, detected causes that have contributed to the accident. These causes can be traced back to at least one root cause.

Incident: An unwanted event which, in different circumstances, could have resulted in harm to people, damage to property or loss to a process.

Industrial Establishment: An office building, factory, arena, shop or office, and any land, buildings and structures appertaining thereto. The Industrial Establishments Regulations 851 (or IER 851) are specific rules that address requirements for work in factories, industrial settings where safeguarding. PPE, confined spaces, fire prevention are amongst the common hazards.

Inspector: An inspector appointed for the purposes of enforcing and monitoring compliance with the Act. Inspector includes a Director (Ministry of Labour).

Joint Health and Safety Committee (JHSC): A forum or group consisting of worker and management members who meet together on a regular basis to deal with health and safety issues. Together they should be mutually committed to improving health and safety conditions in the workplace. Committees identify potential health and safety issues and bring them to the employer`s attention.

Kilonewton (kN): Is a unit of force when falling that is equivalent to 225 lbs. It is used for stating safety holding values.

Lanyard: A flexible line of rope, wire rope/cable, or webbing which generally has a connector at each end for securing a body belt or body harness to a lifeline, deceleration device or anchorage.



Lifeline: A line provided for direct or indirect attachment to an anchor point at one end to a body belt, body harness, lanyard, or deceleration device at the other. Such lifelines may be horizontal or vertical in application.

Locking Snaphook: A snaphook that includes a locking mechanism which will keep the hook closed and locked until manually unlocked and opened. It is hardware that is typically found on end of lanyards and lifelines.

Material Handling: The movement of workplace materials by manual or mechanical means. There are two types of material handling: manual (e.g. lifting, pushing, or pulling by hand); and mechanical (e.g. using a forklift to move material).

Mating Buckle: An integral connector whereby a center bar is pushed through a square link. Webbing is then tightened for proper fit.

Maximum Arrest Force: The peak force on the body during arrest of a fall by the fall arrest system. Also known as peak fall arrest force.

Minimum Clearance Distance: The measurement of how far off the ground the anchor has to be to prevent worker from hitting the ground or object below. Total fall distance plus the safety factor is the minimum clearance distance.

MOL: An acronym for the Ontario Ministry of Labour. Government entity that sets, communicates and enforces workplace standards and occupational health and safety law.

Monitoring: The systematic measurement of health hazards to which individuals are exposed to in the workplace.

Near-Miss: An unwanted event, which in different circumstances could have resulted in harm to people, damage to property or loss to a process. A close-call. Incident is another term for a near-miss.

Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA): The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA), often referred to as the Act, is the legislation for health and safety in Ontario workplaces. The main purpose of the Act is to protect workers from health and safety hazards on the job. The Act sets out duties for all workplace parties and rights for workers. It establishes procedures for dealing with workplace hazards and provides enforcement of the law when there is non-compliance.

OHCOW: Acronym for the Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers.

OLRB: Acronym for the Ontario Labour Relations Board. Sometimes referred to as the Board. Workplace parties may appeal MOL orders to the OLRB.

Orthostatic Shock: Refer to suspension trauma.

PEMEP Model: The 5 contributing factors to hazards - people, equipment, materials, environment and process.

Pendulum Effect: A pendulum-like motion that can result from moving horizontally away from a fixed anchorage and falling.

Personal Fall Arrest System: An arrangement of components that together will arrest a person in a fall from a working level. It typically consists of an anchorage, connecting device and body harness, and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline or a combination of these.



Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Any device worn or used by a worker to protect against hazards. Some examples are hard hats, gloves, ear plugs, safety goggles and insulated, steel-toe work boots.

Practice: A set of guidelines that are helpful in providing direction for carrying out work.

Prescribed: Means specified by a regulation made under OHSA. When the word “prescribed” appears in OHSA, applicable regulations must be examined to determine what (if any) “prescribed” requirements exist.

Preventive Maintenance: A system for preventing machinery and equipment failure through scheduled regular maintenance, knowledge of parts and reliability of parts, maintenance of service records and inventories of the least reliable parts along with scheduled replacement of parts.

Procedure: A step-by-step description of how to do a task, job, or activity.

Project: This means a construction project, whether public or private, including:

(a) construction of a building, bridge, structure, industrial establishment, mining plant, shaft, tunnel, caisson, trench, excavation, highway, railway, street, runway, parking lot, cofferdam, conduit, sewer, watermain, service connection, telegraph, telephone or electrical cable, pipeline, duct or well, or any combination thereof,

(b) moving a building or structure, and

(c) any work or undertaking, or any lands or equipment used in connection with construction.

RACE: Four steps of hazard management: 1.) recognition, 2.) assessment, 3.) control and 4.) evaluation.

Reasonable Grounds: When belief is supported by facts or evidence. (Objective) to believe.

Reason to Believe: A belief that is not necessarily supported by facts or evidence. (Subjective)

Regulation: A regulation is a specific rule. It states how the law will be applied to uphold the Act. A regulation is enforceable under the Act.

Retractable Lifeline: A deceleration device containing a drum-wound line which can be slowly extracted from or retracted onto the drum under slight tension during normal worker movement, and which, after onset of a fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall.

