Working With Verbs in Arabic

8/7/2019 Working With Verbs in Arabic

1/49

Working with Verbs in ArabicYou'll be very pleased to know that verb tenses in Arabic, when compared to other languages,are fairly straightforward. Basically, you only need to be concerned with two proper verb forms

the past and the present. A future verb tense exists, but it's a derivative of the present tense thatyou achieve by attaching a prefix to the present tense of the verb.

Digging up the past tenseThe structural form of the past tense is one of the easiest grammatical structures in the Arabiclanguage. Basically, every regular verb that's conjugated in the past tense follows a very strict pattern. First, you refer to all regular verbs in the past tense using the huwa (hoo-wah; he) personal pronoun. Second, the overwhelming majority of verbs in huwa form in the past tensehave three consonants that are accompanied by the same vowel: the fatHa (fat-hah). The fatHacreates the "ah" sound.

For example, the verb "wrote" in the past tense is kataba (kah-tah-bah); its three consonants are"k," "t," and "b." Here are some common verbs you may use while speaking Arabic:

y 'akala (ah-kah-lah; ate)

y fa'ala (fah-ah-lah; did)

y dhahaba (zah-hah-bah; went)

y qara'a (kah-rah-ah; read)

y ra'a (rah-ah; saw)

The following table shows the verb kataba (kah-tah-bah; wrote) conjugated using all the person pronouns. Note that the first part of the verb remains constant; only its suffix changes dependinon the personal pronoun used.

T able 1: Kataba, Conjugated Using All the Personal Pronouns

Form Pronunciation Translation

'anaa katabtu ah-nah kah-tab-too I wrote

'anta katabta an-tah kah-tab-tah You wrote (MS)

'anti katabtii an-tee kah-tab-tee You wrote (FS)

huwa kataba hoo-wah kah-tah-bah He wrote


2/49

hiya katabat hee-yah kah-tah-bat She wrote

naHnu katabnaa nah-noo kah-tab-nah We wrote

'antum katabtum an-toom kah-tab-toom You wrote (MP)

'antunna katabtunna an-too-nah kah-tab-too-nah You wrote (FP)

hum katabuu hoom kah-tah-boo They wrote (MP)

hunna katabna hoo-nah kah-tab-nah They wrote (FP)

antumaa katabtumaa an-too-mah kah-tab-too-mah You wrote (dual/MP/FP)

humaa katabaa hoo-mah kah-tah-bah They wrote (dual/MP)

humaa katabataa hoo-mah kah-tah-bah-tah They wrote (dual/FP)

Every personal pronoun has a corresponding suffix used to conjugate and identify the verb formin its specific tense. Table 2 outlines these specific suffixes.

T able 2: Personal Pronoun Suffixes for Verbs in the Past T ense

A rabic Pronoun Pronunciation Translation Verb Suffix

'anaa ah-nah I/me -tu

'anta an-tah you (MS) -ta'anti an-tee you (FS) -tii

huwa hoo-wah he/it -a

hiya hee-yah she/it -at

naHnu nah-noo we -naa

'antum an-toom you (MP) -tum

'antunna an-too-nah you (FP) -tunnahum hoom they (MP) -uu

hunna hoo-nah they (FP) -na

'antumaa an-too-mah you (dual) -tumaaa


3/49

humaa hoo-mah they (M/dual) -aa

humaa hoo-mah they (F/dual) -ataa

Anytime you come across a regular verb you want to conjugate in the past tense, use these verbsuffixes with the corresponding personal pronouns.

Not all regular verbs in the past tense have three consonants. Some regular verbs have more thathree consonants, such as:

y tafarraja (tah-fah-rah-jah; watched)

y takallama (tah-kah-lah-mah; spoke)

Even though these verbs have more than three consonants, they're still considered regular verbsTo conjugate them, you keep the first part of the word constant and only change the lastconsonant of the word using the corresponding suffixes to match the personal pronouns.

When you know how to conjugate verbs in the past tense, your sentence-building options areendless. Here are some simple sentences that combine nouns, adjectives, and verbs in the pasttense:

y 'al-walad dhahaba 'ilaa al-madrasa. (al-wah-lad zah-hah-bah ee-lah al-mad-rah-sah; The boy went to the school.)

y al-bint takallamat fii al-qism. (al-bee-net tah-kah-lah-mat fee al-kee-sem; The girl spokein the classroom.)

y 'akalnaa Ta'aam ladhiidh. (ah-kal-nah tah-am lah-zeez; We ate delicious food.)

E xamining the present tenseConjugating verbs in the past tense is relatively straightforward, but conjugating verbs in the present tense is a bit trickier. Instead of changing only the ending of the verb, you must also alteits beginning. You need to be familiar not only with the suffix but also the prefix thatcorresponds to each personal pronoun.

