E1435 VOL. 1 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (World Bank assisted) Preparedfor Department of Water Supply & Sanitation (DWSS), Punjab Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment VOLUME - I (MAIN REPORT) FDBACWI TURNKEY ENGINEERS Member-Feedback Ventures Group September 2006 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
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E1435VOL. 1
Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project
(World Bank assisted)
Preparedfor
Department of Water Supply & Sanitation (DWSS), Punjab
Final Report onSector Environmental Assessment
VOLUME - I(MAIN REPORT)
FDBACWITURNKEY ENGINEERSMember-Feedback Ventures Group
September 2006
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Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-DBACKCFinal Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNK VNGIEER
Table of Contents
Volume I - Main Report
Section Title Page No
Abbreviations ix
Executive Summary 1
Coverage, Institutions and Regulatory and Policy Framework 1
Environmental Baseline 3
Key Environmental issues and mitigation measures 5
Environmental Management Framework 8
Key Elements of the EMF 9
Application of EMF Activities in the Scheme-cycle 10
Environmental Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 13
Institutional Arrangements for Environment Management 14
Training and Capacity Building 15
Budget 16
1. Introduction 18
1.1 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (PRWSS) 18
1.2 Sector Environmental Assessment (SEA) 19
1.3 Methodology 20
1.3.1 Data Collection and Review 21
1.3.2 Preliminary Site Visits 21
1.3.3 Public Consultations 22
1.3.4 Selection of Villages for Detailed Study 22
1.4 Procedure followed for Public Consultations 25
1.5 Schedule of Public Consultations 25
1.6 Organisation of the Report 27
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Section Title Page No
2. Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Punjab 28
2.1 National Context 28
2.1.1 Swajaldhara 29
2.1.2 Total Sanitation Campaign 29
2.2 RWSS Coverage in Punjab 30
2.2.1 Drinking Water 30
2.2.2 Sanitation 34
2.3 Regulatory and Policy Framework 35
2.3.1 National Framework 35
2.3.2 State Framework 38
2.4 Sector Institutions 41
2.4.1 Nodal Institution: Department of Water Supply and Sanitation 41
2.4.2 Converging Departments 44
2.5 Proposed World Bank assisted Project 45
3. Baseline Environmental Status 47
3.1 Physical Environment 47
3.1.1 Location 47
3.1.2 Physiography 47
3.1.3 Soils 49
3.1.4 Climate and Rainfall 50
3.1.5 Geomorphology (Land forms) 54
3.1.6 Land Use 55
3.1.7 Agriculture 57
3.2 Water Resources Environment 59
3.2.1 Surface Water Resources 59
3.2.2 Groundwater Resources 62
3.2.2.1 Hydrogeology 62
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Section Title Page No
3.2.2.2 Disposition of the Aquifers 62
3.2.2.3 Depth of Water Level & Water Level Altitude 68
3.2.2.4 Current Status of Ground water Resources 71
3.2.2.5 Deep Ground-water 77
3.2.2.6 Natural Ground-water Recharge 80
3.2.3 Water Quality 80
3.2.3.1 Surface Water Quality: Rivers & Canals 80
3.2.3.2 Surface Water Quality: Village Ponds & Wetlands 82
3.2.3.3 Ground Water Quality 84
3.2.3.4 DWSS Water Sampling Study 88
3.3 Household and Environmental Sanitation 97
3.3.1 Household Sanitation 97
3.3.2 Wastewater 97
3.3.3 Solid wastes 98
3.3.4 Cattle wastes 98
3.4 Current Water Supply and Treatment Practices 99
3.5 Incidence of Water and Sanitation-related Diseases in Punjab 100
4. Environmental Analysis 102
4.1 Key environmental issues 102
4.1.1 Water Availability 102
4.1.2 Water Quality 104
4.1.3 Applicability of OP/BP 7.50 to Punjab RWSS 105
4.1.4 Environmental Sanitation 107
4.1.5 Construction-stage Impacts 109
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Section Title Page No
5. Environment Management Framework 110
5.1 Environment Issues and Mitigation Measures 110
5.2 Environmental Management Framework 114
5.2.1 Key Elements ofthe EMF 114
5.2.2 Application of EMF to Project cycle 116
5.2.3 Environmental Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan 122
5.3 Implementation Arrangements for Environmental Management 123
5.3.1 Project Institutional Structure 123
5.3.2 Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Management 136
5.3.3 Training and Capacity Building 137
5.3.4 Budget 139
6. Public Disclosure of Draft Final Report on Sector EnvironmentalAssessment 141
References 147
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List of Figures
Figure Title Page No.No.
1.1 Approach and Methodology 201.2 Location Map of Punjab with sample villages/ 24
districts2.1 Coverage of Rural habitations with Water Supply 312.2 Existing Organisational set up of DWSS 433.1 Location Map of Punjab with district boundaries 483.2 Rainfall distribution in Punjab 513.3 Districtwise Rainfall - Average v/s Actual for the 52
year 20033.4 Variation in Annual Rainfall 533.5 Consumption of Chemical Fertilisers in Punjab 583.6 River, Canal and Drainage Network, Punjab 603.7 3-D Diagram - Upper Bari Doab, Punjab 633.8 3-D Diagram - Bist Doab, Punjab 643.9 3-D Diagram - Sangrur, Punjab 65
3.10 Geological Cross Section through Patiala - Sangrur 67Districts, Punjab
3.11 Map showing Depth to Ground Water Table in 69meters during June 2004
3.12 Water Table Elevation 703.13 Status of Ground Water Development 733.14 Map of Punjab showing Rise/ Fall of Water Table in 75
meters from 6/84 to 6/20033.15 Water level trend in 2 typical Districts 763.16 Fence Diagram showing Fresh Ground Water 78
Sediments3.17 Thickness of Fresh Ground Water Sediments 795.1 Process Flow Scheme for EMF Activities in the 118
Scheme cycle5.2 Proposed Overall Institutional Model 125
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List of TablesTable Title Page No.
No.1 Environmental Management Framework 112 Recommended Monitoring Plan 143 Budget for Environmental Management 164 Annual Budget for Environmental Management 17
1.1 List of Sample villages and schedule of public 26consultations
2.1 Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply in 302003
2.2 Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply 312.3 Percentage of Population served by the RWS 32
schemes2.4 Type and Source for Coverage of Villages ( as on 32
March 2005)2.5 Designed Service levels of Rural Water Supply 33
Schemes2.6 Scope of Relevant Environment Regulations 373.1 Water Availability From Rainfall In Punjab 543.2 Land Use in Punjab 56
3.3 List of Natural Wetlands of Punjab 613.4 List Of Manmade Wetlands Of Punjab 613.5 Ground Water Potential (as on April 1, 2002) 713.6 District-wise Ground Water Availability (in ha.m.) 723.7 Water Quality of Rivers in Punjab 813.8 Quality Parameters of Some Wetlands of Punjab 83
3.9(a) Districts affected by shallow ground water quality 86problems in Punjab (DWSS, 2006)
3.9(b) Districts affected by Shallow Ground Water Quality 87Problems in Punjab
3.10(a) Water Quality Results of 10 districts 903. 1 O(b) Water Quality Results of 10 districts 91
3.11 Test results for Water Samples - in 6 districts 943.12 Water and Sanitation-related Diseases in Punjab 1015.1 Environmental Management Framework 1195.2 Environmental Data Sheet for Individual/ multi 121
village water supply and sanitation schemes5.3 Recommended Monitoring Plan 1235.4 Training needs for Environment Management 1395.5 Estimated Cost of Training 1395.6 Budget for Environmental Management Activities 1405.7 Annual Budget for Environmental Management 140
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VOLUME - II
List of Annexures
No Title Page No.
1. Tariff Structure of DWSS 1
2. Terms of Reference 2 - 7
3. Criteria of selection of Survey villages 8
4. Data collection templates 9 - 16
5. District-wise coverage with service level 17
6. District-wise list of in progress villages 18 - 19
7. RWSS initiatives in the State 20 - 24
8. Schedule I (Ministry of Environment and Forests) 25 - 26
9. Punjab State Tube well Act, 1954 27 - 30
10. Stage of Ground water Development of Punjab State 31 - 37as on 31.03.2004
11 Water Quality Standards for Surface Water as per 38CPCB
12. Major types of water polluting Industries in Punjab 39
13. Drinking water standards as per IS: 10500-1991 40 - 42
14. District-wise Incidence of Diseases 43 - 46
15. Policy statement of Department of Irrigation, Govt. 47of Punjab
16. Policy statement of Water Resources & 48Environment Directorate, Govt. of Punjab
17. Report of Impact of Pumping of Ground Water by 49 - 51M.C. Jindal
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18. Implementation/construction stage impacts and 52 - 59mitigation measures
19. Water Quality Surveillance Programme 60 - 66
20. Public Notice in the Local Punjabi daily Newspaper 67dated 30.07.06
21. Public Notice in Local English Daily Newspaper dt. 6831.07.06
22. Comments of PSCST on Draft Report on EA Study 69 - 70
23. Comments of Addl. Director, Ministry of 71Environment & Forest, Chandigarh on Draft Reporton EA Study
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ARWSP Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeBCM Billion Cubic MetersBOD Biochemical Oxygen DemandBOT Build Operate and TransferCE Chief EngineerCPCB Central Pollution Control Board
Crore Equivalent to 10 Million
DO Dissolved OxygenDPH(PHE) Directorate of Public Health (Prinary Health Engineering)DPMC District Program Management CellDSR Detailed Scheme ReportDTES District Level Technical Environment SpecialistDWSM District Water Supply & Sanitation MissionsDWSS Department of Water Supply and SanitationECOP Environmental Codes of PracticeEA Environmental AssessmentEE Executive EngineerEiC Engineer in ChiefEMF Environmental Management FrameworkETP Effluent Treatment PlantF FluorideFe Ferrous (Iron)Gol Government of IndiaGoP Government of PunjabGPWSC Gram Panchayat Water Sanitation CommitteeHYV High Yielding VarietiesICR Implementation Compliance ReportIEC Information, Education, CommunicationITI Industrial Training InstituteM (M&E) Manager (Monitoring and Evaluation)MoEF Ministry of Environment and ForestsMNP Minimum Needs ProgramMV Multi VillageNABARD National Board for Agricultural and Rural DevelopmentNRCD National River Conservation DirectorateO & M Operation & MaintenanceOHT Overhead TankONGC Oil and Natural Gas CommissionPAD Punjab Agriculture DepartmentPAU Punjab Agriculture UniversityPIP Project Implementation PlanPTU Project Implementation Unit
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PMGY Pradhan Mantri Gramdoya YojanaPPCB Punjab Pollution Control BoardPRI Panchayati Raj InstitutionsPSCST Punjab State Council for Science & TechnologyPRWSSP Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ProjectQBS Quality Based SelectionRWSS Rural Water Supply & SanitationSE Superintending EngineerSEAMF Sector Environmental Analysis and Management FrameworkSHP Sanitation and Hygiene PromotionSPMC State Program Management CellSPMU State Program Management UnitSSF Slow sand FiltrationSTES State Level Technical Environment SpecialistSV Single VillageSWSM State Water Supply and Sanitation MissionTDS Total Dissolved SolidsToR Terms of ReferenceTSC Total Sanitation CampaignTSP Total Sanitation ProgramUP Uttar PradeshVST Village Support TeamWATSAN Water Supply and SanitationWQS Water Quality Surveillance
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Executive Summary
The Government of Punjab (GoP) proposes to access World Bank funds to expandcoverage of water and sanitation schemes in its rural areas. The proposed Punjab RuralWater Supply and Sanitation Project is being designed with inputs from a range ofpreparatory studies.
This document presents the report of the Sector Environmental Assessment which is oneof the preparatory studies. The World Bank's safeguards policy rate rural watersupply projects in the non-priority category 'B'.
Towards this end, the following activities were conducted under the terms of referenceof this study:
1. Outline of coverage, institutions and regulatory and policy framework.
2. Construction of an environmental baseline through secondary data search and publicconsultations.
3. Identification of environmental issues and concerns.
4. Development of a Sector Environmental Assessment and Management Framework.
5. Recommendation of Institutional Arrangement and Budget.
Coverage, Institutions and Regulatory and Policy Framework
In the State of Punjab, drinking water sources include 3148 piped water supply schemesprovided by Department of Water Supply and Sanitation (DWSS) and privatehandpumps in individual households. About 80% schemes are tube well based andremaining 20% schemes are canal-based. Safe water supply coverage is available onlyin 74% of the 14,605 total (main and other) habitations of Punjab. Fully coveredhabitations are 49% of the total while a quarter are partially covered.
GoP is keen to reform the sector to improve sustainability and standard of rural waterservice delivery, in Punjab. Towards this end, Department of Water Supply andSanitation (DWSS), Punjab has recently developed a new Rural Water Supply andSanitation (RWSS) policy framework and obtained cabinet clearance of the same. Thekey features of the new approach would be:
* Rural local governments with user groups to be responsible for upgradation andmanagement of all intra- village RWSS facilities and services;
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* DWSS to be responsible for managing complex multi-village water supply schemes,but with improved fiscal and operational performance, and for providing capacitysupport also to rural local governments for single village schemes;
* Introducing partial capital cost sharing by users as an expression of their demand;and
* Financing of recurrent O&M costs by user communities.
Further, reform initiatives already taken by GoP include:
i) Issuing a notification for raising water tariff over a 5-year period since 2002-03. Thenew tariffs for private connections shall be Rs 50 to Rs 60 per month in case ofnormal schemes with service levels of 40 lpcd and Rs 60 to Rs 75 in case ofschemes designed for service levels of 70 lpcd. The notification also introduced- forthe first time- water charge for public stand post users at a rate of Rs 10/month/household to be increased to Rs 15 per month/ household from 2006-07.
ii) Policy decision to transfer management of existing single village water supplyschemes to PRIs (a total of 774 such schemes out of a total of 876 have already beentransferred to PRIs).
iii) Awarding operations-management contracts for 550 new piped water schemes toprivate sector participation resulting in cost reduction.
iv) Willingness to redefine the role of the state government agency (DWSS) from directservice delivery to facilitation and partnership.
According to NSSO, in 2002, only 48.6% households in Punjab had sanitation coverage.Therefore there is a problem of unhygienic disposal of human faeces in the absence ofsanitation facilities. Some initiatives have been taken for expanding the coverage ofsanitation facilities which include introduction of Total Sanitation Campaign,demonstration of small bore drainage system and rehabilitation of existing pollutedvillage ponds using cost effective and self sustaining technologies besides, installationof 244 vermi-composting units for solid waste management.
Now, GoP intends to scale up statewide the demand responsive and decentralizedservice delivery approach. In this context, GoP is seeking World Bank assistance inimplementing its 6-year medium term Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS)program. GoP has also decided to adopt a sector wide approach for RWSSimprovements in the State. The project is expected to benefit about 4.0 million people -about 20% of the state's rural population through:
* Construction of new water supply schemes/ upgradation of existing schemes in 3066villages (2119 NC villages and 947 PC villages).
* Provision of small-bore drainage system and sewage treatment in 100 villages.
* Rehabilitation of 1000 village ponds receiving sullage water.
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The Department of Water Supply and Sanitation is the only nodal institution forproviding drinking water supply and sanitation facilities in rural areas of Punjab whereasfour other institutions have a converging impact on water supply and sanitation.
Rural water supply is a state subject under the Constitution of India. However, states areguided by policies and regulations enunciated by the Government of India. Theseinclude The National Water Policy, 2002, The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 andEIA Notification of 1994 with amendments.
Other Acts relevant to the Water supply and sanitation sector in Punjab are The PunjabTube well Act, 1954, The Inter-State River Water Dispute Act-1956, and PunjabPanchayat Raj Act, 1994. A Punjab Ground Water Act is proposed to be enacted toregulate and control ground water extraction.
Environmental Baseline
Punjab State is occupied by Indus river basin and is drained by three major rivers, whichinclude the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj. The Ghaggar, Chitti (White) Bein, Kali(Black) Bein, Sakki Nala, Kiran Nala, Naumni Nadi and the Chakki river are the majorseasonal rivers in the state The total stretch of canal network, including the distributarysystem, in Punjab is approx. 14500 kms.
Village ponds and tanks cover a substantial area in Punjab, estimated at approximately25,000 acres across the state. They have traditionally played a major role in defining theecology of rural areas, by providing natural drainage, acting as groundwater rechargersand providing habitat to the local flora and fauna. The state also has 12 natural and 9manmade wetlands covering more than 15,500 ha area.
The environmental baseline covered the following aspects related to the water resourcesof Punjab:
1) Water availability
The total available surface water resources in the state amount to 14.54 MAF (17937MCM). Surface water is currently the source of irrigation for 38.3% of the land.Punjab also has a total replenishable ground water resource of 14.74 MAF (18200MCM). Shallow aquifers have been the major source of water for irrigation, drinkingwater (from private spot sources) and industrial uses in Punjab. Large-scaleextraction of groundwater for irrigation, combined with increasing demands in othersectors due to population and industrial growth has translated into over-exploitationof shallow aquifers and consequent decline in shallow groundwater levels, especiallyin the fresh groundwater areas.
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The existence of deep aquifers in Punjab is well established, starting from the depthsof 100-15Om down to depths of 300 m in most parts and up to 600 m or more in 75km wide belt in front of the Himalayan range. The deeper aquifers are confined innature, and the tube-wells tapping these zones have discharge approximately in therange of 150-200 cu.m./hr, with drawdown ranges from 1.97 to 11.72 m.
2) Water quality
The major canal networks of Punjab are kept relatively free of industrial ormunicipal discharges, and the irrigation drainage flows are also seldom routed intothe canal system. The quality of groundwater in the top phreatic aquifer is gettingdegraded in those parts of the state where industrial effluents are being disposed offin watercourses or on agricultural land without any treatment. Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), Fluoride, Iron, Hardness and Chloride have been found to be the major waterquality parameters relevant to shallow groundwater quality in Punjab.
With the exception of salinity and fluoride (naturally occurring in groundwater) inthe seven districts of state, the deep aquifers of Punjab are expected to be relativelyfree from the pollution issues because of their relative hydrogeological isolationfrom shallow aquifers.
The quality of water in the village ponds is being affected due to discharge ofuntreated sullage/sewage into the village ponds, including overflow of effluent fromseptic tanks, encroachment for building habitats, run-off from cattle dung dumpsaround ponds and growth of undesirable aquatic plants due to high nutrient loadings.Attempts are being made to rejuvenate ponds by adoption of cost effectivetechnologies, such as duckweed ponds and constructed wetland.
3) Current sanitation practices
The solid waste/ garbage from the villages is dumped in the traditional dumpingground called the 'Rudi' which is located near the village pond severely impactingits water quality and holding capacity.
Punjab has a widely prevalent practice of keeping household cattle, but there arevery few scientific or eco-friendly facilities (such as biogas generation, vermicultureetc.) for disposing off the large amounts of waste that this practice generates.
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4) Incidence of diseases
In 2004, nearly 4,75,000 outpatient cases and 173 deaths were reported in Punjab fordiseases caused due to water and sanitation-related conditions. Diarrhoea/gastroenteritis and amoebiasis are the most common water- and sanitation-relateddiseases in Punjab, and there were 133 deaths due to these two diseases alone.
To tackle the problem, special task force has been constituted by GoP, whichreviews the situation periodically, and during rainy seasons, monthly reviewmeetings are being held to initiate remedial measures.
