of 30
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
1/30
1
Centre for Fuel Studies and ResearchWorking Towards Zero Landfill
By Kirit N. Naik
Presentation at international summit onWaste to Energy, New Delhi
9th & 10th July 2012
July 2012
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
2/30
2
meet the needs of the present
without compromisingthe ability of future generations to meet theirown needs.
Sustainable Development- A Catchword
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
3/30
3
There are a number of Hurdles-Let us Handle
them One at a Time
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
4/30
4
Urban
Population
per
Capita
MSW
(MT/Day)
Total
Population
Urban
Pupulation
per
Capita
MSW
(MT/Day)
321,623,271 0.34 109,589 1,447,499,000 538,055,000 0.7 376,639
Current 2025
Problem Statement
Act now or the scenario will be much worse Later
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
5/30
5
Solutions
Better Late than Never !!!!
while we rely on fossil fuels for the present
we need to find out ways and means to make best
use and reuse of resources consumedwaste to energy adoption on a countrywide scale
can make significant difference.
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
6/30
6
Waste Management Best Practices- The Rs of
getting Value out of Waste
Reduce
The most uncontrollable phase in Solid
waste management is 'Waste generation'.
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
7/30
Important Rs
Reduce
change in behavioural pattern and lifestyle
Using the least possible material and energy input Reuse
Avoid once through products, Donate What is
usable but you want to replace
Recycle Plastics, Paper, Metals, Glass
Recover Energy in form of Biogas, RDF, Syngas, Drop-in
Fuels7
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
8/30
88
Waste Management Methods and Processes
Segregation at source- The best option for
Recycling
Treatment by different Processes for Energy and Material
recovery
organized unorganized sector system ofpastiwalasorganize it at a city scale where the householder, the pastiwalas
and the city get together and share the spoils
Kothari Waspap, has introduced 35 vans under the name
Wealth Out ofWaste (WOW) in Ahmedabad.
Composting- convert organic waste into useful manure byaerobic conversion
Energy Recovery by gasification, biogas production, drop in fuels
production and plastic-to-oil production
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
9/30
9
Matter of Habit- Hum Nahi Sudhrenge
Here go drops of Oil
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
10/30
10
Waste Recycling-Some Examples ITC- the volume of its paperboard recycling
business has now exceeded the volume of its wasteproduction, making the company a net wasteconsumer.
Coca-Cola Co. and its Mexican bottlers- PETrecycling facility has a capacity to reprocess 64million pounds per year, the equivalent of 1 billionbottles. Plan to double it.
GM- 100 landfill-free facility. In 2011 recycled orreused 2.6 million metric tons at its facilitiesworldwide.
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
11/30
11
Waste to Energy- Some Indian Examples
(Though Sporadic)
Srinivasa Gayithri Resources Recovery Ltd-
Indias first integrated waste-to-energy power plant
of 8 Mw in Bangalore
A group of NRIs at Kochi- 160,000 tonnes of waste
per annum to generate net 8 MW of electricity
Solena-ABSi India- (SAIP) plasma gasification
bioenergy technology will produce up to 40MW of
renewable power in Delhi
Project at Hyderabad- (i) production of fuel pellets
from MSW; and, (ii) generation of 6.6 MW of power
from pellets
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
12/30
12
Waste to Energy- Some Indian Examples(Though Sporadic)- Continued
Howrah Municipal Corporation- generate 7.5 MWpower from about 500 metric tonnes of garbage everyday, taken from Howrah dumping ground
Pune civic standing committee- to set up 11 bio-gasplants at various sites and 3 mechanical composting
plants M/s Shriram Energy Systems Ltd.- set-up a 6 MW
power generation project at Vijayawada based oncombustion of processed Municipal Solid Wastes(MSW)
Project at Lucknow- 300 tonnes per day of MunicipalSolid Waste of Lucknow city to obtain about 115tonnes per day of dry volatile solids for production ofabout 50,000 cubic meter biogas per day and about75 tonnes per day of organic fertilizer. biogas is to beused to generate 5MW of grid quality power
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
13/30
13
Why Biogas
the easiest method of reducing the
anthropological green house gas emissions while
also making financial sense.
India's estimated anthropogenic methane
emissions ranked 2nd in the world.
greenhouse gas emission reductions in two ways:
direct methane emission reduction biogas to displace fossil fuels
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
14/30
14
Biogas is not just a rural solution
even more biogas energy potential from food waste thanmanure. Hence the possibilities of biogas productionin urban areas too!
supermarkets, eating joints, hotels and restaurants
worthwhile considering organised collection of wasteand production of biogas in cities too.
Technology puts these facilities in a shipping container -a confined environment and not spoil the aestheticsof urban environment.
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
15/30
15
Urban Biogas some success stories
Engineering Seva Trust- a residential hostel turns
human waste to biogas for use as cooking fuel. The
campus has sold 30,000 kilograms of fertiliser per annum.
Residents of a colony- in Secunderabad are turning their
kitchen waste into biogas using a 'modular digester'. Around 40to 50 kgs of kitchen refuse (vegetable/green leafy/fruit peelsand eggshells) can generate enough biogas to take care of thecooking needs of a family of three to four.Imagine the astounding effect on energy securityif all student hostels, hospitals, hotels andresidential complexes follow these examples!
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
16/30
16
Waste to Energy Technologies-
Some Examples
Agilyx Corporation - all types of difficult to recyclewaste plastic to synthetic crude oil.
InEnTec- plasma gasification to break down organic
materials into syngas Qteros- solids from wastewater treatment to ethanol
biofuel Enerkem- industrial-scale biofuels project to use
110,000 tons of sorted municipal solid waste intoabout 9.5 million gallons of fuel-grade ethanol.