To illustrate the difference between past and present tense, the verb kataba (wrote) is conjugatedas yaktubu (yak-too-boo; to write), whereas the verb darasa (studied) is yadrusu (yad-roo-soo; tstudy).

Here's the verb yaktubu (to write) conjugated using all the personal pronouns. Notice how boththe suffixes and prefixes change in the present tense.

T able 3: Yaktubu, Conjugated Using All the Personal Pronouns


4/49

Form Pronunciation Translation

'anaa 'aktubu ah-nah ak-too-boo I am writing

'anta taktubu an-tah tak-too-boo You are writing (MS)

'anti taktubiina an-tee tak-too-bee-nah You are writing (FS)

huwa yaktubu hoo-wah yak-too-boo He is writing

hiya taktubu hee-yah tak-too-boo She is writing

naHnu naktubu nah-noo nak-too-boo We are writing

'antum taktubuuna an-toom tak-too-boo-nah You are writing (MP)

'antunna taktubna an-too-nah tak-toob-nah You are writing (FP)

hum yaktubuuna hoom yak-too-boo-nah They are writing (MP)

hunna yaktubna hoo-nah yak-toob-nah They are writing (FP)

antumaa taktubaani an-too-mah tak-too-bah-nee You are writing (dual/MP/FP)

humaa yaktubaani hoo-mah yak-too-bah-nee They are writing (dual/MP)

humaa taktubaani hoo-mah tak-too-bah-nee They are writing (dual/FP)

As you can see, you need to be familiar with both the prefixes and suffixes to conjugate verbs inthe present tense. Table 4 includes every personal pronoun with its corresponding prefix andsuffix for the present tense.

T able 4: Personal Pronoun Prefixes and Suffixes for Verbs in the Present T ense

A rabic Pronoun Pronunciation Translation Verb Prefix Verb Suffix

'anaa ah-nah I/me 'a- -u

'anta an-tah you (MS) ta- -u

'anti an-tee you (FS) ta- -iina

huwa hoo-wah he/it ya- -u

hiya hee-yah she/it ta- -u

naHnu nah-noo we na- -u


5/49

'antum an-toom you (MP) ta- -uuna

'antunna an-too-nah you (FP) ta- -na

hum hoom they (MP) ya- -uuna

hunna hoo-nah they (FP) ya- -na

'antumaa an-too-mah you (dual) ta- -aani

humaa hoo-mah they (M/dual) ya- -aani

humaa hoo-mah they (F/dual) ta- -aani

Aside from prefixes and suffixes, another major difference between the past and present tenses Arabic is that every verb in the present tense has a dominant vowel that's unique and distinctive.

For example, the dominant vowel in yaktubu is a damma (dah-mah; "ooh" sound). However, inthe verb yaf'alu (yaf-ah-loo; to do), the dominant vowel is the fatHa (fat-hah; "ah" sound). Thismeans that when you conjugate the verb yaf'alu using the personal pronoun 'anaa, you say 'anaa'af'alu and not 'anaa 'af'ulu.

The dominant vowel is always the middle vowel. Unfortunately, there's no hard rule you can usto determine which dominant vowel is associated with each verb. The best way to identify thedominant vowel is to look up the verb in theqaamuus (kah-moos; dictionary).

Peeking into the future tense

Although Arabic grammar has a future tense, you'll be glad to know that the tense has nooutright verb structure. Rather, you achieve the future tense by adding the prefix sa- to theexisting present tense form of the verb. For example, yaktubu means "to write." Add the prefixsa- to yaktubu and you get sayaktubu, which means "he will write."

Read more:http://as.dummies.com/how-to/content/working-with-verbs-in-arabic.html#ixzz0jqX5Z l8X


6/49

ARABIC TEN SE S

FORM-1, verb=akala=to eat, root= - - masc=m, fem=f

EnglishPronouns

Arabic Pronouns Perfect Imperfect

I anaa ( ) akaltu ( ) aakulu ( )

Thou (m) anta ( ) akalta ( ) ta'kulu ( )

Thou (f) anti ( ) akalti ( ) ta'kuliyna ( )

He huwa ( ) akala ( ) ya'kulu ( )

She hiya ( ) akalat ( ) ta'kulu ( )

We nahnu ( ) akalnaa ( ) na'kulu ( ) You (m) antum ( ) akaltum ( ) ta'kuluuna ( )

You (f) antunna ( ) akaltunna ( ) ta'kulna ( )

You two (m,f) antumaa ( ) akaltumaa ( ) ta'kulaani ( )

