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Working togetherfor a safer world
Spotlight on Marine Fuel IssuesAn overview
Sophia Themelarou Lloyd’s Register, Fuel Oil Bunker Analysis and Advisory Service (FOBAS)
ELINA PROJECT – 5th FORUM, APRIL 25TH 2014
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Overview
PART 1 Fuel Quality
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Introduction
• Bunker fuel is NOT a uniform product or product stream in itself
• Various streams of heavy residues and lighter cutter stocks are used to make the final blend
• Product in bunker tanks on board the ship is the result of optimization between production costs and compliance with specifications
• Composition of fuel delivered to ships has changed over the last few decades
• Rising costs and fluctuations in feedstock quality as well as optimized refining techniques make fuels more complex in nature
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Marine Fuel Oils
Residual fuel oils
Blended from:
Atmospheric residues
Vacuum residues
Visbroken residue
Process residues+ distillate
Distillates
Blends usually for DMB/ DMC grades only
- FAME?
Grades (ISO 8217:2010):
RMA10, RMB30, RMD80
RME180
RMG180, RMG380, RMG500
RMG700, RMK380, RMK500, RMK700
Grades (ISO 8217:2010): DMX, DMA, DMZ and DMB
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Changing Landscape of Blending
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Main target blend specification
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
From Fuel Compatibility to Stability
Unit sheets
Asphaltene stacks
Start of agglomerate formation
Asphaltene deposits
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Two-Component Model (Shell, 1952)
• Fuel oil system consists of two pseudo components:
• Asphaltenes : largest, most polar molecules with a tendency to form a separate phaseAssigned value: FR max (insolubility number)
• Maltenes : the rest of the solution which acts as a solvent for the asphaltenesAssigned value: Po (solubility number)
Fuel is stable as long as Po > FR max (or Po/FR max >1)
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Fuel Quality Key Issues
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Is sludge generation a problem?
• 26% of the total investigation cases of FOBAS (2013) were sludge/ filter clogging based
PART 2 Future development
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Emissions regulations drivers
• SOX
• NOX
• CO2
• Particulate Matter
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Marine Exhaust Emission Controls
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Sulphur Emissions Regulatory Framework
4.50%
3.50%
1.50%
1.1.2012
1.1.2020* 1.1.2025
1.00%
0.10%
1.7.20101.1.2015
Outside ECA-SOx
ECA-SOx0.50%
4.50%
3.50%
1.50%
1.1.2012
1.1.2020* 1.1.2025
1.00%
0.10%
1.7.20101.1.2015
Outside ECA-SOx
ECA-SOx0.50%
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Current Emission Control Areas (ECA-SOx)
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Reducing Emissions ~ The Refineries Perspective
• Currently shipping is a wide residual fuel market - low value by product- but significant investment required to deliver <0.50 & <0.10% S fuel – 2015/20
Will abatement technologies or Alt – fuels ease demand on refineries? Will emissions technology evolve resulting in more stranded refinery
investment risk?
Lloyd’s Register Marine FOBAS
Alternative Fuels?
Lloyd’s Register and variants of it are trading names of Lloyd’s Register Group Limited, its subsidiaries and affiliates.Copyright © Lloyd’s Register [Entity]. 2013. A member of the Lloyd’s Register group.
Sophia ThemelarouFOBAS Assistant Specialist, Marine Fuels & EnvironmentFuel Oil Bunker Analysis and Advisory Service (FOBAS) T +30 210 4580 874 E [email protected]
Hellenic Lloyd’s SA 87, Akti Miaouli StreetPiraeus, 185 38
Working togetherfor a safer world