Key Environmental Issues and Mitigation Measures
The assessment of baseline environmental conditions has brought out the followingissues, which need to be addressed in the design and implementation of project-sponsored schemes:
Baseline Environmental Issues Currently Affecting RWSS in Punjab
a) Water Availability: For a large number of rural households which are not covered bypublic water schemes and which are dependent on private sources like the shallowhand-pumps or tube-wells, the declining groundwater levels have adversely affectedthe water supply.
Water for about 80% of DWSS Ground water based schemes is sourced from thedeep aquifer layers, which is considered abundant from the perspective of ensuringlong-term source sustainability. About 20% of the water supply schemes in Punjabare based on canal-water supply, and in some cases the water supply is adverselyaffected during the periods of canal maintenance shutdown.
b) Water Quality
Canal water quality
In general, the water quality concerns in the river waters of Punjab are the disposalof untreated municipal and industrial discharges, as well as drainage of agriculturalreturn flows. The problems are more acute in the locations and during the periodswhen the flow in the receiving watercourse is not sufficient to cause acceptabledilution of the discharged effluents. The major canal networks of Punjab are keptrelatively free of industrial or municipal discharges, and the irrigation drainage flowsare also seldom routed into the canal system. The water quality in the main canals istherefore expected to be better than the river courses, except in the upper reaches ofrivers where the pollutant loadings are minimal.
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Ground water quality
The shallow groundwater quality in many parts of Punjab is poor owing to naturalpresence of salinity and fluoride at concentrations exceeding the permissible levelsfor drinking water use. In addition, the quality of shallow groundwater may alsoindicate bacteriological or chemical contamination due to inadequate treatment anddisposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial discharges. According toDWSS estimates, about 54% of the total 12,267 villages in Punjab suffer from poorwater quality conditions. Specifically:
* Salinity is a significant problem in districts of Bathinda, Sangrur, Faridkot,Ferozepur, Mansa, Moga and Muktsar.
* Prevalence of fluoride in groundwater is indicated in Ludhiana, Faridkot,Sangrur, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Ferozepur and Patiala.
* In addition, isolated pockets of Ludhiana and Bathinda have been reported tohave presence of heavy metals and pesticides, respectively, in shallowgroundwater.
Due to its higher depth and relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallowaquifer, deep groundwater is expected to be free from the presence ofbacteriological/ chemical contaminants.
c) Applicability of OP/BP 7.50 to Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project:Based on a technical consideration of the proposed project interventions, the hydro-geological characteristics of the deep aquifers, the state policy on provision of canalwater for rural water supply schemes, and in the context of the Bank's determinationof the applicability of OP/BP 7.50 on International Waterways from either surfacewater or ground water perspective, the proposed project activities do not triggerOP/BP 7.50. This determination is based upon the provision that no bore-wells willbe installed within 1 km of the line demarcating the international border betweenIndia and Pakistan.
d) Environmental Sanitation: 49% of the rural households in Punjab have sanitationcoverage, and the main factors affecting the status of sanitation in the villages arethe following:
* Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattle-sheds, flows into open surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and by-lanes
* Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater oftenseeps into hand pumps, open dug wells and pipelines, and the water quality of
- the village ponds has deteriorated leading to loss of productive uses andcontamination of the shallow aquifer.
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* Incidences have been reported of effluent overflowing from the septic tanks andfinding its way to the village drains.
* The presence of stagnant water in the villages is linked to the incidence ofmalaria and other vector-borne diseases.
* Due to a combination of poor environmental sanitation and poor personalhygiene, diahorreal diseases, skin diseases, hook worm infestation, viralHepatitis-A and typhoid cases have been commonly reported in the rural areas.
Environmental Management
The project-sponsored interventions are expected to bring about public health andenvironmental benefits, by improving delivery and quality of RWSS services. Thespecific measures to address the above environmental issues include the following:
1. Source selection will be conducted with due regard to ensure year-round adequacyof water supply and long-term sustainability of the resource. More specifically:
* The current DWSS design practice ensures that water supply for ground waterbased schemes is sourced from deep aquifer. The EA study, supplemented byinputs from regional groundwater experts, indicates that the current and expectedfuture drinking water extractions from the deep aquifer are small compared totheir estimated sustainable yield, and therefore source sustainability for deepgroundwater-based schemes is ensured.
* In areas where deep aquifers are saline, canal-based schemes will be/are beingimplemented, if adequate year-round supply can be guaranteed through storageor other measures.
* During acute summer season, due to canal closure, it is proposed to augment thesource and supply at 10 lpcd to consumer by treating ground water through R.O./De-flouridation plants.
* Furthermore, in order to ensure that there are no local-level "well-to-well" cross-boundary groundwater impacts, it will be ensured that no bore-wells are installedwithin 1 km of the line demarcating the international border between India and Pakistan.
2. The siting, planning, design, and operation of the schemes will ensure that sourceselection is conducted with due regard to water quality of the source, and that waterquality at household delivery level meets the drinking water norms. Morespecifically:
* Due to its higher depth and relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallowaquifer, deep groundwater is expected to be free from the presence ofbacteriological/chemical contaminants. Conventional water quality parametersfor DWSS's deep groundwater-based schemes indicate acceptable water qualityfor drinking purposes.
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* However, in view of the traditional emphasis on shallow groundwater qualityand due to emerging concerns regarding possible presence of industrial oragricultural chemicals in some locations, the project will commence and supporta systematic assessment of deep groundwater quality in the state. The waterquality testing for source selection of water supply schemes will include testingfor pesticides and heavy metals at the source selection stage. However, in viewof the prohibitive costs of testing for the presence of these contaminants, aphased approach will be adopted which will be based on an initial sampling ofdeep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state. For first-yearimplementation, water quality testing for these industrial and agriculturalchemical contaminants will be conducted for selected source in the first tenschemes in each district of the state, and the approach for further testing will becalibrated on the basis of the test results obtained. The sampling study for thepresence of these pollutants in deep groundwater would be integrated as a part ofthe project-supported initiative on building a database on water quantity andquality of deep aquifers in the state.
* Effective, regular & improved disinfection systems, as well as preventive andcorrective maintenance of water distribution systems will be ensured.
* A protocol for regular water quality testing and control has been developed,which will be implemented through the operations phase of the water supplyschemes.
3. The project will support interventions on environmental sanitation to ensure that thebenefits of improved water supply are not compromised by poor personal hygienestandards, and inadequate drainage, sullage/wastewater treatment and disposal. Morespecifically:
* The project will support sustained IEC campaign to create and enhanceawareness on hygiene aspects pertaining to hand-washing, safe water collection,storage and handling practices.
* The project will support, on participatory basis, drainage improvement schemesfor improving sullage drainage, addressing effluent overflow from septic tanksinto village drains, installing small-bore sewerage and undertaking pondsrehabilitation.
4. In addition, the EMF will prescribe measures to ensure that the temporary adverseenvironmental impacts associated with construction-stage activities aresystematically addressed in the project-sponsored schemes.
Environmental Management Framework
The proposed Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project will financeinvestments in rural water supply and drainage improvement schemes to serve the rural
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populations in Punjab. While the proposed project interventions are expected to result inoverall environmental and public health improvements in the state, potential adverseenvironmental impacts can occur if the schemes are not properly designed, sited,implemented, and maintained. In order to ensure that the environmental issues aresystematically identified and addressed in the various stages of the implementation ofproject-sponsored schemes, an Environment Management Framework (EMF) has beendeveloped for this project. The specific objectives of the EMF are as under:
(a) To provide a systematic approach for identifying the various possibleenvironmental issues at the different stages of the scheme cycle;
(b) To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identifiedenvironmental issues;
(c) To devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming enviromnentalmanagement in project implementation processes.
Key Elements of the EMF
The key elements of the EMF as applied to a project-sponsored scheme are thefollowing:
1. Collection of basic environmental data: The EMF requires that basicenvironmental data pertaining to the proposed scheme be compiled at the fielddata collection stage. For this purpose, a simple Environmental Data Sheet hasbeen formulated, which would include information such as source water qualitytest results for water supply schemes; sullage conveyance, treatment, disposal orutilization information for drainage schemes, etc.
2. Environmental Classification of Schemes: The DSR for Water supply or drainageschemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet supportedwith a detailed note, if any, on items listed in the data sheet. At the DSRpreparation stage, the available environmental information will be evaluated, andbased on the level of expected enviromnental and public health impacts, theproposed scheme would be classified as either Category I (basic) or Category II(independent environmental appraisal required). Note that only water supplyschemes can be classified as Category II, if the scheme satisfies specific criteriapertaining to the presence of industrial or agricultural chemical contaminants inthe water supply source, as described below. Furthermore, preparation of DSRfor drainage schemes must include measures for pond rehabilitation, orappropriate treatment/disposal/ utilization of treated effluent. The DSR for anydrainage scheme that does not include sufficient measures for the above shall beconsidered incomplete and unacceptable.
3. Environmental Appraisal and Approval: For all category I schemes, there shall be
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no separate environment appraisal but the environment aspects shall be includedin the normal appraisal and evaluation process for the proposed scheme, based onthe Environmental Data Sheet included in the DSR. For category II schemes, anindependent environmental appraisal of the proposed scheme is required, whichwill include evaluation of environmental and public health impacts, riskassessment if needed, and design of mitigation measures by the environmentalexpert of the district level facilitating unit. In extreme cases, where the districtlevel resources are not sufficient for conducting the environmental appraisal anddesigning the appropriate mitigation measures, support from state levelenvironmental resource agency may be requested. The environmental appraisalfor category II Water Supply scheme shall not take more than 30 days.
4. Environmental Compliance Monitoring during Implementation and O&Mphases: The EMF will ensure that:
a) The prescribed environmental mitigation measures (including constructionstage measures) are adequately implemented.
b) Supervision, monitoring and evaluation of water quality and environmentalindicators is conducted, as a part of the overall project monitoring program
c) IEC activities are undertaken for awareness raising and sensitizationregarding personal and public hygiene, environmental sanitation, and waterconservation, as an integrated component of the project IEC activities.
Application of EMF Activities in the Scheme-cycle
In order to mainstream environmental management and to ensure that the EMF issystematically implemented for all the project-sponsored schemes, the EMF needs to beintegrated in the scheme cycle. The following provides a sequential overview of thevarious steps in the planning, design and implementation phases of the proposed schemecycle for the project-sponsored schemes. The responsibilities are indicated inparentheses against the respective tasks. The integrated EMF activities that need to beimplemented at various stages are highlighted and italicized:
1. IEC and mobilization activities, leading to formation of Gram Panchayat Water andSanitation Committee (GPWSC) [Support organizations (SO), led by JE/DWSS].
2. Preparation of Situation Analysis Report [JE/ DWSS and GPWSC].3. Preparation of rough cost estimate [JE/DWSS and GPWSC].4. Community consultations on above [GPWSC, with assistance of SO and JE/
DWSS].5. Field data collection for design of scheme [JE/DWSS]
Environmeftal DatajSheei)6. Preparation of DSR for scheme [EE/DWSS] (Environmental Classification; of
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Srheme).7. Administrative approval for scheme [EE for rehabilitation schemes/small schemes
up to Rs. 2 Lacs; otherwise SE or CE/DWSS]8. Technical approval [SE or CE/DWSS] (niroent praisat anr.F>valuatjon)9. Preparation, approval and issue of Detailed Notice inviting tender/ bid documents
[GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes]mea (inchuding thaNe for construction
10. Award of contracts [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes].
11. Release of funds (1st installment of 75%) [SE/DWSS to GPWSC for single-villageschemes; SWSM to EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes].
12. Release of funds to contractor, in 3 installments [GPWSC for single-villageschemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes].
13. Release of funds (2nd installment of 25%) [SE/DWSS to GPWSC for single-villageschemes; SWSM to EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes].
mOiigatton15. Operation and Maintenance Phase [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS
for nmulhi-' iliage schemes] sewa r9 agjee feaz -ta'ntmoni oring aspepr e ygiene, emr6niStal sanitation, andwater conservation.
The following Table 1 summarizes the application of the EMF to the scheme-cycle,indicating the EMF activities, and corresponding objectives, processes, responsibilitiesand decision results.
Table 1: Environmental Management Framework
Phase EMF Activity Objectives Process Responsibility Resull
Environmental To collect basic Discuss scheme with SO, with EnvironmentalData Sheet information on community and identify assistance of data sheet
environmental environmental issues of JE/DWSS furnished, andaspects of the concem attached to DSR.proposed
scheme. Complete Environmental Data JE/DWSSsheet, with supplementary notesif required.
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Environmental To ensure that Evaluate all the available EE/DWSS SchemeClassification of schemes with information on environmental classified asScheme potentially aspects as provided in the Category I
significant Environmental Data Sheet, and (basic) orenvironmental based on the level of expected Category IIor public health environmental and public (independentissues are health impacts, assess whether environmentalidentified at an the proposed scheme is appraisalearly stage, for Category I (basic) or Category required)independent II (independent environmentalenvironmental appraisal required). Note thatappraisal only water supply schemes can
be classified as Category II, ifthe certain specified criteria aremet.
Environmental To ensure that For category I schemes, there District EnvironmentalAppraisal and relevant shall be no separate Program appraisal andApproval environmental environment appraisal but the Specialist/ approval of
issues have been environment aspects shall be DPMC, with proposedidentified and included in the normal assistance of scheme, withappropriate appraisal and evaluation District-level decision to (i)mitigation process for the proposed Technical accept schememeasures have scheme, based on the expert as submitted, orbeen designed to Environmental Data Sheet (ii) acceptaddress them. included in the DSR. scheme with
For category II schemes, an modificationsindependent environmental suggested in theappraisal of the proposed environmentalscheme is required, including appraisal.evaluation of environmentaland public health impacts, riskassessment if needed, anddesign of mitigation measures.
To ensure that Technical Approval for the Programme Technicalmitigation scheme will not be accorded Director approval formeasures and without Environmental scheme withtheir costs are Clearance from SPMC environmentalintegrated in mitigationscheme design measures andand accordingly itsimplementation costs areplans. integrated in
scheme designandimplementationplans.
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Implementation of To ensure that Implementation Completion GPWSC for ICR withEnvironmental the prescribed Report (ICR) for scheme will single-village environmentalmitigation environmental need to include compliance schemes; compliance
o measures mitigation certificate that all prescribed EE/DWSS for informationmeasures environmental mitigation multi-village(including measures (including schemesconstruction construction stage) have beenstage) are implemented.implemented
* Environmental To ensure that * Water Quality State Program Periodicsupervision, environmental monitoring will be Specialist with environmentalmonitoring, aspects are conducted as per assistance from monitoringand evaluation integrated in the project water quality State-level reports
* IEC and O&M phase monitoring protocol Technicalcapacity * IEC on (i) need for Expertbuilding on drainage (Integrated
0 hygiene and improvement/ sullage with projectenvironmental treatment in villages, protocol onhealth issues (ii) personal and water quality
public hygiene, and monitoring and(iii) need for water project IEC)conservation.
Template for Environmental Data sheet to be prepared for each scheme during pre-planning/planning phase is presented in Table 5.2.
Environmental Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
The implementation of water supply and sanitation schemes is likely to result intovarying level of environmental impacts that would require supervision andmonitoring. The environmental monitoring and supervision will be undertaken to:
* Ensure that mitigation measures have actually been adopted, and are provingeffective in practice
* Provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the timeof preparation of this EA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to providea basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures
* Provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and theeffectiveness of mitigation measures which, through a feedback mechanism, canimprove the planning and execution of future similar projects.
This will be under the overall responsibility of the Programme Director, with inputs andassistance from the State and District Technical Environment Specialists. The technicalspecialists will work in close coordination with the project monitoring and evaluationteam. There would also be periodic monitoring and supervision by the World Bank, toensure compliance with the respective safeguard policies. The Table below outlines a
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set of monitoring indicators, which have been integrated into the overall projectsupervision, monitoring and evaluation processes.
At village level, basic water quality monitoring would be done by the GPWSC, throughthe use of water quality monitoring kits. For multi-village schemes, the monitoring ofwater quality at water works will remain the responsibility of DWSS field staff.
The following Table 2 summarises the monitoring and supervision plan.
Table 2: Recommended Monitoring Plan
S. Project Performance Indicators MonitoringNo. lnterventionl Agency
Component1. Water Access to safe drinking water State M&E
Availability supply of a minimum of Specialist70 lpcd to the targetcommunities (included inproject - wide M&E)
2. Water Quality Regular DWSS water quality GPWSC/testing (included in project- Districtwide M&E) Technical
SpecialistIndependent water quality Independentsurveillance consultant to
be appointedby StateM&ESpecialist.
3 Sanitation Increased access of State M&Ehousehold to common Specialistsewerage/ sanitation system.
Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Management
The personnel and agencies with the responsibility for environmental management willbe located as following in the project institutional structure:
1. The SPMC (State Programme Management Cell) will be staffed with an ExecutiveEngineer (Technical Unit).
2. Each of the 19 DPMCs (District Programme Management Cells) will be staffedwith a Sub Divisional Engineer (Technical Unit).
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3. A panel of technical experts at the State and district level will be constituted toprovide technical support to SPMC and DPMC.
The Executive Engineer (additional charge) within the technical unit of SPMC will beresponsible for overall environmental management for the project. He/she will becharged with the effective implementation of the EMF, including the environmentaltraining and capacity building as well as ensuring that the external environmental auditsare conducted for the whole project (two audits of 20 schemes each in the 2nd and 4 th
year of project cycle. Panel of technical experts at the State/ District level will beformulated after project appraisal who will assist SPMC/ DPMC for effectiveimplementation of EMF including the environment training & capacity building as wellas in identifying the expert agency for conducting environment audits.
The Sub Divisional Engineer (additional charge within DPMC) will be responsible forall district level environmental management activities. Their responsibilities includeensuring environmental management in all project-sponsored schemes, for organizingsix-monthly environmental supervisions in the district and preparing supervision reports,and identification and empanelment of district-level environmental experts in theirrespective districts.
At the village level, the project will aim to develop capacity for environmentalmanagement through environmental sensitization and awareness campaigns targeted atvillage support organizations, GPWSCs, and DWSS field staff.
Training and Capacity Building
The state currently has limited capacity for environmental management. The trainingand capacity building program developed for the project aims at building environmentalawareness and environmental management capacity in the project administrationstructure as well as in the intended target communities. The training programs for thestaff in the project agencies at various levels as well as for the village communities willbe organized. The capacity building for environment management will be integratedwith overall capacity building component of the project.
1. Technical Training for Environmental Management
A specific training program for the key officials of the project, focused on theprocedural and technical aspects of environmental assessment and management will bedeveloped. This training would be mandatory for the State Program Specialist andDistrict Program Specialist, as well as for the district-level environment experts. Thetraining will involve initial orientation, main training program and refresher trainingprograms. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of 2-3 dayseach, where as the initial orientation workshop will be of duration of one day.
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Furthermore, subject to indication of interest by suitable candidates, the project wouldprovide extended education support for upto 5 DWWS engineers, including Master'slevel education at institutions such as All India Institute of Public Health and Hygiene,Kolkata. The Executive Engineer, along with technical experts, will be responsible forselection of suitable candidates, and the expense will be borne by the overall projectcapacity-building budget.
The technical training would also include training of operators at the scheme level.
2. Environmental Awareness and Sensitization for Targeted Communities
The training programs on environmental awareness will be organized regionally andwill be designed to reach extensively in the target communities. The programs willspecifically include community representatives, e.g. the GPWSC members, in order tosustain environmental concepts beyond the project period. While these Community-level awareness programmes will be a part of the overall project IEC programme, theState Program Management Cell will be responsible for the development ofcommunication materials.