They two (m) humaa ( ) akalaa ( ) ya'kulaani ( )

They two (f) humaa ( ) akalataa ( ) ta'kulaani ( )


7/49

They (m) hum ( ) akaluu ( ) ya'kuluuna ( )

They (f) hunna ( ) akalna ( ) ya'kulna ( )

Discussion of Arabic TensesThere are two main tenses in the Arabic language. 1.Perfect Tense, 2. Imperfect Tense or the PresentTense. The action is completed in the perfect tense. You may also call this as the past tense because theaction is completed before the present so it belongs to the past. For example, one may say, " I ate". Theaction of eating was finished in the past. The past could be a few minutes or a few decades before thepresent time. Alternately, in the second tense, i .e., the imperfect, the action is still continuing. Forexample, you knock on the door and walk in. You see he is eating his meal. He says to you, " I am eating".The action is still continuing, he is still eating while talking to you. This is the present tense in English. It

is also the "imperfect tense" in Arabic. You look at the table above and locate the pronoun " I" on the leftcolumn and follow it to the right to the "imperfect" column. You will see the verb, "aakulu". It means, " I am eating" or " I eat".

What about the future tense? Well, there is not such a thing as the future tense in Arabic. This isdone by adding the prefix "sa" to the imperfect form of the verb. For example, let's look at thetable above to find out the imperfect form of the verb "akala". It is "ya'kulu". Add the prefix "sato the "ya'kulu" you get, "saya'kulu" which means "He will eat".

Click on the link Hereto go to the next chapter which explains the perfect tense of the verb"akala".

M E RGE D ISOLATE D Final Middle Initial


8/49

he letter Hamzah ( )There are two types of hamzah that appear in the Qur'an. Both are read and treated differently


9/49

y Sign in Qur'an is y May appear

anywhere within aword.

y It is always

pronounced

y Sign in the Qur'an is y Appears only at the beginning of a word.y Pronounced only if there is no letter before it.

Hamza tul Wasl ( )

y It occurs only at the beginning of the word.y It occurs without any harakah (vowel) on it.y It is written as y It can be pronounced or skipped

Pronounced Skipped

If the reader starts reading from the word startingwith hamza tul wasl, then it should be pronounced.

If the reader connects theword which begins withhamza tul wasl with the letterpreceding it, this letter isdirectly connected to theletter following hamza tulwasl.

y Hamza tul wasl will be assigned with a dammah, if the 3rd letter of the verb carries a dammah.

3 rd Letter Hamza tul Wasl Extract from Verse Surah :Verse

Dammah Dammah 7:55

Dammah Dammah 12:9


10/49

y Exceptional cases. The following words are the only verbs in the Qur'an where the 3rd lettercarries a dammah but a kasrah is assigned to the hamza tul wasl (if he starts reading with it) :

y Hamza tul wasl will be assigned with a kasrah, if the 3rd letter of the verb carries a fattah or

kasrah.

3 rd Letter Hamza tul Wasl Extract from Verse Surah :Verse

Fattah Kasrah 9:9

Kasrah Kasrah 1:6

Click hereto view a printable chart depicting the rules on pronouncing Hamza tul Wasl

Click hereto view a printable chart summarizing the rules of Hamza tul Wasl

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of Hamza tul Wasl


11/49

Hamza tul Qat'a ( )

The letter Hamzah appears in many different forms in the Arabic language, but pronounced thesame

E.g

Note that the Alif and Hamzah are 2 different letters. The letter Alif in the Arabic language isalways free from any type of harakah. If an Alif seems to have a harakah, then in actual fact it ia Hamzah

Points relating to the letter Hamzah

1. When pronouncing a Hamzah that carries a sukoon , care should be taken that it is

pronounced correctly. Failing to do so may change it into a Waw , Ya or an Alif

E.g (104:8) maysoundas

E.g (2:58) may soundas

E.g (21:61) may soundas

2. When there appear 2 Hamzahs together, ensure both are pronounced distinctively

E.g (79:27)


12/49

E.g (21:62)

3. Where the letters Hamzah and Aeyn appear together, ensure that both are differentiatedclearly

E.g (114:1)

E.g (99:6)

E.g (21.81)

he Rules of the letter ('RA')There are 2 categories as the letter can either be:

1. Tafkheem (rough / thick) 2. Tarqeeq (soft / thin)

Tafkheem

To produce this sound the back of the tongue rises in the mouth. This elevation of the tongue produces a thick or heavy sound.