Harvey Buhr- 1,000 pounds of tires generate 51gallons of diesel fuel
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
17/30
17
Waste to Energy Technologies(Continued)
Solena-ABSi India- plasma gasification bioenergy
technology (SAIP technology) to convert biomassfrom municipal, agricultural and other organic
wastes into renewable bio-synthetic gas,without incineration or combustion. British Airways in collaboration with Solena-500,000
tonnes of landfill waste including
household and industrial rubbish into 16million gallons of carbon-neutral aviation fuelevery year.
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
18/30
18
Non-Recyclable Plastics
One of the waste products-Plastic Waste which if remainsunattended turns out to be an environmental scourge andpictures like these bear evidence to this fact:
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
19/30
19
Non-Recyclable Plastics
After food waste and paper waste, plastic waste is the majorconstitute of municipal and industrial waste in cities.
According to a 2003 Central Pollution ControlBoard study, of the over 10,000 metric tons ofplastic waste, including industrial and importedplastic waste, generated daily in our country,only 40 per cent is recycled. The rest just lieswaste, poisoning the environment.
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
20/30
20
Non-Recyclable Plastics to Energy/PetroleumTechnologies
Palletizing polyolefins waste with other municipalsolid waste which can be burned in place of coal inexisting boilers and furnaces and in steel and cementindustries along with coal.
Pyrolysis of plastic waste to obtain pyrolysis oil whichcan be fractionated to get diesel, petrol and fuel oilequivalents and combustible gaseous products.
Catalysed depolymerisation of plastic wastes to obtainoil which can be fractionated to get diesel, petrol and
fuel oil equivalents and combustible gaseous products. Mixing plastic waste with bitumen for road
construction
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
21/30
21
Non-Recyclable Plastics
As per an estimate given below the demand forpolymers in India is likely to be > 8 million MTA in 2011.
Polymers (Kt) 2007 A 2008 A 2009 A 2010 E 2011 ECapacity 5498 5633 6753 8193 8333
Production 5127 5249 5584 7061 7926
Op Rate (%) 93% 93% 83% 86% 95%
Imports 1093 888 1748 1323 1397
Exports 694 483 593 953 1043
Net Trade -399 -405 -1155 -371 -354
Demand 5526 5673 6739 7432 8280
Demand Growth % 15% 2.7% 19% 10% 11%
Polyolefins PVC PS ABS SAN
5903 2118 250 143 95 8509
Source: Industry Estimates, A: Actual, E: Estimate
Table-1: Polymer Demand Supply ('000 MTA)
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
22/30
22
Non-Recyclable Plastics to PetroleumTechnologies- Indian Experience
Harita NTI limited- Proof-of-concept unit processing 7tons of plastic waste to give 5.5 tons of clean, non-sulfurfuel oil per day.
ACC Kymore - use the plastic waste in cement plant.
Unique Plastic Waste Management (P) Ltd-demonstrative plant for conversion of waste plasticsinto liquid fuel oil.
Professor Alka Zadgaonkar in collaboration with
IOC- demonstration plant running a 5 MT plant andthe fuel is used for running captive power generators
BVG India Ltd- pure diesel and petrol from all typesof plastic wastes
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
23/30
Better Late than Never !!!!-
Estimate of Potential for India waste to energy efforts of some Foreign
cities which may act as a searchlight for
India:
23
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
24/30
24
City/County
population(million)
Power and HeatGeneration per
tonneRecycled (%) Composted (%) Combusted (%)
Berlin 3.4 50 10 40 0.39 MWh of
electricity plus
1.08 MWh of heat
Vienna 1.67 23 11 63 0.16 MWh of
electricity plus
1.73 MWh of heat
Munich 1.4 44 6 49 0.41 MWh of
electricity plus
2.57 MWh of
district heating
Greater
Copenhagen
0.9 62 4 25 0.49 MWh of
electricity plus
2.25 MWh of heat
Lee County,FL
0.6 46 3 51 0.56 MWh ofelectricity
Methods and Processes
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
25/30
25
Better Late than Never !!!!
Even if we take the lowest of the energy generation from
among the above mentioned cities, the energy generation
from municipal solid waste could be:Name of City Waste
Quantity(TPD)
MWhr/Day MW
Ahmedabad 1302 560 23Chennai 3036 1305 54Kolkata 2653 1141 48
Delhi 5922 2546 106GreaterMumbai
5320 2288 95
India 110000 47300 1971
Add to this the Advantage of Recycled Material. If you
Dont Recycle so much it will add to power production
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
26/30
26
Potential of Plastic to OilSo here goes the goldmine to the landfill!!!!Waste plastic generated in India 10000 MT/day
Quantity of crude that can be
replaced by the output of the
Zadgaonkars Process
(Assumption: Only the WastePlastic generated in India is
rocessed.
10,950,000.00 Kilo-litre /annum
i.e. 54,750,000.00 Barrels/annum
Average rate of crude oil
$/Barrel
80
Saving on Foreign
Currency
4.38 Billion USD
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
27/30
27
Can we repeat their successes?Overall Potential
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
28/30
28
Can we repeat their successes?
If a country like Denmark with a totalpopulation equal to less than half that of ametro like Mumbai and area almost equal to asmall state like Kerala could build 29 Waste-to-Energy plants and plans to build manymore, the potential in India should betremendous.
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
29/30
29
Better Late than Never !!!!
"I only feel angry when I seewaste. When I see peoplethrowing away things that wecould use.- Mother Teresa
7/29/2019 Working Towards Zero Landfill-Final
30/30
30
Moral of the Story
Any change is painful even if it is
known in advance that it will
ultimately benefit individuals and
the society at large.