Budget
The total expected budget for environmental management activities under the proposedPRWSS project has been worked out as 4.0 crores. The detailed break-up of the budgetis presented in Table 3 below:
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Table 3: Budget for Environmental Management
S.No - &gfinAtvity Amount (in Rs.Crores)
1
A Trainings 1.80 crores
B Audits (2 nos) 0.40 crores
C Technical Support 0.30 crores 2.50(State and Districtlevel)
2 Water quality testing for incidence of industrial and 2.001agricultural chemical contamination in water supplysources in Punjab (pesticides/heavy metals)
3 Review of international best practices in deep aquifer 0.25drilling and contamination prevention, to developguidelines for DWSS deep groundwater GWextraction
4 Engagement of resource persons (for appraising 200 0.80category II schemes ( Rs. 40,000 per scheme)
5 Preparation of community awareness materials 0.20
6 Extended Post-graduate Education Support to 0.25selected DWSS engineers (subject to suitablecandidates)
Total 4.0
The year-wise budget for the environmental activities has been given in Table 4 below.
Table 4: Annual Budget for Environmental Management
Annual Expenditure Budget (Rs. in crores)Year 1 Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 Year 5 Year 6
0.5 0.8 1 0.7 J 0.6 0.6 0.8
'The funds for this water quality testing are included in the overall project water quality testing budget, and are thereforenot included in the total Environmental Management Budget.
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I Introduction
1.1 Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (PRWSS)
The Government of Punjab (GoP) has prioritized RWSS as a key area of itsdevelopment agenda. Over the past few years, significant capital allocations to theRWSS sector (about US $ 20- 25 million annually or 3% of the total plan outlay), havebeen made which indicates the high priority accorded to the sector. Government ofIndia too supports the RWSS sector reforms and provides significant financial assistanceto Punjab through its centrally sponsored programs such as ARWSP, Swajaldhara andTotal Sanitation Campaign (TSC). Despite these efforts, only about 30% of the villagescurrently receive a basic service level of 40 lpcd through public water schemes (mostlypiped water schemes). Another 40% have piped water supply but with less than 40 lpcdsupply and the remaining 30% do not have access to any public water system (generallymet by own/ private sources). Though the O&M standard of water supply systems inPunjab is much better than in most other states in India, the existing services are not ableto meet the demand of increasing population or for higher service standards-such asprivate connections and supply for cattle consumption. User charges finance only about25 % of the operation and maintenance expenditure. Shallow water quality in 30% ofvillages is affected by fluoride, salinity or iron. About 50% households have latrines, butthere is no reliable data on this, and the level of overall environmental sanitation isextremely low.
In the above context, GOP is keen to reform the sector to improve sustainability andstandard of rural water service delivery, in Punjab. Towards this end, Department ofWater Supply and Sanitation (DWSS), Punjab has recently developed a new RWSSpolicy framework and obtained cabinet clearance of the same. The key features of thenew approach would be:
* Rural local governments with user groups to be responsible for upgradation andmanagement of all intra- village RWSS facilities and services;
* DWSS to be responsible for managing complex multi-village water supply schemes,but with improved fiscal and operational performance, and for providing capacitysupport to rural local governments;
* Introducing partial capital cost sharing by users as an expression of their demand;and
* Financing of recurrent O&M costs by user communities.
Further, reform initiatives already taken by GoP include:
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a) Issuing a notification for raising water tariff over a 5-year period since 2002-03.The new tariffs for private connections shall be Rs 50 to Rs 60 per month in caseof normal schemes with service levels of 40 lpcd and Rs 60 to Rs 75 in case ofschemes designed for service levels of 70 lpcd. The notification also introduced-for the first time- water charge for public stand post users at a rate of Rs 10/month/household to be increased to Rs 15 per month/ household from 2006-07. Acopy of the notification is attached at Annexure 1.
ii) Policy decision to transfer management of existing single village water supplyschemes to PRIs (a total of 774 such schemes out of a total of 876 have alreadybeen transferred to PRIs)
iii) Awarding operations-management contracts for 550 new piped water schemes toprivate sector participation resulting in cost reduction;
iv) Willingness to redefine the role of the state government agency (DWSS) fromdirect service delivery to facilitation and partnership.
Now, GoP intends to scale up statewide the demand responsive and decentralizedservice delivery approach. In this context, GoP is seeking World Bank assistance inimplementing its 6-year medium term Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS)program. GOP has also decided to adopt a sector wide approach to RWSSimprovements in the State.
1.2 Sector Environmental Assessment (SEA)
The proposed Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project (RWSSP) falls underenvironmental category 'B' as per Bank's safeguard Policies laid down in OD 4.01 ofWorld Bank on EA.
The purpose of the Sector Environmental assessment (SEA) is to identify upfront thePRWSS project's potential environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence;examine project alternatives; identify ways of improving project selection, siting,planning, design and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, orcompensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impactsthroughout project implementation.
SEA has taken into account the natural environment (air, water and land); human healthand safety including the country's overall policy framework, national legislation, andinstitutional capabilities related to the environment and obligations of the country,pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties andagreements. The SEA is expected to serve as a complement to project specific EAs inthe Development Plan. Accordingly, the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EA studyhave been formulated as in Annexure 2.
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1.3 Methodology
The methodology followed in conducting the Environmental Assessment Study isdepicted in Fig. 1.1 and briefly described below:
Figure 1.1: Approach and Methodology
DWSS, PPCB, Irrigation,Agriculture, WRED, Data CollectionCGWB, PSCST etc.
Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FH=DBACK.Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TRNKEY ENGINEER
M-rb.r-F.Wb.k V-5 G-p
1.3.1 Data Collection and Review
The methodology basically comprised collection and collation of secondary data onwater resources availability, their utilisation, problems of water availability and qualityas relevant in the context of the proposed PRWSS project, demographic, socio-economic and health aspects, water supply and sanitation coverage and service levelsand problems in O&M of existing water supply systems. The study also included ananalysis of policy, legal and institutional framework related to water and sanitation withspecific focus on Punjab. A review and analysis of this information led to thedelineation of the baseline status of relevant environmental components pertaining to theState and provided the basis for assessment of the potential environmental impacts dueto the proposed project and preparation of environmental management framework(EMF) for mitigating adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts.
The present study has primarily relied upon the available secondary sources of datarelevant to the proposed project. The main sources of such information comprised theDWSS, the Water Resources and Environment Directorate and the Punjab PollutionControl Board. Data pertaining to groundwater was also mobilized from the CGWB.The DWSS, as the nodal agency for the provision of rural water supply and sewerageinfrastructure in the state, has generated over the years enormous data pertaining towater services. Such data includes water supply coverage in the State, sources of watersupply, water quality of rural and urban schemes etc.
Water quality status has been reviewed from the data collected from the DWSS andPPCB. As for quantitative data (availability and use), reliance has been placed on thedata generated by the DWSS, Central Groundwater Board and the Water Resources andEnvironment Directorate, which have developed extensive database and informationproducts on water availability and quality.
1.3.2 Preliminary Site Visits
In order to prepare the community for their participation during public consultations, itwas decided to undertake preparatory visits to the sample villages. The purpose of thesevisits was to meet with the elected representatives of the villages as also the targetpopulation and officials of the various development departments at the village,taluk/district levels to sensitise them regarding the proposed DWSS project, as also theirrole and stakes in the project. During these preparatory meetings, the participants wereinformed about the public consultations that were to follow. This advance intimationwas aimed at providing adequate time and opportunities to the target groups toformulate/firm up their views regarding their participation in the proposed project.
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The team, which organised these meetings, comprised representatives of the DWSS, theEA Consultants and local body representatives. The preparatory visits also enabledcollection of available secondary data on the existing status of water supply, sanitation,public health and personal and environmental hygiene in the sample villages throughkey informant (household) interviews and on-site observations.
1.3.3 Public Consultations
In keeping with the World Bank's OP 4.01, Public Consultations were organized, as partof the EA Study, in forty sample Villages selected from 10 districts of Punjab. Theobjective of these consultations was to identify upfront the environmental issues asrelated to the proposed activities under the PRWSS project, to assess the views of thebeneficiary community and their willingness to participate in the project in a 'demanddriven' planning and decision making process. The purpose of the consultations wasalso to identity the priorities and preferences of the target group in respect of theproposed project components including alternatives, if any.
1.3.4 Selection of Villages for Detailed Study
The selection of villages for village level and household survey was done in consultationwith DWSS based on the guidelines and templates given by World Bank. The villageswere selected in such a way that each selected village matches at least one parameter inthe given templates so as to represent in the best possible manner the typical conditionsin the state. The 28 parameters governing the selection of villages are given below. Thesamples villages fulfilling this criterion are given in Annexure 3 and the format forvillage and Household surveys is given in Annexure 4.
1. Presence of functional water supply scheme
2. Absence of functional water supply scheme
3. Canal water source
4. Ground water source
5. Adequate canal water supply (all year)
6. Inadequate canal water supply (all year)
7. Inadequate canal water supply (dry season)
8. Adequate yield of ground water
9. Inadequate/declining yield of ground water
10. Adequate water works infrastructure
11. Inadequate water works infrastructure
12. Adequate distribution network
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13. Inadequate distribution network
14. Potable ground water available (shallow depth)
15. Potable water available (deep, greater than 200 feet)
16. Shallow Ground water not potable due to high fluoride
17. Deep ground water non potable due to salinity
18. Shallow Ground water not potable due to salinity
19. Deep ground water not potable due to salinity
20. Shallow Ground water not potable due to excess iron
21. Deep ground water non potable due to excess iron
22. High concentration of pesticides in water (suspected)
23. High concentration of heavy metals in water supply (suspected)
24. High incidence of disease related to water supply and sanitation
25. Successful 0 & M of water supply scheme by Panchayat
26. Unsuccessful 0 & M of water supply by Panchayat
27. Villagers ready for contribution for water supply scheme augmentation
28. Villagers not ready for contribution for water supply scheme augmentation
The location map of Punjab showing the sample villages (Blocks) are shown in Fig. 1.2.The public consultations have been preceded by the IEC activities. During publicconsultations, the participation of local NGOs, Panchayati Raj Institutions,economically/ socially weaker sections, informed/ knowledgeable public and opinionleaders, etc. was mobilised. The participants to the consultations were briefed on theproposed DWSS Project, its objectives and the rules for participation in the project.
The participants' opinions were solicited on the following main issues:
1. Quantity of current water supply;2. Quality of current water supply;3. Household sanitation facilities;4. Sullage disposal;5. Prevailing diseases;6. Their expectations from the proposed project and willingness for cost sharing;
etc
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INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
STATE BOUNDARYDISTRICT BOUNDARY
SURVEY BLOC'(
RIVER--
FIOl G2LOCATION PLAN OF PUNJA
SHOWING SAMPLE VILLAGES/BLOCKS SORe .WRD, 2005
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1.4 Procedure followed for Public Consultations
* All the stakeholders in the identified Gram Panchayats - the target population,elected representatives of the GP, local NGOs and youth clubs were informed inadvance regarding the name of village, date, time and venue of the meeting.
* The DWSS representative/ EA consultant presented an overview of the proposedwater and Sanitation Project, the objectives and scope of the project, the variouscomponents envisaged and the rules for participation of villages in the project. Thiswas followed by formal discussions/consultations.
* The participants, especially women, local NGOs and members of youth clubs wereinvited to share their views, concerns and their priorities for the proposed project,constraints experienced with the existing water and sanitation systems and theirsuggestions to make the proposed project sustainable in achieving the objectives.
* Specifically, the demand for the proposed project and the willingness of the targetgroup to participate in the project, including financial contribution in constructionand subsequent O&M of the project was sought.
* The views of the target group on the proposed institutional framework forimplementation of the project and its continued operation, maintenance andmonitoring.
* The major environmental concerns of the target group in the context of the proposedproject and their suggestions for mitigation of the impacts.
1.5 Schedule of Public Consultations
The list of 40 sample Villages along with schedule of public consultations in the villagesis given in Table-1.1 below.
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Sr. No. Name of District Name of Block Name of Village Date of Publicconsultation
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1.6 Organisation of the Report
The report is presented in five chapters including the Introductory Chapter-1.Introductory chapter presents in brief, the methodology followed in the study, the criteriafor selection of sample Village Panchayats for preliminary site visits, schedule and theprocedure followed for public consultations.
Chapter 2 Provides information on the rural water policy and environmentalframework for appraisal of the proposed project. Describes rural waterand sanitation institutions in Punjab, their roles and responsibilities withspecial focus on rural water supply and related aspects. Presents aprofile of the proposed project and the rules for participation of thebeneficiary community in the project.
Chapter 3 Presents the baseline data on relevant environmental components in theState. Based on a critical review and analysis of baseline data, the issuesof environmental concern have been identified. This chapter alsooutlines the major issues arising from public consultations.
Chapter 4 Analyses the potential environmental issues, its mitigation and the risksassociated with the proposed project activities during the design,preparatory, construction and operational phases of the project.
Chapter 5 Describes the environmental management framework (EMF) formitigating the adverse impacts and enhancing the beneficial impacts ofthe project along with agencies responsible for mitigatory action.Appropriate environmental performance indicators have beenproposed which could' be integrated with other indicators as tools toassess the project performance. The institutional framework along withthe linkages for implementation of the project and the financialarrangements for the project are presented in this chapter.
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2 Rural Water Supply and Sanitation in Punjab
2.1 National Context
The First Five Year Plan under the 'National Water Supply and Sanitation Prograrnme',introduced in 1954, provided the funds for development of Social Welfare Sector. SinceRural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) is a state subject, funds for the developmentof the sector have been provided in the annual state budgets. During the initial years, theprogramme mainly concentrated on the construction of open wells in habitations havingno drinking water wells and where the number of open wells was not adequate. Theseworks were being executed with people's participation.
During the 1960s, only easy habitations were being attended to, leaving the difficulthabitations. Recurring droughts made the situation worse with the falling ground watertable and drying up of open wells resulting in acute scarcity of drinking water. At thisjuncture, the state government felt the need to develop deep bore wells particularly indifficult habitations. A bore wells programme was started by the Government in theearly seventies with assistance from UNICEF and thus, there was a marked shift inemphasis from construction of open wells to bore wells.
With the introduction of the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) in1972-1973 by the Government of India with 100% grant-in-aid to the states, greateremphasis was placed on coverage of difficult habitations in the state. The programmewas withdrawn after 1973-1974, following the introduction of Minimum NeedsProgramme under the Fifth Five Year Plan. The slow progress achieved by the states inthe supply of safe drinking water to the rural population under the Minimum NeedsProgramme led to the reintroduction of ARWSP in 1977-1978.
In the late 1990s, a number of initiatives were piloted across India that sought to shiftthe paradigm to a demand responsive bottom-up approach. Successful implementationof these projects that involved participation and monetary contributions from thecommunity for both capital costs and operations and maintenance as well astransformation of the role of the government from provider to facilitator led toinstitutionalizing of reforms in the sector around the turn of the millennium. Rural watersupply and sanitation sector reforms in India straddle two pillars:
* 73rd constitutional amendment designating Panchayati Raj Institutions as providersof basic services to rural communities.
* Government of India's (GoI) Swajaldhara policy that institutionalizes the demandresponsive bottom up approach.
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2.1.1 Swajaldhara
Experience from Swajal project of UP Government and other similar demand responsiveprojects led to the launch of a Sector Reforms Programme in 1999-2000 covering 67districts in 26 states. Reforms in the rural drinking water sector were adopted in 1999through Sector Reform Project (SRP) on pilot basis and have been scaled up throughoutthe country in the form of Swajaldhara launched on 25th December 2002. Theprogramme is a paradigm shift from supply driven to demand driven, centralized todecentralized implementation and Government's role from service provider to facilitator.The fundamental reform principles in Swajaldhara are adhered to by the StateGovernments and the Implementing Agencies in terms of adoption of a demand-responsive approach with community participation. It is based on empowerment ofvillagers to ensure their full participation in the project through a decision-making rolein the choice of the drinking water scheme, planning, design, implementation, control offinances, management arrangements including full ownership of drinking water assets.The community has to share partial capital cost either in cash or kind or both as well as100% responsibility of operation and maintenance (O&M). An integrated servicedelivery mechanism is also promoted which includes taking up conservation measuresthrough rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge systems for sustained drinkingwater supply.
2.1.2 Total Sanitation Campaign
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) is a comprehensive programme to ensure sanitationfacilities in rural areas with broader goal to eradicate the practice of open defecation.TSC as a part of reform principles was initiated in 1999 when Central Rural SanitationProgramme was restructured making it demand-driven and people-centred. It follows aprinciple of "low to no subsidy" where a nominal subsidy in the form of incentive isgiven to rural poor households for construction of toilets. TSC gives strong emphasis onInformation, Education and Communication (IEC), Capacity Building and HygieneEducation for effective behaviour change with involvement of Panchayati RajInstitutions (PRIs), Support Organisations (SOs), and Non-Governmental Organisations(NGOs) etc. The key intervention areas are individual household latrines (IHHL),School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE), Community Sanitary Complex,Anganwadi toilets, Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs) and Production Centres (PCs). Themain goal of the GOI is to eradicate the practice of open defecation by 2010. To givefillip to this endeavour, GOI has launched Nirmal Gram Puraskar to recognize theefforts in terms of cash awards for fully covered PRIs and those individuals andinstitutions who have contributed significantly in ensuring full sanitation coverage intheir area of operation. The project is being implemented in rural areas taking district asthe unit of implementation.
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It is expected that sector reforms program of Gol including TSC will significantlyimprove the status of the following in India from the following status in the year 2000:
* Percentage of population with access to safe drinking water - 84%* Percentage of population with access to sanitation facilities - 28%
Benefits from the sector reforms program include:
* Improved public facilities for drainage* Reduction in incidence of water-borne diseases amongst children* Reduction on time spent, predominantly by women, on collecting water* Introduction of appropriate technology and designs for water supply systems
These in turn would increase the health and productivity standards in the rural areas ofIndia.
A number of Indian states have commenced rural water supply and sanitation projectson the reform guidelines enunciated in Gol's Swajaldhara policy and Total SanitationCampaign. These include Punjab, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh,Assam, West Bengal and Uttaranchal.
2.2 RWSS Coverage in Punjab
2.2.1 Drinking Water
In Punjab, drinking water sources include organised piped water supply schemes as wellas a number of private spot sources. Organised piped water supply includes groundwater from deep aquifers and in some cases, canal water, where aquifer water is notpotable. However not all drinking water sources, especially from the private spotsources, provide safe and potable drinking water.
According to the Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Mission (RGDWM) survey in 2003, thecoverage of habitations under drinking water schemes in rural Punjab was as under:
Table 2.1: Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply in 2003
Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKaTURNKEY EINGNERSFinal Report on Sector Environmental Assessment n e so
It must be noted here that the habitations include the main as well as the otherhabitations. The Table 2.2 below presents the findings of RGDWM as well as theprogress until March 31, 2006 (DWSS).
Table 2.2: Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply
Habitations.|Peio Tye o ' v red N N'ot covered TotalPeriod Habitations. ot covered - ____
____ Nos % Nos % Nos Nos2003 Nlain 3-16 311 45r2 l- 4026 33 1''6-survey habitations
O Ocher 375- i '31 31 13 53 2x38hahicationsTolal 4091 28 5256 36 5258 36 14605
The current coverage of rural habitations with water supply is presented in the Fig 2.1below:
Fig 2.1: Coverage of Rural Habitations with Water Supply (as on March 31, 2006)
Not- Thus, 49% of all (main and other)covered habitations are now fully covered while
26% Fully 25% habitations are partially covered.