There are5 categories for when the produces a thick, round sound:

1. When it carries a Fattah or dammah

E.g (91:13)


13/49

(91:14)

2. When it carries a sukoon and the letter before it carries a fattah or dammah

E.g (91:6)

(102:2)

3. When it carries a sukoon and the letter before it carries a kasrah , and the letter after the

is a rough letter ( ista'ala ) that doesn't carry a kasrah

E.g (78:21)

4. When it carries a sukoon and the letter before it carries a 'helping' kasra (not an originalkasra)

E.g (89:28)

5. When it carries a sukoon as a result of wanting to stop (therefore not an original sukoon),

and the letter before it is not a ya and carries a sukoon , and the letter before that haseither a Fattah or dammah

E.g (103:1)

(103:2)

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of Tafkheem


14/49

Tarqeeq

To produce this sound, the back of the tongue lowers so that a flat sound is produced.

There are 4 categories for when the produces a thin sound:

1. When it carries a kasrah

E.g (79:36)

(80:37)

2. When it carries a sukoon and the letter before it carries an original kasra in the same wordand a letter of ista'ala (thick) doesn't follow it

E.g (79:17)

3. When it carries a sukoon (as a result of stopping, either in the middle or end of an ayah) and

the letter before it is a (elongated or otherwise) and the carries a sukoon

E.g (100:11)

(85:11)

4. When it carries a sukoon (due to stopping either in the middle or end of an ayah), and the

letter before it is a letter of istifaal (thin) which carries a sukoon , and the letter before thiscarries a kasrah

E.g (89:5)


15/49

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of Tarqeeq

Click on the 'SummaryChart' link on the right hand sidebar to view a summarised chart for therules of the letter 'RA' ( )

Click hereto view a printable image that summarizes the difference between the two categoriesof the letter

T he Letter ('Laam')Like the letter 'ra', the letter 'laam' can also be pronounced as a thick / full mouth (tafkheem) or thin (tar qeeq) letter.

Tafkheem

To produce this sound, the tongue elevates in the mouth producing a thick/ heavy sound.

2 categories:

1. The in the pronunciation of the name 'Allah' , when it is preceded by a Fattah or

Dammah

Examples

Extract from Verse Surah : Verse

Fattah (112:1)

Dammah (110:1)

2. The in the pronunciation of the name 'Allah' ; when it is preceded by a sukoon , and theletter before that carries a Fattah or Dammah



16/49

Dammah (2:185)

Dammah (2:189)

CAUT ION!

If the letter preceding the name 'Allah' is a thin one, be careful not to pronounce it thick as thican easily be done due to the letter laam being pronounced thick

E.g (2:7)

The letter should be pronounced thin even though the laam is being pronounced thick

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of Tafkheem

Tarqeeq

To produce this sound, the back of the tongue lowers so that a flat sound is produced

3 categories:

1. The in the pronunciation of the name 'Allah' when it is preceded by a kasra

E.g (85:8)

(82:19)

2. The in the pronunciation of the name 'Allah' when it is preceded by a sukoon, and this ispreceded by a kasra


17/49

E.g (3:144)

3. In all other instances

E.g (111:1)

(111:2)

(108:2)

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of Tarqeeq

Miscellaneous

When the letter preceding the name 'Allah' is a , the harakaat of the letter preceding the

will determine if the in Allah's name is pronounced thick or thin


Tafkheem(thick)

(2:143)

Tarqeeq(thin)

(3:86)

Click on the 'SummaryChart' link on the right hand sidebar to view a summarised chart for the

rules of the letter 'LAAM' ( )


18/49

Click hereto view a printable chart depicting the rules of the letter

T he Rules of M eem Saakina

The rules of are called

shafawee ( ) as the makhraj of the is the lips (shafatain = pair of lips)

Idghaam Shafawee

y Presence of a followed by anothery The first one carries a and the second carries a vowely Hence, a will be created and shown on the secondy Resulting in ghunnah, held for 2 counts

Example

Extract from Verse Surah :Verse

Audio

(104:8)


19/49

(106:4)

Ikhfaa Shafawee

y Presence of a followed by a

y The carries a saakin and the carries a vowely G hunnah is pronounced, for 2 countsy The is concealed by the ghunnah

Another opinion in which this particular ghunnah is recited, is that the lips should remain slightopen, just enough as to allow a sheet of paper to pass through

Example


Audio

(105:4)

(88:22)

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of M eem Saakina with ghunnah (Ikhfaa &Idghaam)

Ith-haar Shafawee

y

Presence of a followed by any letter other than ory The carries a saakin ( ), and the second letter carries a vowely There is no ghunnah, and the is pronounced clearly,

Example


20/49


Audio

(98:8)

(98:8)

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of M eem Saakina without ghunnah (Ithhaar)