Risk: The probability of a worker suffering an injury or health problem, or of damage occurring to property or the environment as a result of exposure to or contact with a hazard.

Roll Out: A process by which a snaphook, carabiner or similar device unintentionally disengages from another component to which it is attached.

Root Cause: The real or underlying cause(s) of an event. Distinguished from immediate or apparent and obvious cause(s). Substandard personal factors or substandard job factors are the source from which immediate causes originate.



Rope Grab: A deceleration device that travels on a lifeline and automatically engages the lifeline and locks so as to arrest a fall.

Safety Net: A net that is carefully placed under the work zone to catch a falling worker.

Safety Factor: An extra factor of safety that ensures there is the required clearance from the lowest extremity of a person in fall arrest to the highest obstruction they might make contact with.

Safe Work Practices: Safe work practices are procedures for carrying-out specific tasks which, when followed, will ensure the safety of a worker. This includes consideration of a worker’s exposure to hazardous situations, substances or physical agents.

Scaffold Systems: A temporary structure designed to support workers and materials during work (i.e. window washing, painting, construction, and repairs) done on a building.

Self-Retracting: See retractable lifeline.

Shock Absorber: A component that dissipates kinetic energy and limits deceleration forces when a fall occurs.

Snaphook: A self-closing device with a keeper, latch or other similar arrangement that will remain closed until manually opened. Snaphooks used in personal fall protection should be self-closing and self-locking and only be capable of opening with two consecutive actions by the user.

Source of Injury or Illness: The object, substance, exposure, or body motion that directly caused a workplace injury or illness (for example, boxes, powered hand tools, acids, lead, cold, running, walking).

Standard: A guideline, rule, principle, or model that is used as a means to compare, or judge performance, quality, quantity, etc.

Strap: A length of webbing.

Sub-Pelvic Strap: A full-body harness strap, which passes under the buttocks without passing through the crotch, which is designed to transmit forces applied during fall arrest or post-fall suspension to the sub-pelvic part of the body.

Substitution: The replacement of toxic or hazardous materials, equipment or processes with those that are less harmful.

Supervisor: A person who has charge of a workplace or authority over a worker.

Supplier: A person who manufactures, supplies, sells, leases, distributes or installs any tool, equipment, machine or device or any physical, biological or chemical agent to be used at or near a workplace.

Suspension Trauma (Orthostatic Shock): A condition that may occur when a person falls and remains suspended both vertical and sedentary for a period of time. Blood pools in the veins of the legs, which could result in unconsciousness. If a person is not rescued without delay and properly, permanent damage and possibly death may result.

Swing Fall: The hazard of swinging like a pendulum into a structure or other obstruction. It can happen from moving horizontally away from a fixed anchorage



The Act: See Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA).

Three Points Contact Method: Refers to maintaining contact with either two hands and one foot or two feet and one hand at all times. A best practice for safe ladder use.

Tie-back: A flexible line of heavy-duty webbing designed to be used as the connecting device and anchorage connector with a specially-engineered snaphook able to withstand 5,000 lbs (22 kN) on the body.

Tie-off: Being attached to a stationary or adjustable anchor system.

Total Fall Distance: The maximum vertical distance between a full body harness attachment point and the lowest extremity of the body before and after the fall is arrested including lanyard extension and/or deceleration distance.

Tongue Buckle: An integral connector similar to a standard belt buckle whereby a webbing strap is inserted through the buckle placing the buckle tongue through the appropriate grommet hole. Also known as a grommet buckle.

Vertical Lifeline: A component, element or constituent of a lifeline subsystem which consists of a vertically suspended flexible line with a connector at the upper end for fastening it to an overhead anchorage or anchorage connector and along which a fall arrester travels.

Work Positioning System: A system of components that are designed to support a user securely in a position or a location so that their hands are free to perform work (e.g. a utility worker fixing equipment on a utility pole)

Work Refusal: The right of a worker to refuse or to stop work when the worker has reason to believe that he or she would be endangered by performing that work. OHSA section 43(3).

Worker: A person who is defined as any of the following:

A person who performs work or supplies services for monetary compensation;

A secondary school student who performs work or supplies services for no monetary compensation under a work experience program authorized by the school board that operates the school in which the student is enrolled;

A person who performs work or supplies services for no monetary compensation under a program approved by a college of applied arts and technology, university or other post-secondary institution;

A person who receives training from an employer, but who, under the Employment Standards Act, 2000, is not an employee for the purposes of that Act because the conditions set out in subsection 1(2) of that Act have been met;

Such other persons as may be prescribed who perform work or supply services to an employer for no monetary compensation; This definition does not include an inmate of a correctional institution or like institution or facility who participates inside the institution or facility in a work project or rehabilitation program.

Workplace Inspection: A regular and careful check of a workplace or a part of a workplace in order to identify health and safety hazards and to recommend corrective



action. Workplace factors that have the potential to cause injury, illness or death to employees, or property damage include: people, equipment, materials, environment as well as processes.

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Public Services Health and Safety Association (PSHSA)4950 Yonge Street, Suite 902Toronto, Ontario M2N 6K1CanadaTelephone: 416-250-2131Fax: 416-250-7484Toll Free: 1-877-250-7444Web site: www.pshsa.ca

Connect with us: @PSHSAca

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