Cvr 49% There is no water supply scheme in 26%Partially habitations.Covered
25%
The population covered under rural water schemes is given in Table 2.3 below (DWSS,2006). It has been calculated based on number of private connections plus number ofPSPs multiplied by 25 on the assumption that one PSP is used by 25 Households.
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Table 2.3: Percentage of Population served by the RWS schemes
Multi-Village Tube well |2,650 21939| 754625| 45,27,7501 81,95,8651 55.24l
Sigle village Tube well |65,821| 1,837| 111746| 6,70,476 21,53,3821 31.14|
The villages are covered under water supply schemes are either single village schemesor multi-village schemes. The source of water is a tubewell or a canal. The details ofcoverage of villages by schemes and source are presented in the Table 2.4 below.
Table 2.4: Type and Source for Coverage of Villages (as on March2005)
Source Type of Scheme No of Schemes No of VillagesTube well (TW) Single Village 645 645
Multi Village 1884 6469I Total 2529 7114
Canal Based (CB) Single Village 373 373Multi Village 246 817
I Total 617 1459
Total Single V-ilage 1018 1018Total Multi Vdilage 2130 7286
TTotal Schemes 3148 8304
All schemes are designed to provide a minimum of 40 lpcd of water. Design servicelevels of the 3148 schemes are presented in Table 2.5 below (DWSS). However, it isrelevant to mention that information on actual service levels is not available.
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Table-2.5: Designed Service levels of Rural Water Supply Schemes| 'gv of _ ___ l , 6fL eve,Is>+;,i> r-;' , ,, ;
Annexure 5 presents the district-wise details on design service level coverage whileAnnexure 6 presents district-wise details of in-progress villages (In-progress vilages arethose villages where schemes are being undertaken presently by DWSS).
Rural water supply initiatives in Punjab have been a mix of Government of India andstate government interventions since independence, some of which are given below:
* Handing over of O&M of single village schemes to Panchayats has been carried out.A total of 774 schemes have been handed over of which nearly 71% (554 schemes)are functioning satisfactorily. In the next phase, O&M of intra-village works will bedevolved to the Panchayats.
* Punjab has also been innovative in adopting a number of newer techniques/equipments for water treatment. 21 package treatment plants including waterfiltration, obtained from Uruguay have been commissioned in Punjab. These arebeing offered as an alternative in areas with water logging problems, whereconventional slow sand filtration plants get damaged due to the presence of highwater table.
* The state has also installed a Reverse Osmosis plants for desalination at JorkiKankarwali in District Ferozepur on pilot basis with the aim to provide this facilityon BOT basis. This shall be adopted in more villages if it finds acceptance with theusers.
* 25 Silver ionisation plants for disinfection have been installed in the state as analternative to mechanized chlorinators. These plants are operating satisfactorily andthe state plans to install more of such plants as cost effective disinfection solution.
* A defluoridation plant is in operation at village Andana in District Sangrur.
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Details of various rural water supply programmes implemented by the DWSS in Punjabare given in Annexure-7.
2.2.2 Sanitation
According to NSSO, in 2002, only 48.6% households in Punjab had sanitation coveragewherein it was observed that:
* 21.2% households have arrangements for hygienic disposal of human faeces
* 4.5% households share toilets, while
* 1.7% households use a public/community toilet
Therefore there is a problem of unhygienic disposal of human faeces in the absence ofsanitation facilities. Consequently, there is widespread practice of open defecation inrural areas.
In addition to the unsanitary disposal of human waste, the sanitation situation in ruralareas becomes more acute as:
* Wastewater generated by households including cattlesheds flows into open surfacedrains that are often choked, leading to stagnation of wastewater in the lanes and bylanes.
* Facilities for safe disposal of enormous amounts of animal and agriculture solidwastes are absent.
* Construction of dry pits to discharge sullage is done without any consideration tosanitary aspects
* Discharge of septic tank effluents into the open drains creates unsanitary conditions
The lack of proper sanitation facilities for disposal of various wastes results into:
* Wastewater seepage into shallow aquifers which are sources of water for handpumps, open dug wells, percolation wells.
* Contamination of village ponds by wastewater and dumping of other wastes on itsperiphery,
* Presence of stagnant water in open drains and open areas. This is a breeding groundfor mosquitoes and other harmful organisms, which lead to water and sanitationrelated diseases.
Some initiatives have been taken for expanding the coverage of sanitation facilities andthese include:
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* Introduction of Total Sanitation Campaign and state-funded Rajiv Gandhi Pendu JanSehat Kalyan Yojna in 6 districts providing 413,498 household latrines, 12411school toilets, 995 toilets for anganwadis, 334 sanitary complexes and 49 ruralsanitary marts
* Demonstrated successfully small bore drainage system alongwith cost effectivesewage treatment utilising existing ponds in 3 villages and also providedconventional sewerage system in 5 villages.
* Rehabilitation of the existing polluted ponds in rural areas using cost-effective andself-sustaining technologies like duckweed pond followed by fish pond, constructedwetland and stabilization ponds. About 50 ponds have already been rehabilitatedunder this initiative till date (DWSS, 2006).
* Similarly, initiatives on disposal of cattle and other organic waste have resulted ininstallation of 244 vermi-composting units (Statistical Abstracts of Punjab, 2005).
2.3 Regulatory and Policy Framework
2.3.1 National Framework
Rural water supply is a state subject under the Constitution of India. However, states areguided by policies and regulations enunciated by the Government of India. Theseinclude:
* 73rd Constitutional Amendment
* The National Water Policy of 2002* The Environment (Protection) Act, No.29 of 1986
* Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Central Act 6 of 1974) asamended in1988
* Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act No 36 of 1977* Forest (Conservation) Act No. 69 of 1980 as amended inl988* The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 as Amended in 1991* EIA Notification of 1994 with amendments
The 73rd Consititutional Amendment designates Panchayati Raj Institutions asproviders of basic services to rural communities which include drinking water andsanitation.
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The aspects of the National Water Policy that impact rural water supply schemes arepresented in the Box 2.1 below:
Box 2.1: National Water Policy aspects impacting Rural Water Supply Schemes
* Water is a scarce and precious national resource to be planned, developed and conserved as such, andon an integrated and environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the needs of the States concerned.
* Water should bq made available to water short areas by transfer from other areas including transfersfrom one river basin to another, based on a national perspective, after taking into account the
requirements of ihe areas/ basins.* Water resource: development projects should, as far as possible, be planned and developed as
multipurpose prbjects. Provision for drinking water should be a primary consideration. The projectsshould provide for irrigation, flood mitigation, hydro-electric power generation, navigation, piscicultureand recreation wherever possible.
* The study of tbe impact of a project, during construction and later, on human lives; settlements,occupations, ecdnomic and other aspects sbould be an essential component of project planning.
* In the planning, implementation and operation of projects, the preservation of the quality ofenvironment and the ecological balance should be a primary consideration. The adverse impact, if any,on the environment should be mirnin-sed and should be off-set by adequate compensatory measures.
* There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, fornilation, clearanceand implementation of projects, including catchment treatment and management, environmental andecological aspectts, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area developmenL
* Special efforts should be made to investigate arid formulate projects either in or for the benefit of areas
inhabited by tnral or other specially disadvantaged groups such as Scbeduled Castes and ScheduledTribes. In other, areas also, project planning should pay special attention to the needs of ScheduledCastes and Scheduled Tnbes and other weaker sections of society.
* In the planning aand operation of systems, water allocation pniorities should be broadly as follows: (i)
Drinking water,' (ii) Irrigation, (iii) Hydro-power, (iv) Navigation and (v) Industrial and other uses.
However, these priorities might be modified, if necessary, in particular regions with reference to areaspecific considerations.
* There should be a close integration of water-use and land-use policies.
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Scope of relevant national environment regulations listed above is presented in Table2.6 below:
Table 2.6: Scope of Relevant Environment Regulations
S.No Relevant Act Scope of the Act
Under this Act, the central government is empowered to
The Environment take measures necessary to protect and improve theI (Protection) Act, quality of the environment by setting standards for
No.290of1986 emissions and discharges; regulating the location ofindustries; management of hazardous wastes, andprotection of public health and welfare.
Water (Preventionand Control of This Act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water
2 Pollution) Act, 1974 bodies beyond a given standard and lays down penalties(Central Act 6 of for non-compliance.1974) as amendedin1988
Water (Prevention This Act provides for a levy and collection of a cess onand Control of water consumed by industries and local authorities. It
3 Pollution) Cess Act aims at augmenting the resources of the central andPollton Cs At 1state boards for prevention and control of waterNo 36 of 1977 pollution.
Forest (Conservation This Act restricts the powers of the state in respect of
4 and amendmen6 de- reservation of forests and use of forestland for non-inl988 forest purposes.The Wildlife This Act provides for protection to listed species of
5 (Protection) ActI972, Flora and Fauna in the declared network of ecologicallyAmendment 1991 important protected areas such as wild life sanctuaries
and national parks.All projects listed under Schedule-I of the Notificationrequire environmental clearance from the MoEF. Watersupply and sanitation projects, however, are not coveredin the Schedule. (The list of project categories underSchedule I of the Environmental Impact assessment
EIA Notification of Notification is given in Annexure 8).6 1994 with
amendmentsAmendment to the notification dated 7th July 2004,brings large housing projects, which will house morethan 1000 residents or discharge more than 50 KLD ofsewage or having an investment of Rs. 50 crore, underits ambit.
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The proposed PRWSS project does not fall under any of the project categories listed inSchedule-I of the Environmental Impact Assessment Notification and hence does notrequire any formal environmental clearance of the MoEF, Gol. The project area has notbeen notified as ecologically sensitive or fragile under the Environment Protection Act,1986.
Though the State of Punjab is dotted with a number of sites of religious and historicalimportance, cultural properties, heritage sites, wildlife and bird sanctuaries, the proposedDWSS project is not expected to have any adverse impact on these sites.
The proposed PRWSS project will address all the issues of concern as laid down in theOD 4.01 of World Bank on EA. Though there are no specific clearances required fromthe Ministry of Environment, GOI, all the provisions in the various central and stateActs listed in this chapter and relevant in the context of the proposed project would beincorporated during the implementation of the project.
2.3.2 State Framework
Water supply and sanitation in Punjab is guided by the following state and Nationallaws:
* State Water Policy - drafted in 1997
Punjab is one of the states to have formulated a draft framework of Water Policywithin the overall framework of the National Water Policy (1987). The policy wasapproved for enactment. However, the National Water Policy has since been revisedin keeping with the developments on the subject, and the new policy approved bythe Parliament came into force in 2002. To keep pace with the National Waterpolicy, GoP made few amendments in the State water policy, which is underconsideration for approval and enactment.
The broad objectives of the Punjab State Water Policy are:
* To allocate available water resources judiciously to different sectors.* To preserve sweet ground water resources in the area where the static ground
water resources are limited.* Transfer the O&M of existing rural water supply, sanitation and environmental
facilities to local bodies or beneficiary associations.* Promote beneficiary participation to capital cost of public investments in
irrigation, water supply, sanitation and environment control works.* Promote the recovery of O&M costs in existing and new facilities by bringing
rational approach for fixing the rate of water for various uses.* Promote beneficiary participation in all aspects of water planning and
management.
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* Prepare, approve and initiate the implementation of state water and water relatedenvironmental plans.
* Proceed with institutional reform to strengthen and centralize the collection,storage and processing of water and monitoring of all water related activities.
* Strengthen the research, development and dissemination of efficient and costeffective uses of water.
* Initiate mitigating measures to safeguard the environment and ecological balancefrom all water related activities and promote safe use and disposal of water.
* Provision of flood protection, drainage facilities and solving water logging andsalinity problems.
* Regulation of land use in flood prone areas.* Provide social justice and adequate rehabilitation measure for persons displaced
or adversely affected by project construction.* Optimize economic benefits by multi purpose use of water for hydropower
generation, preservation and enhancement of fisheries, preservation and stoppageof encroachments of wetlands for wild life.
* Initiate adequate measures for artificial recharge of ground water.* Promote remote sensing techniques for water resource development in the state.
The Policy, which will apply to all the water resources in the State, has also outlinedan Action Plan and identified the institutional framework for implementation. Someof the important components of the Action Plan are given below:
* Planning, Designing and Management of water resources will be done on anintegrated basis with active coordination of all water user bodies whether publicor private,
* Review of various issues identified and proposed management action plan at thestate and regional levels,
* The plan would be structured on a five-year operation to fully implement thestate water policy.
The Policy recognises that water is a prime natural resource and a basic human need.The policy emphasizes the need to estimate water resources and plan their allocationand utilisation so that human consumption gets the first priority over agriculture,industry and power generation. Water quality is an important component of thePolicy and improvements in strategy and innovation in techniques are recognised asthe vehicles to eliminate pollution of surface and ground water resources. Theenvironmental aspects related to water are to be given due considerations to ensuresustainability of source and protect it for future generations.
All the above aspects have been adequately captured in the draft framework of theState Water Policy of Punjab. However it is recommended that the State WaterPolicy is enacted at the earliest to ensure speedy implementation of the schemesunder this project.
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* The Punjab State Tube well Act, 1954: The Government of Punjab has drafted anact to provide for the construction improvement and maintenance of State Tube wellirrigation works in Punjab. This Act, called the Punjab State Tube well Act, 1954extends to the whole of the state. A copy of the Act is appended as Annexure 9.
* The Inter-State River Water Dispute Act-1956: In order to promote integratedand optimum development of waters of inter-state rivers and river valleys, underEntry 56 of List-I of the Constitution, Parliament has enacted the River Boards Act,1956. This act contemplated the appointment of river boards by the centralgovernment in consultation with the state governments. It is expected that theseboards would help in coordinated and optimum utilization of river waters andpromote development of irrigation, drainage, water supply, flood control andhydroelectric power.
The state cannot legislate on use of waters of inter-state rivers and river valleybeyond their state boundaries. In the constitution, water is a matter comprised inEntry 17 of List-II. This entry is subject to the provisions of Entry 56 of List-I. Theresult is that no state can effectively legislate inter-state river water for its ownbenefits. Only Parliament can effectively regulate by law the beneficial use anddistribution of such waters among the states. Secondly, the quantity of wateravailable to each of the states depends upon the equitable share of the other states.Thirdly a dispute about the waters of an inter-state river can arise from any actualand proposed legislation of a state.
* Punjab Panchayat Raj Act, 1994: This Act prescribes the purpose and manner oforganising Village and Town Panchayats. It authorises the Panchayats to construct,repair and maintain any community asset including water related structures likeponds, water supply and sanitation schemes. This Act allows the Government totransfer to Panchayats the duty of protecting and maintaining any irrigation works orregulate distribution of water.
* A Punjab Ground Water (Control and Regulation) Act has been framed and isproposed to be enacted to regulate and control ground water extraction.
Policy decisions of the state government that impact RWSS sector in Punjab include:
* Rural local governments with user groups to be responsible for upgradation andmanagement of all intra- village RWSS facilities and services;
* Department of Water Supply and Sanitation to be responsible for managing complexmulti-village water supply schemes, but with improved fiscal and operationalperformance, and for providing capacity support to rural local governments;
* Introduction of partial capital cost sharing by users as an expression of their demand;* Financing of recurrent O&M costs by user communities. The state Cabinet has
approved fixing of a 5-year tariff plan during 2002-07 to increase revenue from usercharges thus aiming at recovering 100% O&M costs.
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2.4 Sector Institutions
Punjab has one nodal department for rural water supply and sanitation, while four otherinstitutions have a converging impact on water supply and sanitation. These institutionsare as under:
1. Nodal institution
* Department of Water Supply and Sanitation
2. Converging institutions
* Rural Development and Panchayat Department
* Department of Irrigation
* Department of Agriculture
* Punjab Pollution Control Board
These institutions are discussed in detail in the following section 2.4.1
2.4.1 Nodal Institution: Department of Water Supply and Sanitation:
The Public Health Department of the state has been renamed as the Department ofWater Supply and Sanitation (DWSS). DWSS is responsible for the following activities:
* Planning, execution, operation and maintenance of works related to water supplyand sanitation in rural areas.
* Planning, execution, operation and maintenance of state owned water supply andsewerage schemes in the towns of Muktsar, Anandpur Sahib and Fatehgarh Sahiband water supply in the town of Faridkot.
* Water supply to residential complexes of Ranjeet Sagar Dam Project, UnionTerritory of Chandigarh and N.A.C at Mohali.
* Planning execution, operation and maintenance of internal sanitation, airconditioning, fire fighting, hot and cold water supply work in Government buildingssuch as medical colleges, hospitals, engineering colleges, polytechnics, ITIs, Jails,administrative / tehsil complexes etc. and medical gas supply in hospitals andkitchen equipment in state guest houses, hospitals etc.
* Providing Water supply and sanitation in secondary schools.
* Providing conventional and small-bore sewerage system and sewage treatment inrural areas including ponds rehabilitation.
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DWSS is currently implementing Gol programmes as Swajaldhara and AcceleratedRural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP). It is also the nodal department for theproposed World Bank assisted Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project. It alsoimplements Rural Water supply programme under state-funded MNP and NABARDschemes.
DWSS operates under the independent charge of the Minister of Public Health. ThePrincipal Secretary is its administrative head. The operation of the department ismanaged by three Chief Engineers with the support of 250 senior and middle levelengineers. They are further supported by around 750 junior engineers besides othersupervisory and technical staff to operate the waterworks. The current organisationalstructure of DWSS is presented in Fig 2.2.
DWSS endeavours to supply clean and potable drinking water. Towards this end, itfollows a water quality monitoring and surveillance regime. The network of its watertesting laboratories is critical to implementation of this regime. These laboratoriesinclude a state laboratory at Patiala and three district laboratories at Bathinda, Ferozepurand Amritsar. Moreover, nine additional district level laboratories are being set up withthe assistance of Government of India.
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FIG. 2.2EXISTING ORGANISATIONAL SET UP OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION DEPARTMENT
S.E S.E. S.E. S.E.Hoshiapu Gurdaspu Jalandhar Amr itsar
FIELD
geE E 3 oEf
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2.4.2 Converging Departments
1. Department of Rural Development and Panchayats (DRDP): The ruraldevelopment department is primarily carrying out the activities for provision ofindividual household latrines. The Panchayat department is responsible for provisionof open drainage and pavements, lining of paths, building of schools, communityhalls etc in rural areas.
DRDP is also engaged in rural sanitation activities. It is currently implementing theTotal Sanitation Campaign and state funded Rajiv Gandhi Pendu Jan Sehat KalyanYojna. The 16 approved projects will result in construction of 413,498 householdlatrines, 12,411 school toilets, 995 toilets for anganwadis, 334 sanitary complexesand 49 rural sanitary marts. DRDP has already constructed 25130 householdlatrines, 592 school toilets and 53 sanitary complexes.
2. Department of Irrigation: The Department of Irrigation is responsible for
* Designing and construction of all the dams, reservoirs and barrages.* Construction and maintenance of canals and drains, macro and micro hydel
projects.* Lining of the existing channels and water courses.* Flood control interventions.* Regulation of the flow of waters in rivers and canals.* Control of water logging in the affected areas.