SUMMARY

Click hereto view a printable chart depicting the Rules of Meem Saakin ()

in andT

anweenA noon saakin ( ) and tanween are considered the same because the sound of a tanweensounds just like a noon saakin. Because of this similarity, the two take the same rules

Example


21/49

Tanween(Nunnation) Example

an an ban ban

un un bun bun

in in bin bin

Ith'haar

To pronounce the letters from their makhraj, clearly and distinctly, without any changes

y Presence of or tanweeny followed by any letter of the throat

y or tanween is pronounced clearly, there is no ghunnah

Examples

Letter Extract from Verse Surah :Verse


22/49

(108:2)

(79:40)

(79:33)

(7:43)

(80:18)

(80:10)

TANWEENLetter Extract from Verse Surah : Verse

(101:11)

(99:7)

(102:8)

(95:6)

(113:3)

(97:5)


23/49

Idghaam

The 6 letters of Idghaam are collected in the following word :

) )

Two types of Idghaam :

1. Without ghunnah2. With ghunnah

Idghaam wit hou t ghunnah

It is called the complete idghaam and its determining letters are and

y Presence of or tanween

y followed by Or

y Or gets a shaddahy ghunnah is not pronounced

y (this means a complete assimilation where no trace of the sound is left)

Examples


Extract from Verse Surah:Verse

(112:4) (96:15)

(96:7) (83:15)

TANWEEN


24/49



(79:26) (104:1)

(101:7)

(81:25)

Idghaam wit h ghunnah

It is called the incomplete idghaam, and its four determining letters are collected in the word

) )

y Presence of or tanweeny followed by any of the following : y ghunnah is pronounced, 2 counts

y (this means that some of the sound will be heard as it is incomplete blending or assimilation)

Examples

Letter Extract fromVerse

Surah :Verse


(99:7) (90:5)

(13:11) (13:34)

(111:5) (86:6)


25/49

(92:19) (14:11)

TANWEEN

Letter Extract fromVerse

Surah :Verse


(89:23) (78:40)

(111:1) (106:4)

(111:5) (105:4)

(14:44) (2:58)

N OTE

The rule of idghaam will be applied on aprovided it is the last letter of the word. If it appearsin the middle of a word, then there will be no idghaam

There are only 4 such words in the entire Qur'an to which this rule applies

Letter Extract from Verse Surah :Verse


(61:4) (30:7)

(6:99) (13:4)

NB : T anween cannot appear in the middle of a word


26/49

Iqlaab

The changing of a sound from its original makhraj, in this case changing the or tanween into

y Presence of or tanween

y followed by which is vowelled

y Turn the into a soundy ghunnah is pronounced, 2 counts

Extract fromVerse

Surah : Verse

(98:4)

(104:4)

Ikhfaa

The concealment of the sound

y Presence of or tanweeny followed by any of the 15 remaining letters of the alphabety These are

y ghunnah is pronounced, 2 counts

(this ghunnah is slight, not too deep, unlike the idghaam and or )


27/49

Met hod f or p ronounc i ng Ikhfaa

When an ikhfaa occurs, the makhraj of the or tanween is ignored and instead it is pronouncedat or near the makhraj of the letter of ikhfaa. Therefore, the reader should make his tongue

distant from the makhraj of the and close to the makhraj of the letter of ikhfaa duringghunnah, ready to pronounce the letter of Ikhfaa.

TANWEEN



(78:40) (92:14)

(101:6) (78:14)

(80:2) (89:20)

(91:10) (89:21)

(78:40)

(90:14)

(78:14) (18:74)

(79:35) (18:22)

(78:39) (78:12)

(94:7) (89:22)

(88:6) (30:54)


28/49

(79:37) (34:15)

(78:40) (4:57)

(78:18) (90:14)

(94:3) (78:40)

(81:28) (79:12)

N OTE

ghunnah can be pronounced as thick or thin depending on whether athick or thin letter follows.

or tanween followed by thick letter = thick ghunnah

or tanween followed by thin letter = thin ghunnah

To pronounce the ghunnah thick, the mouth should be positioned as a dome shape, and then

ready to pronounce the thick letter Example

Letter Type Extract from Verse Surah :Verse

Tafkheem

(thick)

(107:5)

Tafkheem

(thick)(98:3)

Tarqeeq

(thin)(2:9)


29/49

Tarqeeq

(thin)(2:10)

Click hereto view a printable chart depicting the Rules of Noon Saakin () or Tanween

Idghaam ( )

Outside the rules of or Tanween, Idghaam can also occur in theQur'an due to certain circumstances as will be mentioned now in this

sectionIdghaam can be separated into 3 different categories:

Idghaam Mutamaathilain (Idghaam of 2 identical letters )

This occurs when 2 same letters are found together, the first issaakina and the second is mutaharrik


30/49

y As the 2 letters are the same, they therefore share the samemakhraj and sifaat

y So the first letter is blended into the second, hence the secondletter takes a shaddah ( )

y This applies whether it is in one or two words (whether bothletters fall into the same word, or one letter falls at the end of thefirst word, and the second letter falls into the start of the secondword)

y ghunnah is NOT pronounced (except for the letters and ,asghunnah is ALWAYS pronounced for these 2 letters when theycarry a shaddah)

Examples

(Surah:Verse) Extract from Verse

(24:33)

(2:16)

y If the saakin letter is a letter of prolongation and is the last letter of a word, then this letter will NOT be assimilated into the followingsame letter (the mutahaarik one)

Examples


(90:14)

Please note, Idghaam can either be complete or incomplete:

Complete when there is absolutely N O trace of the saakin letter duringpronunciation, as is in this category of Idghaam Mutamaathilain. Incomplete when there is SOM E trace of the saakin letter duringpronunciation, as you can see in the examples below, and later.


31/49

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of IdghaamM utamaathilain

Idghaam Mutajaanisain (Idghaam of Similarity )

Requirement :

y This occurs when 2 letters have the same makhaarij , but differentsifaat

y The 1st letter is saakina, the 2nd is mutaharrik

E ffect :

y The 2nd letter takes a shaddahy Incomplete Idghaam or Complete Idghaam depending on the order

of the 2 lettersy The saakined letter is blended into the mutaharrik letter

F urther N otes :

y This idghaam occurs at 3 makhaarij:

1. T h e makhraj o f

Complete Idghaam (no trace of the saakined letter)

i. The blended into the

y 2 letters of the SAME makhraj ( and is tip of tongue)y B ut D IFFERENT sifaaty 1st letter is saakinay 2nd letter is mutaharrik

y Therefore, is not pronounced


32/49


(2:256)

ii. The blended into the

y 2 letters of the SAME makhrajy B ut D IFFERENT sifaaty 1st letter is saakinay 2nd letter is mutaharrik


Example


(10:89)

iii. The blended into the

y 2 letters of the SAME makhraj (from the tip of the tongue)y B ut D IFFERENT sifaaty 1st letter is saakinay 2nd letter is mutaharrik


Example


(3:122)

Incomplete Idghaam

There is emergence of some of the sifaat of the first (saakined) letter


33/49


y 2 letters of the SAME makhrajy B ut D IFFERENT sifaaty 1st letter is saakinay 2nd letter is mutaharrik

y The is incomplete so it will have some trace of itscharacteristics. The thickness will remain but the qalqalah will go

y These rules apply whether they are in the same word (as in thisexample), or in two different words (as in the previous 2 examples)

Example


(5:28)

2 . T h e makhraj o f

Complete Idghaam


y 2 letters of the SAME makhraj (tip of the tongue)y B ut D IFFERENT sifaaty 1st letter is saakinay 2nd letter is mutaharrik


Example


(4:64)


34/49


y 2 letters of the SAME makhraj (tip of tongue)y

B ut D IFFERENT sifaat

y 1st letter is saakinay 2nd letter is mutaharrik


Example


(7:176)

3 . T h e makhraj o f

Complete Idghaam


y 2 letters of the SAME makhraj (lips)y B ut D IFFERENT sifaaty 1st letter is saakinay 2nd letter is mutaharriky G hunnah is pronounced for 2 counts


Example


(11:42)


35/49

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of IdghaamM utajaanisain

Idghaam Mutaqaaribain (near, close ) This idghaam occurs when 2 letters have a makhraj that are close together(whereas the previous 2 idghaam shared the same makhaarij)

This Idghaam occurs at 2 makhaarij, but carry different sifaat

1. T h e makhraj o f

Complete Idghaam

i. the blended into the

y 2 letters of a CLOSE makhraj (side and tip of tongue)y And carry D IFFERENT sifaaty 1st letter is saakinay 2nd letter is mutaharrik


Example


(18:22)

2 . T h e makhraj o f t he

The following example can be pronounced either way, incomplete orcomplete

Incomplete Idghaam


36/49


y the possesses 2 main sifaat, but the ista'ala remains and theqalqalah qoes

Example


(77:20)

Complete Idghaam


y the is blended completely (nothing remains of it), and thegets a shaddah

y this is an exception of a thick letter being blended into a thin letter,which is why it can be pronounced either way

y although both ways of recitation are correct, the complete

idghaam is preferred

Example


(77:20)

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of IdghaamM utaqaaribain


37/49

Click hereto view a printable chart summarizing the rules of Idghaam

T he Rules of MaddMadd means to prolong the sound of a vowel. The minimum prolongation of a vowel is to themeasure of two vowels (2 counts), which is equal to the measure of one alif.