The surface water/canal based schemes of the DWSS are critically dependent upon thewater transmission and distribution network of canals under the Department ofIrmgation.
3. Department of Agriculture: The Department of Agriculture oversees all agriculturerelated activities in the state. It is also responsible for monitoring shallow groundwater levels.
4. Punjab Pollution Control Board: Punjab Pollution Control Board was constitutedunder the Water (Prevention Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Headquartered atPatiala, it is a regulatory authority for implementing various pollution control laws.The main functions of the Board can be summarized as under:
To inspect industrial plants and manufacturing process, sewage or trade effluentsplants or any control equipment for the treatment of sewage and trade effluent; toreview plans and specification for installation of effluent treatment plants or airpollution control devices; to issue consents for installation and operation of
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industrial plant and to give such directions to such persons as it may considernecessary to take steps for the prevention and control of water or air pollution.
Pollution assessment -To assess the water quality of river, streams, well and ambientair in the state and to plan the prevention, control and abatement of their pollution.
The Board has also undertaken various studies of underground water, soil and air totake remedial steps to control pollution.
2.5 Proposed World Bank assisted Project
As mentioned earlier, the proposed World Bank assisted rural water supply andsanitation project would aim to scale-up demand responsive and decentralized servicedelivery approach across the state in the medium term. The project will cover all the 19districts in Punjab.
The project is expected to be designed around three components, viz.
* Institution Building: (i) sector management and monitoring and evaluation (M&E)systems, (ii) IEC campaigns, (iii) capacity building of program staff and supportagencies; and (iv) technical assistance for reorganization of DWSS.
* Community Development and RWSS Infrastructure Building: (i) communityand Village Panchayat capacity building, (ii) women's development programs, iii)construction/ up gradation of drinking water supply, drainage and sanitationschemes, including water quality monitoring programs, and (iv) targeted ScheduledCaste development plan. Groundwater recharge and rainwater harvesting will beintegral parts of drinking water source development.
* Future Sector Planning: (i) developing long term policies and strategic plans, (ii)strengthening sector information management systems, (iii) learning and pilotinginnovative approaches.
The World Bank funds will also enable the state to fill the resource gap for achieving itsmedium term RWSS objectives.
The project is expected to benefit about 4.0 million people - about 20% of the state'srural population through:
* Construction of new water supply schemes/ upgradation of existing schemes in 3066villages (2119 NC villages and 947 PC villages)
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* Provision of small bore drainage system and sewage treatment in 100 villages
* Rehabilitation of 1000 village ponds receiving sullage water
As part of the project design process, a number of preparatory studies have beenundertaken. This document presents the report of the preparatory study on SectoralEnvironmental Assessment for the proposed project. The proposed project belongs toenvironmental category 'B', as per World Bank's safeguards policy.
The objective of the Environmental Assessment is to conduct a Sector EnvironmentalAssessment and develop an Environmental Management Framework (EMF) for theproposed Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project. The detailed Terms ofReference are presented in Annexure 2.
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3 Baseline Environmental Status
This chapter provides an overview of the physical geography of the state, with specialemphasis on water resources. This environmental baseline has been developed mainlyon the basis of data collected through secondary sources, and has been supplemented by(a) public consultations, (b) Water Quality Sampling Study conducted by the DWSS as apart of this EA study, and (c) Study on the sustainability of deep groundwater resource,commissioned by the DWSS.
3.1 Physical Environment
3.1.1 Location
The state of Punjab is located on the northwestern part of India. It lies between29°30'and 32032' North latitudes and 73°55' and 76°50' East longitudes. It shares itsborders with Pakistan on the West, Jammu and Kashmir on the North, HimachalPradesh on its East and North East, Haryana on its south and south-east and Rajasthanon its south-western parts.
It occupies an area of 50,362 sq. km., which constitutes 1.53% of the whole country.About 6% of total area in Punjab is under forest cover. For administrative purposes, thestate is divided into 19 districts 2, 4 divisions, 72 sub-divisions, 72 Tehsils, 81 sub-Tehsils and 141 blocks. As per 2001 census, there are 12278 inhabited villages inPunjab. The location map of Punjab with its District boundaries is given in Fig 3.1.
3.1.2 Physiography
Physiographically, Punjab can be divided into five major landforms (PSCST, 2005):
Shivalik Hills
The hills are located in the northern fringe of Gurdaspur and north-eastern parts ofHoshiarpur and Roopnagar districts. These are composed of sand-stones, conglomeratesand shales. The hills cover about 3% of the total area of the state.
2 The 18th district, Mohali, has recently been created on 13th April 2006 out of Roopnagar District. The 19th District,Tarntaran, has been carved out of Amritsar District on 16'b June 2006. Thus, there is no data pertaining to these districts.The statistics for these districts are included in the statistics of districts from which they are carved out.
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UNJAB
STATE BOUNDARY
DETRKCT BOUJNARY
RSPUR
X X \ INDEX P
AMRITSR<\ 0
2 0 5 > HOSHIRR
LOCO UN JAB TDNPA 8 of 1SHEHR4
FERROZEPUR =<
LUDHLANA ROOPNAt
( ) M~UKTSARi%g4SAGU PATIALA
/ $ 0 BATHINDA 5t - > ~MANSA
RAJASTHAN
FIG.3.1LOCATION MiAP OF PUNJAB WITH DISTRICT BOUNDARIES
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Piedmont Plain
It forms a transitional zone between the Shivalik hills and alluvial plain. It is about 10-15 km wide and comprises parts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar districts. Theelevation varies from 300 to 375 m above the MSL. The land is dissected by seasonalstreams, popularly called 'choes'. Many of these 'choes' terminate in the area withoutjoining major stream/river. The deposits in the alluvial plains and in 'Choes' are coarsetextured (mainly sand) mixed with gravel and/or pebbles at places, and relatively finer inother areas. This unit occupies about 8% of the total state area.
Alluvial Plain
These are the old valley floors, the remnants of which lie above the level of the presentriver beds. They are separated form the flood plains at their bases by broken chains ofsand dunes/bars and cliffs. The unit occupies nearly 59% of the total geographical area.The alluvial plains comprise the what are popularly known as 'Upper-Bari Doab'(covering most parts of Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts), 'Bist Doab' (covering mostparts of Jalandhar, Kapurthala and parts of Hoshiarpur) and 'Malwa' plain (coveringareas south of Satluj river). Their elevation varies from 200 to 300 m above the MSL.
Sand Dunes
About 11% area of the state is affected by sand dunes. Major pockets of sand dunes areobserved along with old river courses of Beas, Satluj and Ghaggar in the districts ofKapurthala, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Patiala, Sangrur, Bathinda and Faridkot. They standout as low or high ridges, and are believed to have developed due to the braiding actionof the major rivers and their tributaries as well as seasonal rivulets and reworking of thefluviatile deposits by aeolian action. They are locally known as 'Tibbas', and most havebeen levelled and brought under cultivation.
Flood Plains
These lie along each of the main rivers, where subsoil water is high (especially in rainyseason). Their width varies from 5 to 10 km. The flood plain areas are undulating andcontain various inter-locking channels of streams and, at places, swamps. The floodplains occupy about 7% of the total area of the state.
3.1.3 Soils
The soils of Punjab, developed largely on alluvium deposited by the rivers of the Indussystem, exhibit varying profile development from A-C profiles. The differentialevolution of these soils, occurring on different landforms, has been attributed mainly toclimate followed by topography over a period of time. The soils show markeddifferences in texture, drainage conditions and profile development, as realized by the
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redistribution of soluble salts, carbonates and other less-soluble and mobile soilconstituents.
In terms of soil type, the state can be divided into three zones -
a) South-Western Punjab: This region covers the tehsils of Fazilka, Muktsar, Bathinda,Mansa and parts of Ferozepur, which border Haryana and Rajasthan states in thesouthwest. The soil is predominantly calcareous, developed under hot and arid tosemi-arid conditions. The pH value ranges from 7.8 to 8.5, which shows that the soilis normal in reaction. Grey and red desert, calsisol, regosol and alluvial soils arefound in this zone. The soil of southwestern Punjab can further be sub-divided intotwo categories (i) Desert Soil and (ii) Sierozem Soil.
b) Central Punjab: The soil of this zone has developed under semi-arid condition. Thesoil is sandy loam to clayey with normal reaction (pH from 7.8 to 8.5). The soilcovers the districts of Sangrur, Patiala, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Amristar,parts of Gurdaspur, Ferozepur and fringes of Kharar tehsil of Roopnagar district.Problem of alkalinity and Salinity is quite acute, especially in districts of Amristar,Sangrur, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and Patiala. The soil of the central zone, generallyrecognised as alluvial, falls into two categories, (i) Arid and Brown Soil and (ii)Tropical Arid Brown.
c) Eastern Punjab: The soil has developed in the sub-humid foothill areas borderingHimachal Pradesh covering eastern parts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Roopnagar andnortheastern fringes of Patiala district. Because of the undulating topography andfair amount of rainfall, normal erosion is quite common. The fertility of the soil ismedium to low and the texture is loamy to clayey. Two soil types are recognized inthis zone (i) Grey Brown Podzolic Soil (ii) Reddish Chestnut Soil.
3.1.4 Climate and Rainfall
Because of its location, Punjab experiences hot summers and fairly cold winters, withnight temperatures occasionally touching freezing point. Mean annual rainfall over theentire state is 660mm received in 32 rainy days. Annual rainfall in the state ranges from389mm (21 rainy days) to I100mm (48 rainy) days. July and August are the rainiestmonths of the year contributing about 57% of annual rainfall. About 80% of the rainfalloccurs during monsoons. This rain is characterized by being torrential in nature therebycausing a greater runoff, soil erosion and flooding. The western disturbances bring somerainfall in winter which falls as a light drizzle thus resulting in greater absorption of rainfall into the ground. The rainfall distribution in the state is depicted in Fig 3.2.
The Districtwise rainfall- average (1999-2003) is depicted in Fig 3.3 (SAP, 2005). Thevariation in annual rainfall over the last 3 decades is given in Fig 3.4 (SAP, 2005). Theavailability of water from rainfall in Punjab (on the basis of normal rainfall) is given inTable 3.1.
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PAKISTAN i'
FEROZ4EP,L
<4;E3 §' ll (3 ~i $ L* t;.. (3- f LfL
PAKISTHAN
METROLOFEAROSTPUR
600 - 50031
900-800 LL L00-30800 - 70 LESSTHAN 0
RAIFAL DITIBTO IN1 PUNJ souc CO Wy3r 3s, aoo,H.Se
Pag3 f 51o3 f 1|~~~~~~LL LEED.Rl3s<>77.
R FAIN GAUGE STATIOIZ V <8toJP9tL4|METROLOC3ICAL STA13ON | .;> */ y1ISOHY`ETE IN mm -axo- i W't>-> p
|DISTRICT HEADQUATERS |,::
l ANNUAL RAINFALL IN mm
|MORE THAN 1IE 2, 700 - fi00
|1 100 -1 000 E . 600 - 500
|1000 - 900 / .500 - 400
900 -Boo UL 400 - 300
|800 - 700 E mLESS THAN 00FGo.
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN PUNJAB SOUP=CE:ow'% o04
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200 Average Rainfall of 5 Years (1 999-2003)11000s
U Average Rainfall - 2003
0,0010'
610573 02 0
;000
'54 453 IZ ~ . 0SSZ
Name of District
Fig. 3.3 District wise rainfall - Average v/s Actual for the vear 2003
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I w'u 19 6 'J 19 9 0 22)') 22 0 0 3 12 0 0 4
YearFigure 3.4 - Variation in Annual Rainfall in Punjab
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Table 3.1: Water Availability From Rainfall in Punjab(On The Basis of Normal Rainfall)
The mean relative humidity varies from 50% to 95%. The normnal average temperature
ranges between 5 degree dutrng winter and 38h C during summer, with parts of the statetouching 45° C in summer.
3.1.5 Geomorphology (Land forms)
Most of Punjab is a fertile plain. Toward the southeast one finds semi-arid and desert
landscape, whereas a belt of undulating hills extends along the northeast at the foot ofthe Himalayas.
About 90% of the area of the state is occupied by Quaternary alluvium. In the remaining
part, Tertiary formnations outcrop as Shivalik hill ranges in northeastern part of the State.
The alluvial plains have been formned by the fluvial deposits of the Ravi, the Beas and
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the Satluj rivers. The Quaternary formations are represented by alluvial deposits, whichare part of Indo Gangateic alluvial system. These are deposited by the present andancestral river system of the Pleistocene period in the fore-deep between the Himalayasand the Peninsular shield. The Quaternary deposits are divided into: (i) Piedmontdeposits occurring along a narrow belt along the Shivaliks, commonly known as"Kandi"; (ii) Alluvial plains; (iii) Aeolian deposits occurring in the southwestern part ofthe State and (iv) An intermountain valley at Anandpur Sahib of Roopnagar district.The alluvium is divided into Newer alluvium occurring along active flood plains ofrivers and older alluvium confined to abandoned flood plains. The Tertiary formationsoutcrop in the northeastern and eastern part of the Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Nawanshehrand Roopnagar districts and extend in a NW-SE direction. A plateau exists on top ofShivalik formation in Garshankar block of Hoshiarpur district. The master slope of theland surface in the State is from east, northeast to west, southwest (Chopra S, 1990).
3.1.6 Land Use
Eighty-four per cent ofthe state's area (42.24 LAND UTIUSATION IN PUNJAB 2004-2005 (p)
thousand sq km) is under 596%
agriculture, out of which - Y0 0.65%
some part has been , 0.34%
utilized in developingcanal and drainageirrigation system. About6% of the area (about2.77 thousand sq km) is 83.45%
under forest. In addition,0.67 thousand sq km is U Net Area Sown
0 Forest Areaunder fallow land and 0 Land not available for Cultivation0.37 thousand sq km is -unculbvatedLandexcluding Fallow Land0.37 thousand sq km is 0 Other uncultivatedLadexlinFlowadbarren land.
Table 3.2 gives the District wise land use pattern in Punjab (Land Records, Punjab andSAP 2005). Data indicate that maximum area under cultivation is in District Ferozepur,followed by districts Amritsar, Sangrur and Ludhiana. Maximum forest area lies inDistrict Hoshiarpur followed by Roopnagar and Gurdaspur. Appreciable land underpastures has been recorded only in District Roopnagar followed by Patiala (out of whichmore area in District Patiala is under tree groves). Furthermore, maximum land undernon-agricultural use lies in District Ludhiana (49 sq km) followed by Districts Patiala,Sangrur and Amritsar.
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Table 3.2: LAND USE IN PUNJAB
District Geogr Total Forests Barren Land Total Cultu Perman Land Total Curre Fallow Total Net Net Area Total
aphic Area and put to (4+5) rable ent Under (7+8+ nt land (11+1 area area sown Cropp
al accor un- Non- Waste Pastures Misc. tree 9) fallo other 2) sown sow more ed
Area ding cultura agricult and crops and w than n as than area
to I-able ure use other groves not current % to once (14+
Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACK(TURNKE ENGINEERSFinal Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-W-F-db-kV-w-tk-p
3.1.7 Agriculture
Agriculture is the backbone of Punjab's economy, and almost 84% of the state area isunder agriculture. The cropping intensity is 185%. Kharif and Rabi are the two maincrops harvested in early winter and summer respectively. Crop pattern is determined bythe availability of irrigation water. Rice and cotton are the major Kharif season crops.Rice is now grown in almost all districts of the state, irrespective of the agro-climaticconditions. It covers a little more than 81% of the cropped area. At district level itranges from about 33% (Muktsar) to more than 97% (Fatehgarh Sahib). The majorcotton growing districts are Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa, Faridkot and Ferozepur, whereas the maximum area under cotton is in Muktsar district followed by Bathinda andMansa districts. Maize, sugarcane, and fodder are the major Kharif crops grown in theKandi belt of Hoshiarpur and Nawanshehr districts. Jalandhar and Kapurthala districtshave substantial areas under vegetables cultivation.
Wheat is the dominant crop in Rabi season covering 93% of the total Rabi cropped area.Other crops, including potato, maize, sugarcane, Rabi pulses and oil seeds occupy onlyabout 7% of the area. The districts of Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala,Nawanshehr and Roopnagar show some crop diversity, as 10-30% of the Rabi croppedarea in these districts is under the above-mentioned "other" crops. Potato and vegetablesare the other dominant crops in Jalandhar and Kapurthala, while maize, sugarcane andfodder are the other significant crops in Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur, Nawanshehr andRoopnagar.
Agriculture in Punjab is characterized as input-intensive monoculture farming, markedby High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs), mostly wheat-rice rotation, and high fertilizer andpesticide inputs. Use of traditional organic manure has decreased, with widespreadpractice of using the cattle dung as a fuel, in the form of dung cakes. Fertilizerconsumption has increased from 1.75 thousand Nutrient-tons in the early seventies to11.11 thousand Nutrient-tons in 2002-03 and chemical pesticide use has increased from3,200 Metric tones to 7,400 Metric tons from 1980 to 2001. The figures for consumptionof chemical fertilizers in Punjab are shown in Fig. 3.5.
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Figure 3.5: Consumption of Chemical Fertilisers in Punjab
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3.2 Water Resources Environment
3.2.1 Surface Water Resources
Punjab State is occupied by Indus river basin and is drained by three major rivers, whichinclude the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj. The Ravi sub-basin covers northwestern partof Amritsar and Gurdaspur districts. The Beas river sub-basin drains remaining part ofthese districts along with northwestern part of Hoshiarpur district and northern part ofKapurthala district. The central and southwestern part of the State forms the Satluj riversub-basin.
The Ghaggar, Chitti (White) Bein, Kali (Black) Bein, Sakki Nala, Kiran Nala, NaunmiNadi and the Chakki river are the major seasonal rivers in the state. The Ghaggar is themost prominent among these, and it drains the southeastern and southern part of theState.In addition, several seasonal rivulets known as 'choes' are found in the Shivalikarea.
The total stretch of canal network, including the distributary system, in Punjab isapprox. 14500 kms. The main canals from River Satluj are Anandpur Hydel Channeland Bhakhra Main Line (BML) at Nangal, Sirhind canal and Bist Doab canal atRoopnagar and Rajasthan feeder canal and Ferozepur feeder canal at Hussainiwala. Themain canal from Beas is Mukerian Hydel Channel or Shah Nehar. The major irrigationcanal originating from Ravi at Madhopur is Upper Bari Doab Canal. The drainagesystem is also complementary to the canal irrigation system extending up to 8000 kmlength. Important drains are Shakki Nallah, Hudiara Nallah, Kasur Nallah and PattiNallah between Ravi and Beas and West/Kali Bein and East/Safed Bein between Beasand Satluj. The canal network of Punjab along with drainage system is depicted in Fig.3.6.
Village ponds and tanks cover a substantial area in Punjab, estimated at approximately25,000 acres across the state (PSCST, 2004). They have traditionally played a major rolein defining the ecology of rural areas, by providing natural drainage, acting asgroundwater rechargers and providing habitat to the local flora and fauna. However,most of these ponds are now used for discharge of sullage water, with consequentdeterioration in the water quality.
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16 J. v
R~t A A* S
BA5ED UPON SURVEY OF INDIA MAP WITH IHEPERISSI14N Qf THE SURVEYOR GENEBAL Of NDIA
(iD OVERUTEIJK OF INDIA EOPYRICHT 71JS
FIG.3.6RIVER, CANAL & DRAINAGE SYSTEM (PUNJAB) SOURCE: PPCB, 1995
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The state also has 12 natural and 9 manmade wetlands covering more than 15,500 haarea. Three of these wetlands- Harike, Kanjli and Roopnagar are recognised as wetlandsof international importance, and hence classified as Ramsar sites. The list of majornatural and man-made wetlands of Punjab is presented in Tables 3.3 and 3.4.