N AT URAL M ADD ( )This is pronounced from the jawf , for two counts

MaddLetter (Surah:Verse) Extract from Verse

(79:8)

(79:15) (79:15)

Click 'here' to view practice exercises for the rules of the Natural Madd

ALL THEOTHER MADD ARE BUILTO N THIS BASIC / NATURAL MADD RULE, DEPENDINGO N WHATCOMES AFTER IT


38/49

Click on the 'SummaryChart for Madd' link on the right hand sidebar to view a summarisedchart for the types and branches of Madd

T he Rules of Stopping (Waqf)Definition

'To stop on the last letter of a complete word, which is disconnected from the word after it, andgiving the last letter a sukoon and by breaking the breath, then taking a new breath to read the

next word.'(Jami-ul-waqaf)

y The proper way to stop in a word is by putting a on the last letter of the word. If thereis a harakah ( ) or tanween ( ) on the last letter of a word before a stop,that letter is made into a sukoon

E.g

(112:1)

will be read

as

The last word will be read 'ahad' and not 'ahadun'

y If it is a tanween then the last word is pronounced as an alif


39/49

E.g

(78:16) will be read as

Will be read 'al faa faa' and not 'al faa fan'y If the last letter is a 'taa marbutah' ( ), it is read as 'ha' ( )

E.g


Will be read 'aa-niah' and not 'aa-niatin'

y If the last letter of a word contains a 'hamzah' ( ), the harakah on the hamzah is changed into asukoon ( ), and the hamzah is read clearly. A common mistake when stopping at a hamzah isnot to indicate the presence of the hamzah at all

E.g



y If the last letter of a word contains a 'tashdeed' ( ), the mashaddad letter is changed into asaakin letter, BU T making sure the tashdeed is still read i.e. by spending more time on the letter(refer to Shaddah )


(but without theqalqalah)

(78:39)


40/49

(but without theqalqalah)

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of ending with Shaddah

N B remember to tighten / emphasize the saakin letter so to differentiate from an ordinary saakinletter

y A waqf is only correct if breath is taken before reading the following word. To read the last letteras sukoon ( ) and not to renew the breath is incorrect.

y The opposite of waqf is known as 'wasl'. Wasl means to join verses / sentences withoutstopping.y Different letters / symbols are placed to indicate compulsory stops, recommended stops, better

to read on, and other such commands:

The compulsory stop - we have to stop, wasl is prohibited

The prohibited stop - we can not stop

The good stop - it is better to continue, but stopping is allowed


41/49

The sufficient stop - it is better to stop

The quality stop - it is the same to stop or continue

The subtle stop/pause - stop vocal sound for a brief time, without taking breath

Necessary stop - denotes end of sentence

Stopping at either of the points but not at both

Click hereto view a printable chart depicting the symbols of Waqf (where to and where not tostop)

Click 'here ' to view practice exercises for the rules of W aqf

F inishing T ouches1. Supplication to begin reading 2. The seven kinds of Alif


42/49

3. above / below the letter4. Prostration during recitation 5. Lahn (incorrect pronunciation)

Supplication to begin reading

At-ta'awwuth ( )y You must always begin a recitation with the ta'awwuth

'I seek refuge in Allah from the rejected shaitaan'

y Allah ( ) says in the Qur'an

'So when you recite the Quran, seek refuge with Allah from the shaitaan, the outcast(cursed one)'

Surah An Nahl(16:98)

y It can be saidquietly or aloud when one is reading alone, but if reading in a group, thefirst will say it aloud and then the other readers should say itquietly before their recitation

Basmala ( )

'In the N ame of Allah, M ost Beneficient,M ost M erciful'

y If one begins the recitation at the beginning of a surah, the reader should say the B asmala (aspart of the surah), but if the reader starts in the middle of the surah, the reader has a choice of saying the B asmala after the ta'awwuth or just saying the ta'awwuth

y It is obligatory in Surah Al- Fatihah according to the Shafi'i schooly According to all, it is not said in the beginning of Surah At-Taubah - Surah 9 (it is not written)


43/49

Rul es o f r ec iti ng t h e B a smala betwee n tw o surah s

COM PLETE SE PARAT ION

Not joining the end of the previous surah with the basmala of the next surah and not joining the basmala with the words of that surah. The reader would not stop at each of these points

PAR T IAL SE PARAT ION

Stopping at the end of the surah, but then joining the basmala with the beginning of the nextsurah

The opposit e of t his: joining the end of the surah with the basmala of the next surah and thenstopping, and then beginning the next surah by itself, is FORBIDDEN

COM PLETE CONNE CT ION

Connecting everything together, the end of the previous surah with the basmala and also the basmala with the beginning of the following surah

N B For Surah Taubah, you either stop at the end of the previous surah or join onto the first ayahof Surah Taubah. There is no partial connection option as there is no basmala

Click hereto view a printable chart that depicts the rules of basmala between two surahs

The seven kinds of Alif

y This applies only when the alif is the last letter of the wordy The following uses of Alif are affirmed upon stopping and omitted upon a continuous reading :

1. Alif in

This means 'I' in the English language. The alif is always omitted due to not stressing theindividual but focussing on Allah the Most High, and not ones self or nafs

Therefore, the alif in is never recited whether continuing to recite, or if stopping

For the following 6 Alifs, the Alif is again omitted when continuing to recite, but whenstopping it is elongated 2 counts. This applies whether stopping in the middle or end of an ayah


44/49

2. Alif in Surah Al-Kahf (18: 3 8)

3. Alif in Surah Al-Ahzab (33 :10)

4. Alif in Surah Al-Ahzab (33 :66)

5.

Alif in Surah Al-Ahzab (33 :67)

6.

Alif in Surah Al-Ahzab (76:4)

It is permissible in the case of stopping on the word to stop on the , whichthen takes a .


45/49

Omit the Alif / Madd and say

Thus there are 2 possibilities in the case of stopping :

1. To stop at the laam saakina without an alif after it

2.

To stop on the alif after the laam

above / below the letter

There are 4 places in the Qur'an where there is a small seen written either above or below thletter saad . Thequestion arises as to which letter ( or ) should actually be read.

The following should help :y In both the verses below, the reader should read the letter . The letter should NOT be

read even though it is written there

1.

2.

y In the following verse, the reader has the OPT ION of reading either the or


46/49

y In the verse below the reader should only read the letter . The should NOT be read

N ote: It is advisable that a note be made of this in your personal Qur'an so the correctletter is read whilst reciting these verses without any unnecessary confusion.

(source: Ahsan-ut-Tajweed. Mufti Muhammad Noman Daji (Al-Qaasmi) Moulana IlyasKola)

Prostration during Recitation

There are fourteen verses in the Qur'aan where prostration is to be performed during recitation.These verses are :

No. Extract from Verse Surah : Verse

1 (7:206)

2 (13:15)

3 (16:49)

4 (17:107)

5 (19:58)

6 (22:18)

7 (25:60)

8 (27:25)


47/49

9 (32:15)

10 (38:24)

11 (41:37)

12 (53:62)

13 (84:21)

14 (96:19)

L AHN

W ha t is L ahn ( )? The word lahn literally means 'incorrect pronunciation'. In the Science of Tajweed, lahn can be describedas:

'F ailing to ad her e to t he rul e s of T ajweed whilst r eciting t he Qur ' an '

There are 2 types of lahn:

1. Jalee ( )- major or obvious2. Khafee ( )- minor or not obvious

To recite the Qur'an whilst being guilty of L ahney Jal ee is haraam and to do so intentionally can plunge into the act of a major in, so much that it can lead one to the brink of kufr. Whereas tocommit L ahney K haf ee is makrooh (undesirable, not commendable).

Lahn ey J al ee

1. Not to pronounce the letters from their correct origins and their respective qualities

E.g


48/49

To recite as

To recite as

To recite as

To recite as

To recite as

2. To make any addition to the words

E.g

To recite as

To recite as

To recite as

3. To make omissions

E.g

To recite as

To recite as

To recite as

4. To replace a Harakah (dammah, Fattah, kasrah) with a sukoon

E.g

To recite as

To recite as

To recite as

5. To replace a sukoon with a harakah

E.g


49/49

To recite as

To recite as

To recite as

Lahn ey K ha fee

Reading the Qur'an whilst being guilty of L ahney K haf ee is makrooh. It does not necessarilyalter the meaning of the Qur'an. However, it does deprive the Holy Qur'an of its real eleganceand beauty.

EXAMPLESOF LAHNEY KHAFEE:

1. To overlook the rules of the thick / full mouth (tafkheem) letters and the thin / empty mouth(tarqeeq) letters.

2. Not to adhere to the rules of ith'har, idghaam and ikhfaa in their respective places whilst recitingthe Qur'an.

3. Not to prolong a letter when a Madd is present

(soure: Basic Tajweed for Primary Madris. Shaykh Hasib Ahmed Ibn Yusuf Mayet)

Click hereto view a printable chart depicting the types of lahn

Date post:	08-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	iasha-hussain
View:	257 times
Download:	9 times

Working With Verbs in Arabic

Documents