The total available surface water resources in the state amount to 14.54 MAF (17937MCM). The irrigation potential of this is estimated at 3 mha for major and mediumschemes and 50,000 ha for minor schemes (CWC 2003). Surface water is currently thesource of irrigation for 38.3% of the land. It is also the source of water for 617 schemescovering 1459 villages (about 20% of total schemes) of the DWSS schemes in Punjab.
Table 3.3: List of Natural Wetlands of Punjab
Name of Wetland District Area (sq km)
Jastarwal Jheel Amritsar 0.55Aliwal Kotli Amritsar 0.10Bareta Mansa 0.20Kahnuwan Chhamb Gurdaspur 1.28Keshopur miani Jheel Gurdaspur 4.08Mand Bharthala Hoshiarpur 0.61Narayangarh - Terkiana Hoshiarpur 0.82Sital Sagar Hoshiarpur Major Part in H.P.Rabasbsar Kapurthala 0.41Lobana Patiala 0.11Lahail Kalan Sangrur 0.20Gobindgarh / Khokhar Sangrur 0.08
Table 3.4: List of Manmade Wetlands of Punjab
Name of Wetland/Lake District Area under water(sq km)
Harike Lake Amritsar, Kapurthala, 41.0Ferozepur
Kanji Lake Kapurthala 0.44Roopnagar Lake Roopnagar 13.65Hussainiwala Reservoir Ferozepur 6.88Ranjit Sagar Gurdaspur 32.64Dholbaha Dam, Hoshiarpur 1.32Malli Dam Hoshiarpur 0.72Mangrowal Dam Hoshiarpur 0.70Nangal Lake Roopnagar 4.0
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3.2.2 Groundwater Resources
3.2.2.1 Hydrogeology
As described earlier, about 90% of the area of Punjab is occupied by unconsolidatedQuaternary alluvial deposits. These were deposited by the current and antecedent river
systems of the Pleistocene period. Based on ground water exploration and geophysicalsurveys by various Government organizations and ONGC, the thickness of the alluvial
sediments is found decreasing from northeast to southwest. It is more than 4000 m in theproximity of Shivalik hill range. Around Bathinda, the thickness is around 580 m andfurther reduces towards southwest. A buried ridge is inferred to exist here (Delhi -Lahore ridge). The thickness of the alluvium west of the ridge is less than 400 m and isestimated to be about 1000 m in the central parts of the state. The alluvial sedimentsconsist of clay, silt and fine to coarse sand, and it is the saturated sands and gravelboulder beds in these sediments that form the potential aquifers.
3.2.2.2 Disposition of the Aquifers
3-D geological diagrams based on lithologs of bore holes in the Bari and Bist Doabs aregiven in Figures 3.7 and 3.8. Generalized lithological cross sections across southeasternpart passing through Patiala and Sangrur districts is given in Figure -3.9.
In the upper Ban' Doab area in Gurdaspur district the aquifers embody a number of thickgranular layers alternating with thin clay beds down to 300 m depth (Figure -3.7). Theclay layers pinch out at short distances. The thickness of clay beds increases towardssouthwest into Amritsar district. The aquifer material consists of sand with pebbles,cobbles and boulders. The aquifers zones here are thick and the thickness of individualzones varies from 20 - 65 m. The clay beds pinch out in easterly direction in thenorthern part of the area indicating interconnection in that part. In the Amritsar area 5 -6 granular zones with individual thickness of 20 -95 m are observed down to 375 m
depth. The thickness of water table aquifer extends to 50 m depth. The granular materialis fine to medium sand. Further south 6 - 8 granular zones exist down to 450 m depth.These are 15 - 85 m thick separated by 10 - 45 m thick clay beds. The clay beds are
regionally extensive. Deeper aquifers are locally confined in nature.
In the Bist Doab area covering Nawanshehr, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar and Kapurthaladistricts, thick aquifers comprised of sand and boulders with thin clay layers occur in thenorthern part (Figure -3.8). In the central and eastern parts the clay beds are thicker andmore persistent. The aquifers are comprised of fine to coarse sand that are fairlyextensive in nature. These are influenced by the two rivers flowing at the border of theDoab. Down to more than 450 m depth, 3 - 5 aquifers exist in the northern parts and 5 -8 in the central parts.
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IC-ALA£
VAL ~ ~ I ,DE
7FIG.3.7AQUIFER DISPOSITION
3D DIAGRAM UPPER BARIDOAB, PUNJAB(AMRITSAR & GURDASPUR)
SOURCE: CGWB, 2004
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In the Dera Bassi, Kharar, Ganaur and Rajpura blocks the aquifer zones are 1.5 - 10 mthick and comprised essentially of fine to medium sand down to 450 m depth (Figure -3.9). The coarse sand gravel beds are rarely encountered. Clays predominate here andconstitute 70-80 % of the total sediments down to 450 m. Furthermore, the Rajpura andKharar blocks have poor quality ground water due to salinity in the aquifers at certaindepth interval in the top 150 m.
In the district of Sangrur there are three aquifer groups down to 530 m depth and theseare separated by two distinct clay beds of considerable thickness (Figures-3.9 and 3.10).The first aquifer is down to 60 m depth followed by a 16 m thick clay layer and thesecond aquifer is below this clay layer down to 160 m depth. The third aquifer is belowanother clay layer of 30 m thickness. There are thin clay layers in these aquifer groups.
In Ludhiana, Moga, Faridkot and Ferozepur districts also thick aquifers exist at shallowdepth in the proximity of Satluj river. But away from it the proportion of clay strataincreases even at shallow depths. There is very large variation in aquifer disposition inthese districts and in the southern parts, the water quality is generally brackish to saline.The southern districts namely, Bathinda, Mansa, Abohar, etc. have aquifers that aregenerally compromised due to naturally ocurring water quality problems.
In the Ghaggar belt area, the aquifers below 30 - 90 m depth are under semi -confinedand locally confined conditions. There is however inter - connection between aquiferson a regional scale (Figure-3.9). It also shows that the kandi belt is the major rechargezone for the deeper aquifers. The other recharge comes through leakage from topaquifers, compaction of sediments, etc.
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LEGFND~CLU
Ml SANDMADRAVELi:3 sniERGRAEL
GWTE FIG.3.10E3 OI GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTIONF0RieTY THROUGH PATIALA - SANGRUR DISTRICTS
PUNJAB Source: UNDP
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3.2.2.3 Depth to Water Level and Water Level Altitude
The depth to water level varies greatly over the state, as shown in Figure - 3.11.Whereas it is in the range of 40 - 60 m in the Kandi belt, it is 5 -15 m in most other partsof the state. Water levels are also very deep (60 - 170m) in the plateau area east ofGarshankar. Water levels within 2 m occur in southwestern part in State in parts ofMuktsar, Faridkot and Ferozepur districts. Shallow water levels, within 5 m depth occuralong flood plains of river Ravi, Satluj and Beas and in the southwestern part of theState. Depth to water table is more than 20 m bgl around major cities of the State viz.Amritsar, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Moga and Sangrur. Water levels deeper than 20m occurin Kandi areas in Hoshiarpur and Roopnagar districts. In the plateau region ofGarshankar block of Hoshiarpur district, it ranges between 50-180 m bgl.
In Southwestern parts of the state covering parts of Ferozepur, Faridkot, Muktsar,Bathinda and Mansa districts, water-logging conditions prevail over large parts wherewater level is less than 5 m below land surface. The water table here is rising due tolimited/ non-extraction of ground water due to its brackish/ saline quality and thus beingunfit for all purposes. The water levels in the southern districts were more than 40 mdeep in the pre-irrigation era, and although this area receives minimal rainfall, water-logged conditions are caused due to the fact that the region is a like a bowl and issurrounded by the Sirhind Feeder, Rajasthan Feeder and Bikaner canals. Since the areahas no artificial or natural flow of surplus water and it receives the return flow ofirrigation without adequate drainage out of the area, almost all the water percolates intothe ground raising ground water levels at an alarming rate of 0.2 to 1 m/yr. Theirrigation department has taken up drainage improvement works to supplement theexisting drainage system in these areas.
The water levels in the deep tubewells in most parts of the state are deeper than ofshallow aquifer, indicating that a vertical down gradient exist in water levels.
The altitude of water table in Punjab varies from 340 m above mean sea level inPathankot area to less than 180 m in the southwestern parts Figure - 3.12. The highestaltitude is in the Kandi belt, and is accompanied by a steep gradient. The gradientgradually decreases towards southwest, and with the exception of local variations causedby rivers, canals, etc., the regional groundwater flow direction is Northeast to southwest.The ground water flows from northeast to southwest with a very low gradient after thefew km distance from the hilly terrain. This shows that ground water recharge to deepaquifers is from northeastern parts. Presence of thick clay layers prevents verticalmovement of ground water. This indicates that on regional scale the recharge area lies inthe northeast for most aquifer zones.
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PAiISTAN
f5ac, %z ARcA, E 0 AP iS
t-' -
FIG.3.1 1IIAP OF PUNJAB SHOWING DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER TADLE IN MiETRES DURING JUNE1200 .. zc
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LEGEND
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
STATE BOUNDARY
DISTRICT BOUNDARY
BLOCKBOUNDARY
RIVERWATER TABLE ELEVATION IN METERS --
FLOW DIRECTION OF GROUND WATER
SEMICONSOUDATED FORMAnOM
4boS { \ *z z \ \' +* UR
PAKISTAN
8 KTSR' < '/ MNA
RAJASTHAN - 40
FIG.3.1 2WATER TABLE ELEVATION
sounC, IA, 2004
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3.2.2.4 Current Status of Groundwater Resources
The state has a total replenishable ground water resource of 1.82 mham/yr (14.74 MAF).Table 3.5 presents provisions for its use and development (CGWB, 2002).
Table 3.5: Ground Water Potential (as on April 1, 2002)
Total Replenishable Ground Water Resource (mhani/Yr) 1.821577Provision For Domestic, Industrial and Other Uses (mham /Yr) 0.182158Available Ground Water Resources for lrrigation (mham /Yr) 1.639419Utilizable Ground Water Resources for Irigation (mham /Yr) 1.475477Gross Draft (mham. /Yr) as on 31.3.02- Pro-rata Basis 2.030674Net Draft (mham. /Yr) as on 31.3.02 1.421472Balance Ground Water Resource For Future Use (mham /Yr) 0.217947Level Of Ground Water Development % i Present 86.71
After 5 years (projected) 94.51
The shallow aquifers have been the major source of water for irrigation, drinking water(from private spot sources) and industrial uses in Punjab. Approximately 94% of thetotal area sown in Punjab is irrigated, out of which 62% is irrigated by tube wells.Hence, irrigation from shallow groundwater supports roughly two-thirds of the totalsown area in Punjab.
This large-scale extraction of groundwater for irrigation, combined with increasingdemands in other sectors due to population and industrial growth has translated intoover-exploitation of shallow aquifers. Consequently there has been a continuous declinein shallow groundwater levels, especially in the fresh groundwater areas. In CentralPunjab, it is observed that the shallow groundwater level is continuously falling at a rateof 0.2 to 0.3 m/year. (CGWB, 2002).
Table 3.6 below delineates the district-wise availability of ground water, as computedagainst annual draft, recharge and net balance, in different districts during the studyperiod 1995-97 and completed in 2000-01 (PRSC, 2001).
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Table 3.6: District-wise Ground Water Availability (in ha.m.)Annual Annual Annual Ground No of blocks in
Si Dirict gross net net draft water category.No. i recharge recharge balance Dark Grey White
Thus, out of the 17 districts, 9 are categorised as dark i.e. where stage of development ofwater is more than 85%; 3 as grey i.e. where stage of development of water is between65% to 85% and further exploitation needs to be carried out cautiously. The remaining 5are white i.e where stage of development of water is less than 65% with potential forfurther exploitation. The above table also indicates that most of the dark blocks fall inthe central Punjab whereas most of the grey and white blocks fall either in the Kandiarea or south-west Punjab where exploitation of shallow groundwater is difficult due tosub-mountainous topography or saline nature of the groundwater. Based on above data,the status of groundwater development has been depicted on the map of Punjab in Fig.3.13 below. The detailed block wise figures for stage of groundwater development in thestate, as per recent study done by WRED in 2004, are presented in Annexure 10.
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LEGEND
DARK (84)
GREY (18)
WHITE (38)
XSPATHNK
SKINS N
PAKJSTANNUP
G fURUHAkR W | | |
t ' JALALABAD>'KO
J FAZILKA */\
FIG.3.1 3STATUS OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT
SOURCE: COWIS, 2004
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Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MNKEY V-t.- GS
During the past 28 years (1975-2003), 78% of Punjab's area has witnessed a decline inwater levels to the tune of 4-16 m (CGWB, July 2004). The areas under depletioninclude the entire state except southwestern parts of the state covering major parts ofMuktsar, southern part of Ferozepur and southwestern parts of Bathinda and Mansa andnortheastern part of the State along Shivalik hills - where there has been a rise in watertable, as stated earlier. The pattern of depletion/rise in shallow ground water of the Stateis depicted in Fig 3.14. The pattern of ground water depletion/ rise in 2 typical districtsof Punjab is shown in Fig 3.15. It is seen that the first hydrograph, which is for SangrurDistrict, follows a downward trend whereas the second hydrograph, which belongs toMuktsar District, shows a rising trend. This is in concordance with the overall situationin the districts described earlier.
However, it should be noted here that the above scenario on ground water potentialrelates to shallow aquifers that lie within a depth of 20m. These aquifers comprisemainly of fine to medium sand grains, are unconfined and have a thickness of 15 to 20m. While the CGWB, Irrigation Department and Agricultural Directorate make regularmeasurement of water levels, most of these measurements are from dug well zone andhence reflect the shallow or water-table aquifers in the state.
The behavior of water levels in the deep aquifers has not been studied on wide-scale andtherefore there does not exist any evidence of water table decline or resource depletionin the deep aquifers of Punjab.
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Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACKT(TURNKEY ENGINEERSFinal Report on Sector Environmental Assessment MTURNFKE. Vemis G-up
MAP OF PUNJAB SHOWING RISE/FALL OF WATERTABLE IN METRES FROM 6/84 TO 6/2003 SCKRC WV^ 20
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DEPLETING WATER LEVELHYDROGRAPH OF PAKIHOXE (44N-3BI), SANGRUR DISTRICT
WATER LEVEL- TREND-WI
(0)
(1°) G9R 4=D\
(2)-
(13) X --
(4) -
( - -- - -- OOOOOOO
(6)
(7)-
(10)-
(12)-
(I 3)
(14)
T1MB INDEXALL SLOPE =-0.343 INTERCEPT= -3.44
RISING WATER LEVEL
HYDROGRAPH OF TL-A8 ( D-4C) RUW DISRC
(15)
I I I I I I I I IOR I I I I I I 0 I I I
TIME INDEXALL SLOPE = -0.452 INTERCEPT= -13.85
FIG.3.1 5WATER LEVEL TREND IN TEPICAL DISTRICTS
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3.2.2.5 Deep Ground-Water
The existence of deep aquifers in Punjab is well established, starting from the depths of100-150m down to depths of 300 m in most parts and up to 600 m or more in 75 kmwide belt in front of the Himalayan range.
Based on 2004 data of Central Groundwater Board (presented in the fence diagrams inFig 3.7 - 3.10 and in Fig 3.16 and 3.17 presented below), the following can beobserved:
* Thick fresh water aquifers exist in major parts of the state and these are laterally andvertically extensive and persistent in nature.
* In southwestern part of the state, fresh water aquifer is comparatively narrower thanother parts of the state as the area is underlain by brackish/ saline water.
* The thickness of fresh ground water sediments in most of the state, except insouthwestern part of the state, is more than 200 - 300 m.
* In northeastern part, the thickness of fresh water sediments is up to 450 metres.* It is expected that thickness of fresh ground water sediments is more than 100Gm in
some parts of the state, but this is yet to be established by deep ground waterexploration.
* Ground water exploration in Bist Doab area and upper Bari Doab area shows 5 to 7thick aquifer zones up to explored depth of about 450 metres.
* In Amirtsar, Kapurthala. Fatehgarh Sahib, Ludhiana, Patiala districts and parts ofSangrur, Gurdaspur, Ferozepur, Nawanshehr, Jalandhar and Roopnagar districtsthere are thick aquifers down to 300m depth with average yield of the wells above150m3 /hr.
The deeper aquifers are confined in nature, and the tube-wells tapping these zones havedischarge approximately in the range of 150-200 cu.m./hr, with drawdown ranges from1.97 to 11.72 m (Raju and Rao, 1974; CGWB, 2001).
The CGWB has made ground water estimates of deep aquifers between water tableaquifer and 300 m depth range in Punjab (Jindal MC., May 2006). The same aresummarized below:
* Volume of fresh ground water sedimentsdown to 300m depth 18727200 MCM
* Volume of aquifer zones (35 %) 6600977 MCM
* Specific yield of the aquifer zones 15 %
* Volume of Deep ground water (Static Reserves) 977400 MCM
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Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F--DBACKCFinal Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURN-k ENeGrou
J&Ky
HIMACHAL
>PRADESHr ',A
.1\/1 o h
A ~ \areL -S-'' ,N '
P A -IC S T -PhO
M
~~~m t * , ,- t m u J A
il~1 V S 0 C -. -- - I / 1 0fe d -
->S I<=
t.~~ ---I
FAJAS THAN -AG , FRESH
eOURCEs : CY&I
P aIg7T 8oD e1
FIG.3.16 t rFENCE DIAGRAM SHOWING FRESH '--;''
GROUND WATER SEDIMENTSSOURCE: CGWB. 2004
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INDEXJ & K THICKNESS IN m
e4- rE'A LESS THAN t0
½;_ 10 - 20
20 -- 50
50 - 100
100 -- 200
200 - 500
. MORE THAN 500
*-.- 4 5O -SPOT VALUESI iNe
!r21 11:) 7S. HIMACHAL PRADESH
P A K19T4 1 N ST .N -r
- -- nl| - .
g4,- .- ' 7..'. - i < 1
)- f','I(i''/ - ' ¶.".z' - - t-tVH-
;f ~ ~ ~ ~ tt \''i a /r
RAJASTHAN " -- ' -
3 -.. - .-
HARVANA
FIG.3.17THICKNESS OF FRESH GROUND
WATER SEDIMENTSSOURCE: CGWB, 2004
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The ground water potential of these aquifers is huge. As mentioned before, there is noconvincing record available that water level of these aquifers is declining and hence theresource depletion is not established as yet. Currently, DWSS sources its water from thedeeper aquifers of Punjab for its 2529 tube-well based schemes covering 7114 villagesand total extraction being done is of limited quantity. Apart from DWSS deep tubewells,a few deep tubewells are also owned by State Government for irrigation purposes.
3.2.2.6 Natural Ground-Water Recharge
Rainfall and ensuing runoff is the main source of natural groundwater recharge inPunjab. However, the extensive coverage of irrigated agriculture and an extensive canalnetwork imply that there is a significant groundwater recharge resulting from irrigationreturn flows and canal seepages.
The deep aquifers in Punjab are confined and hydrogeologically connected with thewater bearing zone of the Himalayan range (Rao, 1973). The water recharge and itsmovement in the deep aquifer, although characterized by a longer time scales than thosefor the shallow aquifer, are connected to the larger scale processes of snow-melt andprecipitation in the Himalayan water bearing zone.
3.2.3 Water Quality
Although various departments and agencies have periodically monitored and collectedinformation on water quality in Punjab, there does not exist a systematic program formonitoring of water quality in the state. As a result, there does not exist any database onthe quality of rural water supplies. The following analysis is based on the informationcollected from the various agencies, and supplemented by the Water Quality SamplingStudy that was conducted by the DWSS in 40 villages in 10 districts of Punjab, as a partof the project preparation studies.
3.2.3.1 Surface Water Quality: Rivers and Canals
A comprehensive assessment of water quality in surface water resources of Punjab is notpossible due to the absence of a systematic water quality database. In general, the waterquality concerns in the river waters of Punjab are the disposal of untreated municipaland industrial discharges, as well as drainage of agricultural return flows. There are 59Municipal Corporations/ Committees discharging their waste waters directly orindirectly into the rivers of Punjab. The problems are more acute in the locations andduring the periods when the flow in the receiving watercourse is not sufficient to causeacceptable dilution of the discharged effluents. The major canal networks of Punjab arekept relatively free of industrial or municipal discharges, and the irrigation drainageflows are also seldom routed into the canal system. The water quality in the main canals
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is therefore expected to be better than the river courses, except in the upper reaches ofrivers where the pollutant loadings are minimal.
The stretches of concern regarding water quality in some of the main rivers of Punjabare identified in Table 3.7, based on a study (CPCB, 2001). It indicates that the waterquality in most stretches of rivers in Punjab does not conform to the designated userequirements.
Table 3.7: Water Quality of Rivers in Punjab
DesirRiver Code Location ed 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Class
Satluj I Satluj U/S Nangal C B A A B BS2 Sat]uj 100 m D/S confluence C B A B C B
point of discharge from NFL
S3 Satluj DIS Nangal C A D (BOD) B C CS5 Satiuj R. (U/S Roopnagar) H/W C A A B C CS6 Satluj D/S Rishabh paper mills C D (BOD) B D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD)
S8 Satluj DIS Budha Nallah (Upper) C D D Below E E D(BOD)(DO, BOD) D(R )
(_ROD,OB (T. Coli) (T. Coli)
S9 Satluj D/S Budha Nallah (Lower) C B D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD, T. D (ROD,_____Coli) T Colil
SI 0 Satiuj D/S East Bein C D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) D (Oi), T. D (BOD)Coli)
Sli Satiuj at Harike C NA NA D (BOD) D (T Coli) NAS12 D/S Harike Lake C B D (BOD) D (BOD) D (T. Coli) CS13 Rajasthan Feeder Canal C D (BOD) D (BOD) E (BOD) D (T Coli) B
(Freeammonia)
Beas B D/S Pathankot C B B B B C1B6 Beas DIS Mukrian Paper Mill C D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD)B7 Beas City C A A D (BOD) D (BOD) CB9 Beas D/S Goindwal Sahib C D (BOD) A D (BOD) D (BOD) C
Ravi RI UIS Madhopur Head Works A A NA A NA AGhaggar Ghaggar Rest House Mubarkpur C D (BOD) B B D (BOD) D (BOD)
GIG2 Ghaggar D/S Bhankarpur C D (BOD) D (BOD) B D (BOD) D (BOD)
G8 Ghaggar D/S Ratanheri C D (BOD) D (BOD) E (BOD) E (BOD) BDOD)O
Freeammonia
G9 Ghaggar DIS Khanauri (Sarswati) C D (BOD) D (BOD) D (BOD) E (DO, OD, D (BOD, T.T.gColi) Co8i)NA: Not av'ailable, (Critical Parameter)_____________
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The above classification of rivers has been done on the basis of water quality standardsfor surface water sources as per CPCB (New Delhi) criteria which are given inAnnexure 11.
Details on the some of the water quality-affected watercourses as well as the causes areprovided below (PSCST, 2005):
* The stretch of river Satluj between Ludhiana and Harike has been classified ascategory D. This stretch has been covered by the National River ConservationDirectorate (NRCD), MoEF for monitoring of water quality. The results of the studymade between 1997 and 2001 are given in Table 3.8.
* In Ludhiana the rapidly increasing urbanization and industrialization have adverselyaffected the water quality along Budha Nullah, which carries more than 440 Mld ofuntreated industrial effluent containing toxic elements into the Satluj, making theriver water almost black at the point of their confluence.
* The water quality in Chandigarh drain is adversely affected due to eflluents fromindustrial units near Banur and Rajpura.
* High values of Mercury, heavy metals and pesticides have been reported in water in2003 at D/S Dhakansu nallah. Further, values of most metals are high in sediments.With regard to pesticides, high values have been reported at D/S Khanauri, both, inwater and sediments in certain stretches of the Ghaggar river which are beingmonitored by CPCB.
172 industries were identified by PPCB discharging their effluents directly or indirectlyinto drains/ streams/ rivers etc. 104 industries have provided adequate effluent treatmentplants and have brought their effluents to the prescribed norms of the Board fordischarging into these water bodies as well as on land for irrigation purposes. 27industries are lying closed at present. Remaining units are taking appropriate measuresto control pollution (PPCB).
A list of major types of polluting industries discharging into the watercourses and theirpollutant characteristics, as identified by PPCB, is presented in Annex 12 (PSCST,2005).
3.2.3.2 Surface Water Quality: Village Ponds and Wetlands
Almost every village in Punjab has one or more ponds, which traditionally used toreceive the storm water runoff from the village. These ponds were earlier estimated tooccupy over 25,000 acres (PSCST, 2004) across the state, but over the past decades theincreased water supply in villages without adequate sanitation and drainage facilities hasled to deterioration of water quality in the ponds. Specifically, the quality of water in thevillage ponds is being affected due to:
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* Discharge of untreated sullage/sewage into the village ponds, including overflow ofeffluent from septic tanks
* Encroachment for building habitats
* Run-off from cattle dung dumps around ponds* Growth of undesirable aquatic plants due to high nutrient loadings
Attempts are being made to rejuvenate ponds by adoption of cost effective technologies,such as duckweed ponds and constructed wetland. Approximately 21 ponds have beenalready been rehabilitated using these technologies (SAP, 2005).
The water quality in numerous wetlands of Punjab is being monitored by PPCB (seeTable 3.9), and no significant water quality concerns have been identified so far. TheDissolved oxygen (DO) content is usually high and BOD is low due to high bufferingand self-purification capacities of these areas. The water quality results illustrate that, asper the water quality standards for surface water sources as per CPCB, the water in thesewetlands is suitable for bathing, swimming and recreation (Classification B).
The list of wetlands in Punjab and quality parameters of some of the wetlands isindicated in the table 3.8 below (PPCB, 2001).
Table 3.8: Quality Parameters of Some Wetlands of Punjab
Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FEEDBACK(Final Report on Sector Environmental Assessment TURNKEY ENGINEERS
3.2.3.3 Ground Water Quality
Most of the data on groundwater quality is unfortunately limited to shallow aquiferswhereas Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Fluoride, Iron, Hardness and Chloride are themajor water quality parameters relevant to domestic needs in Punjab.
Shallow groundwater in south and southwestern districts of the state is naturally found tobe in high state of mineralization, leading to TDS (salinity) concentrations that are oftenexceeding the drinking water standards. In many cases, salinity problems in groundwaterare worsened due to water-logging, as the dissolved salts in irrigation return flows areslowly percolated into groundwater. The districts where aquifers are adversely affectedwith salinity, fluorides and other undesirable parameters problems include Bathinda,Sangrur, Faridkot, Ferozepur and Mansa whereas Gurdaspur, Patiala, and a part ofFatehgarh Sahib districts are also affected adversely by salinity problems.
Presence of Fluoride and Iron in groundwater is also related to natural causes. However,over-exploitation of aquifers often results in increase in Fluoride concentrations anddistricts adversely affected by only fluoride include Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar andPatiala. The incidence of unacceptable levels of Iron is found in Ludhiana, Jalandhar,Hoshiarpur, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patiala and Nawanshehr, which is mainly due to dischargefrom engineering goods industry & rusting of old distribution network. Furthermore,there is bacteriological contamination of shallow aquifers mainly in Ludhiana districtsand in shallow aquifers close to major drains. In Moga and Muktsar districts, almost allthe villages have water quality parameters above desirable limits though below 'Causeof rejection' limits.
The incidence of various water quality concerns in different districts of the state (DWSS,2006) in terms of total number of villages affected is shown in Table 3.9(a), and that aspercentage of villages affected in Table 3.9(b).
An analysis of the data given in the above mentioned tables highlight the followingaspects related to ground water quality:
* Approximately 54% of the state's 12,267 inhabited villages have acute water qualityproblems. Additionally, 29% villages have water quality parameters aboveacceptable limits but below cause of rejection. The percent wise break up of themajor water quality parameters affecting the villages are given below:
i) TDS - 14%ii) Iron - 8%iii) Hardness - 10%iv) Excessive Fluoride - 7%v) Quality problem due to multiple parameters - 12%
(mainly Sangrur, Bathinda, Faridkot and Mansa)
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* Most acute water quality concern, in terms of coverage in Punjab, is salinity.Districts affected with salinity are Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Sangrur, Bathinda,Faridkot, Mansa, Patiala, Ludhiana, Amritsar and parts of Fatehgarh Sahib.
* Districts Sangrur, Bathinda, Faridkot and Mansa are adversely affected due tomultiple water quality problems. Mansa is the most affected district with all thevillages having water quality problems.
* In shallow aquifers, the water quality is affected by excessive iron in Ludhiana,Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patiala and Nawanshehr.
* The districts which are adversely affected with excessive fluoride problems includeFerozepur, Amritsar, Ludhiana and Faridkot.
* Bacteriological quality of water is affected in few pockets of Ludhiana district.
* The deep ground water quality in the districts of Bathinda, Muktsar, Mansa,Faridkot, Ferozepur (part), Sangrur (part) and Moga (part) is affected by thepresence of Fluorides.
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Table 3.9(a) Districts affected by Shallow Ground Water Quality Problems in Punjab
S. Name of Total Scarcity Parameters in shallow ground water of Punjab Villages Total Problem Remaining Total ProblemNo. District lahabited . having Villages (Col. problem Villages (Col.
villages Excessive Total Excessive Total Chloride Bacteriolo scarcity 4+5+6+7+8+9+ villages above 4+5+6+7+8+9+Iron Dissolved Fluoride Hardness gical due to 10) acceptable 10+11)
Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F==DBACIKCTU7RNKEY ENGINEERSFinal Report on Sector Environmental Assessment M-b- -F-db-k Vo- G-op
Table 3.9(b) Percentage villages in each District affected by Shallow Ground Water Quality Problems in Punjab
S. Name of Total Scarcity Parameters in shallon ground water of Punjab % Villages Total Problem Remaining Total ProblemNo. District Inhabited Excessive Total Excessive Total Chloride Bacteriolo having Villages (Col. problem Villages (Col.
villages Iron Dissolved Fluoride Hardness gical scarcity 4+5+6+7+8+9+1 villages 4+5+6+7+8+9+Solids Problem dueto 0) in above 10+11)
Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project FHEDBACK(TURNKEY ENGINEERtS
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Emerging concerns:
The quality of groundwater in the top phreatic aquifer is getting degraded in those partsof the state where industrial effluents are being disposed off in watercourses or onagricultural land without any treatment. Certain pockets in Ludhiana show highconcentration of Hexavalent chromium, cyanide, and nickel etc. (Singh et. al. 1993).
Ground water in several villages of Nawanshehr and Hoshiarpur districts has beenreported to contain Selenium in concentrations exceeding the drinking water standard.(Dhillon, et. al., 2004).
The presence of pesticides and heavy metals in shallow groundwater has been reportedin Talwandi Sabo in Bathinda district. In a 2004 study conducted by PGIMER, some ofthe tested groundwater and tap water samples showed unacceptable levels of pesticides(Malathion and Heptachlor) and heavy metals (Arsenic, Selenium and Mercury) (PPCB,2003). The drinking water in this region is supplied from a canal-based scheme, andsubsequent testing by DWSS of canal water and tap water in the region did not indicatethe presence of pesticides or heavy metals (DWSS, 2005).
With the exception of salinity and fluoride (which are naturally occurring ingroundwater) in seven districts of the state, the deep aquifers of Punjab are expected tobe relatively free from the pollution issues that plague the shallow aquifers. This isbecause of their relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallow aquifers, fromwhich they are usually separated by thick impervious clay layers. The relative isolationof deep aquifers is further corroborated by the absence of bacteriological pollution indeep aquifers. However, these emerging concerns about the water quality of shallowaquifers and increasing reliance on deep aquifer as the preferred water supply sourcerequire that the water quality of the deep aquifers in Punjab be assessed through asystematic and scientifically planned approach.
3.2.3.4 DWSS Water Sampling Study
The most recent water quality testing was conducted by DWSS, in order to update thedrinking water quality information as a part of the environmental assessment for theproposed project. The study was conducted in 40 villages in 10 districts, which wereselected to ensure that the variations in various parameters pertaining to rural watersupply are adequately represented in the sample. Water samples were collected at fourlevels - hand pumps, shallow tube wells, at DWSS water works and from the farthestpoint of DWSS distribution network. It was intended to cover all possible major sourcesof drinking water available to the community. Sampling was done in two rounds - firstin November 2005 and again in March 2006.
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The objective of the study was to establish the quality of water being used for drinkingpurposes from various sources in the State. The quality of water supplied by DWSS anddrawn from its distribution system at the consumer end was also analysed to study thepossibility of contamination in the distribution network. Seasonal variations in waterquality were also intended to be studied through this analysis by undertaking the studyin two rounds.
The tests were conducted in accordance with the requirements of IS 10500:1991 whichis the standard to be followed for drinking water quality. The IS 10500:1991 norms aredetailed in Annexure 13.
The water samples were analyzed for the following physical, chemical and biologicalparameters:
1. Turbidity (NTU)2. Colour (qualitative)3. Taste and odour (qualitative)4. pH
5. Total solids (mg/l)
6. Total alkalinity (as CaCO3)7. Total hardness (as CaCO3)8. Calcium (as Ca) mg/l9. Magnesium ( as Mg) mg/l
10. Chlorides (as Cl) mg/l11. Sulphates ( as SO2-4) mg/l
In addition a separate round of sampling was done to test canal water and deepgroundwater from six different locations (three for canal water, three for ground water)for presence of pesticides.
A total of 186 water samples were analysed in the first round in November 2005 and162 samples were analysed in the second round in March 2006. The results of the abovewater analysis are given in table 3.1 O(a) and 3.1 O(b).
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Table 3.10(a): Water Quality Results of 10 districts
Penod- November 2005 Period- Nlarch 2006
Private DWSS Total Private DWSS Total
- .
S. No. Source of sample colection 0
M M
Number of samples collected 127 31 28 186 102 31 29 162
Number of samples withCharacteristics above permissiblelimits
1 Total Solids mg/I 16 0 0 16 23 1 0 24
2 Total Alkalinity (as Ca C0 3) mg/I 18 1 0 19 12 0 0 12
Total Hardness (as Ca C0 3) mg/I 10 0 0 10 12 0 0 12
Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project F-EDBACK'TURNKEY ENGINEERS
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Major findings of this study are as under:
* The physical characteristics (qualitative) of analysed water samples (obtained fromprivate water sources) showed satisfactory results in the sample villages except infew villages in Gurdaspur, Roopnagar, Patiala and Ludhiana districts, where thewater samples were turbid and yellowish in colour.
* Shallow ground water samples (obtained from private water sources) in Gurdaspur,Amritsar, Jalandhar and Ferozepur showed a high presence of E.coli indicating poorbacteriological water quality. In Ferozepur district, water samples collected fromvillages Bannawali and Gubaya were found to contain as high as 1100 MPN ofE.coli which is a major health concern.
* In the above mentioned districts, more than 50% samples collected from DWSSsources were also found to be unacceptable in respect of Iron and E.Coli.
* The quality of water from DWSS schemes is superior to the private sources in allregards; however the water from private sources is deficient primarily due to thepresence of TDS, hardness, fluorides, iron and E.Coli.
A comparison of the November 2005 water samples from private and DWSS sourcesbrought out the following results:
* In the test for TDS parameter, 13% samples from private sources exceededacceptable levels whereas less than 1% of the samples from DWSS schemeexceeded the standard.
* In the test for hardness, 8% samples from private sources exceeded acceptablelevels whereas none of the samples from DWSS scheme exceeded the standard.
* In the test for fluoride parameter, 12% samples from private sources exceededacceptable levels whereas less than 1% of the samples from DWSS schemeexceeded the standard.
* In the test for iron, 11% samples from private sources exceeded acceptable levelswhereas less than 4% of the samples from DWSS scheme exceeded the standard.
* All the water samples have not been analysed for the designated water qualityparameters like residual chlorine and E.Coli etc. This requires to be done regularlyto ensure supply of potable water to the community.
* In Ferozepur district, the water treated with Reverse Osmosis plant and stored inhouseholds in earthen pots for drinking water was found to contain high E.coliindicating poor household environmental conditions and suggestingimplementation of Health Education programmes.
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Furthermore, as part of its regular monitoring program, DWSS had conducted waterquality tests on 885 samples in 2005, most of which were collected from hand pumpsand private tube well sources. The results of this analysis are presented in table 3.1 1 anddiscussed below:
* In Fatehgarh Sahib, water quality parameters for iron were exceeded in almost 30%samples
* In Bathinda, more than 90% samples contained fluoride in excess of the permissiblevalue.
* In Hoshiarpur, water quality is satisfactory but for the presence of bacterialcontamination.
* In Patiala, more than 50% samples collected indicated presence of iron inconcentrations higher than permissible limits.
* In Gurdaspur, more than 75% samples collected from sources deeper than 70 feetindicated presence of bacterial contamination whereas shallower sources were foundto be safe.
* Water samples collected from Roopnagar district were found to be safe.
The above observations reveal that most of the private water sources are not safe fordrinking purposes.
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TABLE 3.11: TEST RESULTS FOR WATER SAMPLES - IN 6 DISTRICTS
Test ResultsSr. Between N.o
r. District Block Within permissible peruissible limit Beyond the permissible Type of scheme Samples Remarks- Unimt(Potable) and cause of -limit (Not potable) Depth of bor co.lected
rejection. in (ft)
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
14 (Alkalinity, 3(rnhardness, Ca, Mg) 3 (Iron) >100 HP
Sirhind 3011 (Alkalinity, I (Iron)
12(Alkalinity, 12 (Iron) in excess
Keahardness, Ca, Mg) >100 HP 2
hardness, Ca, Mg) 8(Iron) Up to 100 HPSaheb I(Alkalinity,
Bassi hardness, Ca, Mg) >100 T/W 10
9 (Alkalinity,hardness, Ca, Mg) Up to 100 T Wn 6HP
12 (Alkalinity, 1 (Iron) in excess
Amloh hardness, Ca, Mg) >100 5T/W, 8HP 3096 (Alkalinity, Akintinecsn
hardness, Ca, Mg) Up to 100 7HP
(Alkalinity, Flouride is in excess inOnly few samples hardness, Ca, Mg, more than 90% samples
Flourde) >100 T/W, HP Feacal contamination
2.Bathinda Bhuchhu (Alkalinity, Flouride is in excess in 80 s theTe Depth hasKalan Only few samples hardness, Ca, Mg, more than 90% samples Uot been defined in
Flouride) ___________ Up to 100 HP the report.
All -- Surface Water Supply
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Test ResultsNo. ofSr. Betwveen Tp rshm ape eakDistrict | Block NVIthin permissible perissible limit Bod e permissible Typeofs eme Sampllimit(Potable) and cause of linit (Nol potable) Depth of bore collected
rejection. in (ft)
>100 T/W, HP
(Alkalinity, Quahty of water isOnly few samples hardness,Ca, Mg,). found to be good
3 Hoshiarpur Magnesium and 193 except Magnesiumhardness is in excess Up to 100 P and hardness is in
excess
Only few samples Maximum samples HP (FeacalFeacally not fit contarnation)(contaminated) Up to 100
(Alkalinity,
Only few samples hardness,Ca, Mg,). >100 T/W, HPMagnesium andhardness is in excess
(Alkalinity,
Only few samples hardness,Ca, Mg,). Iron is in excess m Up to 100 HPMagnesium and maximum samplesRajpura hardness is in excess
All -
Surface Water Supply
4 Patiala Feacally fit (not Only few samples >100 190Paicaontaminated) H-P(Feacal contamination)
Around 50% samples Around 50% samples Up to 100
(Alkalinity,Dera Bassi - hardness, Ca, Mg, - >100 T/W(DWSS)
chloride, sulphatE)
(Alkalinity,Nabha hardness, Ca, Mg,, >100 T/W
iroN)
(Alkalinity, HPhardness, Ca, Mg,, Up to 100
iroN)
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Test ResultsNo. or
Sr. BetweenNo. District Block lWithln permisible permisble limit Beyond the permissible Type of scheme Samples Remarks
.lmit(Potable) and cause of limit (Not potable) Deptb of bore collectedl l rejectlon. in (fl)
(Alkalinity, TDS, >100 HPhardness, Mg).
(Alkalinity, TDS, Up to 100 HPhardness, Mg).
5 Gurdaspur All >100 249
up to 70 ft. depth, HP(FeacalAbove 70 ft. depth Maximum samples are Up to 100 contamination)
Around 75% samples Feacally not fit
ontaminated) .
hardness Ca ron). Iron is in excess in few >100 T/W, HPhaTnes, a,iro).samples
Iron is observed at
6 Roopnagar Nurpur Bedi (Alkalinity, TDS, 83 lesser depths up to
hardness, Ca, Mg, Iron Up to 100 HP and well samples it is greater
Iron). than permissible
limit.
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3.3 Household and Environmental Sanitation
3.3.1 Household Sanitation
As discussed in chapter 2, there are no sanitation facilities in 51% of rural households inPunjab. Amongst the ones who have access to a sanitary facility, about 94% have atoilet within their house, 4% households share a toilet with other households while about2% households use a public toilet.
Households that do not have access to a toilet practice open defecation which results indegraded sanitation situation, and one of the significant side effects is the contaminationof ground water. This is caused due to rain runoff which carries the leachates into theshallow ground water resulting in bacteriological and nitrate contamination.
The household survey conducted as a part of this assignment revealed that:
* Open defecation prevails in less than 20% of households in Ludhiana district butmore than 70% households in Ferozepur.
* Dry pit is the most preferred technique for disposing human wastes with over 20%households using it, followed closely by septic tank in 18% households.
3.3.2 Wastewater
Initially the thrust of Government was on provision of latrines with spot disposalarrangements as in dry pit latrines. The single/double pit pour flush latrines have notfound acceptance in most villages and people prefer cistern-flushed toilets connected toseptic tanks. At few places, dry pits are constructed to discharge sullage without anyconsideration of sanitary aspects. The following are the other factors affecting the statusof sanitation in the villages:
* Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattle-sheds, flows into open surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and by-lanes.
* Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater oftenseeps into hand pumps, open dug wells and pipelines.
* The water quality of the village ponds has deteriorated leading to loss of productiveuses and contamination of the shallow aquifer.
* Incidences have been reported of effluent overflowing from the septic tanks andfinding its way to the village drains.
* The presence of stagnant water in the villages is linked to the incidence of malariaand other vector-born diseases.
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* Due to a combination of poor environmental sanitation and poor personal hygiene,diahorreal diseases, Hepatitis-A, skin diseases and typhoid cases have beencommonly reported in the rural areas.
Attempts for wastewater treatment have been made in a limited manner covering 21villages through Duckweed treatment and constructed wetland technology.
The survey conducted as a part of the assignment wherein it was found that:
* Disposal of wastewater into the fields, drains of the irrigation department and villageponds is being done by 40%, 31% and 25% of the households respectively.
* In Amritsar district, over 50% households dispose their wastewater in village ponds;in Jalandhar district over two-thirds of households surveyed acknowledgeddisposing wastewater into fields whereas in Sangrur district, less than 1.27%households adopt this method of disposal.
* In Patiala district, almost two-thirds of the surveyed households disposed wastewaterinto drains (of Irrigation Department).
* Less than 0.62% households use a soak pit for wastewater disposal- with responseonly from Amritsar and Bathinda districts.
3.3.3 Solid wastes
The solid waste/ garbage from the villages is dumped in the traditional dumping groundcalled the 'Rudi'. More often than not, the 'Rudi' is located near the village pondseverely impacting its water quality and holding capacity. Further, the practice ofsegregating non- biodegradable waste and burning it off is also practiced.
The survey found that over four-fifths of the households used a garbage pit for solidwaste disposal. The practice had higher incidence in the districts of Gurdaspur,Amritsar, Ludhiana and Roopnagar while less than 60% households in Patialaacknowledged this practice.
About 20% households acknowledged using household solid wastes as manure and fuel.
3.3.4 Cattle wastes
Punjab has a widely prevalent practice of keeping household cattle, but there are veryfew scientific or eco-friendly facilities (such as biogas generation, vermiculture etc.) fordisposing off the large amounts of waste that this practice generates.
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The common practice is to prepare cow dung cakes which are dried and used as fuel forcooking. Another use is manure which is prepared by accumulation in a designated area(Rudi) and used in the fields during the sowing season. During the survey, nearly 90%households acknowledged this practice.
In recent years, a total of 244 vermi composting units have been installed in variousvillages of Punjab (SAP 2005) to enhance the quality of manure and for safer disposal ofcattle waste.
3.4 Current Water Supply and Treatment Practices
The existing rural water supply schemes essentially have two sources - tube well andcanal.
About 80% schemes are tube well based. The tube well schemes constitute a bore wellconnected to a submersible pump. A chlorination unit is connected to the pumping mainfor the disinfection of water. The water, after being chlorinated, is pumped to theoverhead tank where it is stored and subsequently supplied to the users through thedistribution network.
The remaining 20% schemes are canal-based. The raw water is transmitted through anintake point on the canal to a raw water tank with holding capacity of 15-30 days. Watertreatment is provided by means of slow sand filters followed by chlorination in the clearwater ground reservoir. The water is then pumped to an overhead tank.
The canal based water schemes are dependent on Irrigation Department for release ofwater. Normally, canals receive water on a rotational basis approximately once a week.However, during harvesting season, the canal water supply is only once a month. Thisseverely impacts drinking water supply as treatment plants have a holding capacity ofonly 15 days. Due to the reliability issues associated with water supply from irrigationcanals, 25 canal-based schemes in Sangrur district were closed down and reconstructedas tube well based schemes.
The quality of supplied water is periodically monitored for residual chlorine by theoperator/ JE of the water treatment plant. Additionally, DWSS conducts water qualityanalysis for the parameters as indicated in Section 3.2.3.
The existing schemes have a designed service level of 40 lpcd, but often the actualdelivery levels are higher because the actual users are less than the design population.
Punjab has been innovative in adopting a number of newer techniques/ equipments forwater treatment. 21 package water treatment plants (which consists of coagulation,sedimentation, filtration and chlorination units; capacity 20 cum/hr) are installed on pilotbasis in places like Anandpur Sahib and Talwandi Sabo in Punjab. These units have
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been imported and are under trial prior to its replication on mass scale. DWSS intends toinstall more of such plants in south western parts of Punjab where water-logging is aserious issue and cost of civil structures is high.
As mentioned earlier in section 2.5 of this report, the state has also installed one ReverseOsmosis plant and one ion-exchange plant for desalination. These plants are operatingsatisfactorily and the state plans to install more of such plants at selected places as ameasure to address the problems of salinity and fluoride in water. Also, 25 Silverionisation plants for disinfection have been installed as cost effective solution fordisinfection.
The household survey conducted for this study found that:
* The availability of electricity for operation of tube wells in rural Punjab averages 4-6hrs each day, consequently the supply of water in these areas is for 3 - 4 hrs per day.
* Less than 20% household have house connections in the sampled survey villages andmany households share a common water connection.
* There is inequitable distribution of water among users with scarce supply at tail endsdue to inadequate pressure. During the survey, the presence of online pumps(manual as well as electrical) was observed in several households.
* There is considerable wastage of water due to absence of household taps but thequantum of wastage could not be ascertained due to absence of flow meters in thedistribution system.
* Over 70% households in Fatehgarh Sahib, Gurdaspur and Patiala districtsacknowledged getting sufficient water for all uses - drinking, bathing and cattle.
* Less than 50% households in Bathinda and Ferozepur affirmed to receivingsufficient drinking water while in other districts over 80% of the householdsreceived sufficient drinking water.
* Less than 60% households in overall Punjab and more than 75% households inGurdaspur and Patiala receive sufficient water for cattle mostly from private sources.
* More than two-thirds of the households surveyed were satisfied with water quality.
3.5 Incidence of Water and Sanitation-related Diseases in Punjab
The various water- and sanitation-related diseases occurring in Punjab are given inTable 3.12, along with their linkages to water and sanitation situation.
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Table 3.12: Water and Sanitation-related Diseases in PunjabDfease and TransmsIno Linkage to Water Supply and San aion
Amoebiasis (hand-to-mouth) Sewage contamination, untreated drinking water, flies in water supply.
Diarrhoea/ gastroenteritis Sewage contaminated water, inadequately disinfected drinking water (mostly surface water sources).(oral-fecal)
Cholera (oral-fecal) Untreated water, sewage contamination, poor hygiene, crowded living conditions with inadequatesewage facilities.
Hepatitis A (oral-fecal) Raw sewage, untreated drinking water, poor hygiene.
Typhoid fever (oral-fecal) Raw sewage (carried and excreted in feces by humans), poorly disinfected drinking water.
In 2004, nearly 4,75,000 out-patient cases were reported in Punjab for diseases causeddue to water- and sanitation-related conditions. Approximately 173 deaths were reporteddue to these diseases (Health and Family Welfare, Punjab, 2004). The District-wisedetails of patients for these diseases are presented in Annexure 14.
The analysis of the district wise and disease wise data (Health and Family Welfare,Punjab, 2004) reveals the following:
1. Relative incidence of different water- and sanitation-related diseases (all Punjab):i. Diarrhoea and gastroenteritis - 58.34%ii. Amoebiasis - 34.84%iii. Typhoid - 6.30%iv. Shigellosis - 0.35%v. Cholera - 0.17%
Diarrhoea/ gastroenteritis and amoebiasis are therefore the most common water- andsanitation-related diseases in Punjab, and there were 133 deaths in 2004 due to thesetwo diseases alone.
2. Amritsar and Ludhiana are the districts with highest prevalence of water- andsanitation-related diseases (83,400 and 61,253 cases, respectively).
3. The districts with the lowest prevalence of water- and sanitation-related diseases areMuktsar and Moga (with 9,732 and 10,954 cases respectively)
4. Cholera is prevalent only in the districts of Amnritsar, Gurdaspur and Ludhiana.
To tackle the problem, special task force has been constituted by GoP, which reviews thesituation periodically, and during rainy seasons, monthly review meetings are being heldto initiate remedial measures.
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4. Environmental Analysis
This chapter presents an overview of the key environmental issues related to theproposed PRWSS project. An analysis of the baseline environmental situation,observations during site visits, discussions with state, district and village levelfunctionaries as well as the public consultations have clearly brought out the followingkey environmental issues that need to be addressed in the project design andimplementation.
4.1 Key environmental issues
4.1.1 Water Availability
Shallow groundwater has traditionally been the major source of water for drinking,irrigation and industrial uses in Punjab. Owing to large-scale extraction of groundwaterfor irrigation, combined with increasing demands in other sectors due to population andindustrial growth, the shallow aquifers in large parts of Punjab are in the state of over-exploitation, resulting in a significant ongoing decline in groundwater levels. For a largenumber of rural households which are not covered by public piped water supplyschemes and which are dependent on private sources like the shallow hand-pumps ortube-wells, the declining groundwater levels have adversely affected the water supply.
About 80% of DWSS schemes in Punjab are based on groundwater for which the wateris sourced from the deep aquifers, ranging in depth from 250-1100 ft. The availability ofwater in the deep aquifer is considered abundant from the perspective of ensuring long-term source sustainability. About 20% of the water supply schemes in Punjab are basedon canal-water and only in some cases, the water supply is adversely affected during theperiods of canal maintenance shutdown.
Mitigation Measures
Augmentation of existing water supplies could be achieved through one or more of thefollowing options.
i) Augmentation through rehabilitation / upgrading of existing water supplyschemes should be a priority wherever feasible.
ii) DWSS is sourcing supply for all its groundwater-based schemes from deepaquifer layers. Although there has been a wide-spread decline in the availabilityof groundwater in shallow aquifers, there is no evidence of any water-tabledecline or resource depletion for deep aquifers.
iii) An estimate has been made for the additional draft on deep aquifers due to water
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supply requirements of the proposed project. The estimate is reproduced below:
The project is expected to benefit about 4.0 million people - about 20% of the state'srural population through construction of new water supply schemes/ upgradation ofexisting schemes in 3066 villages (2119 NC villages and 947 PC villages) at an averageincreased water supply of 40 lpcd. Accordingly the additional estimated waterrequirement for this project is as under:
* Population to be covered 40 lacs* Average increased Water Supply 40 Ipcd* Additional total water required 40 x 40 = 1600 lac litrers / day
or 1.6 lac m3 /dayor 365 x 1.60 = 584 lac m 3/yearor 58.4 Million cubic meter (MCM)/year
Compared to the estimated yield of the deep aquifers (see section 3.2.2.5), it canbe seen that this additional withdrawal on deep aquifers is a small fraction of thetotal Static reserves (9,77,400 MCM). The resource sustainability of the deepaquifer is therefore, not in question. However, in the long-term, it would need tobe ensured that there are no large-scale irrigation extractions from the deepaquifers.
iv) In case where water supply from canal-based schemes is unreliable during thecanal shutdown periods, the schemes should be designed either with enhancedstorage commensurate with the shutdown periods, or with other sources whichmay be more distant but more reliable.
v) Distant surface source (canal based) with simple treatment (SSF/ or conventionalRSF) and chlorination for a group of villages (multi-village schemes) could beconsidered. Treatment systems like the pilot compact package water treatmentplant installed at Talwandi Sabo could also be considered as another optionwhere construction of conventional treatment units is not feasible due to highwater table or water logging conditions.
vi) Appropriate blending of ground water and treated canal water to obtain adrinking water of derived quality standards.
4.1.2 Water Quality
The shallow groundwater quality in many parts of Punjab is poor owing to naturalpresence of salinity and fluoride at concentrations exceeding the permissible levels fordrinking water use. In addition, the water quality of shallow groundwater may alsoindicate bacteriological or chemical contamination due to inadequate treatment anddisposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial discharges. According to
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DWSS estimates, about 54% of the total 12,267 villages in Punjab suffer from poorwater quality conditions in shallow groundwater. Specifically:
* Salinity is a significant problem in districts of Bathinda, Sangrur, Faridkot,Ferozepur, Mansa, Moga and Muktsar.
* Prevalence of fluoride in groundwater is indicated in Ludhiana, Faridkot, Sangrur,Jalandhar, Amritsar, Ferozepur and Patiala.
* In addition, isolated pockets of Ludhiana and Bathinda have been reported to havepresence of heavy metals and pesticides, respectively, in shallow groundwater.
The additional contamination concerns stem from:
i) Non point sources of pollution in the catchment areas due to the widely prevalentpractice of open defecation, and agricultural run off containing pesticides,especially during the rainy season;
ii) Washing, bathing and other human activities in irrigation canals serving as watersupply sources.
iii) Indiscriminate discharge of toxic and hazardous industrial wastes in receiving waterbodies or on land;
iv) Inefficient and irregular disinfection of drinking water supplies;v) Breakage / leakage in rising main, distribution lines and valve chambers;vi) Improper collection, storage and handling of water by the individual households;
Mitigation Measures
The siting, planning, design, and operation of the schemes should ensure that sourceselection is conducted with due regard to water quality of the source, and that waterquality at household delivery level meets the drinking water norms. More specifically:
i) Due to its higher depth and relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallowaquifer, deep groundwater is expected to be free from the presence ofbacteriological/chemical contaminants. Conventional water quality parametersfor DWSS's deep groundwater-based schemes indicate acceptable water qualityfor drinking purposes.
ii) However, in view of the traditional emphasis on shallow groundwater quality anddue to emerging concerns regarding possible presence of industrial or agriculturalchemicals in some locations, the project will commence and support a systematicassessment of deep groundwater quality in the state. This addresses an importantneed because currently there is no assessment of water quantity and quality ofdeep aquifers in the state, which are going to be the most significant source ofwater supply for the rural areas.
iii) The water quality testing for source selection of water supply schemes needs toinclude testing for pesticides and heavy metals at the source selection stage.However, in view of the prohibitive costs of testing for the presence of these
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contaminants, a phased approach should be adopted which will be based on aninitial sampling of deep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state.
iv) Water quality testing for industrial and agricultural chemical contaminants shallbe conducted by the DWSS, as suggested by the phased approach based on aninitial sampling of deep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state.Cost of testing should not be sited as a constraint, nor should the cost be borne bythe beneficiary community.
v) In case quality of available water is very poor and no other alternative source isavailable, advanced treatment options like deflouridation units, iron removalunits, Reverse Osmosis units (RO Plant) and other filtration units can be optedbased on the type of pollutants and type of treatment required. Dual water supplycan be adopted - supply of limited quantity of safe, potable water (say 10-15Ipcd) from systems which are expensive to build operate and maintain (eg. ROPlant) and continue with existing supplies (rejected by community due to qualityproblem) for purposes other than drinking and cooking.
vi) Effective and regular disinfection, as well as preventive and correctivemaintenance of water distribution systems should be ensured.
vii) Institutional arrangements should be put in place for preventive and correctivemaintenance of water distribution system (leak detection, repair and control) andfor preparedness in crisis management during major breakdowns;
viii) A protocol for regular water quality testing and control has been developed,which will be implemented through the operations phase of the water supplyschemes.
4.1.3 Applicability of OP/BP 7.50 to Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Based on a technical consideration of the proposed project interventions, thehydrogeological characteristics of the deep aquifers, the state policy on provision ofcanal water for rural water supply schemes, and in the context of the Bank'sdetermination of the applicability of OP/BP 7.50 (International Waterways) on a case-by-case basis, the mission determined that the proposed project activities do nottrigger OP/BP 7.50. This determination is based upon the provision that no bore-wellswill be installed within 1 km of the line demarcating the international border betweenIndia and Pakistan.
Rationale:
1. Canal-based schemes:In those areas of Punjab where groundwater of acceptable quality is not available,DWSS will provide/augment water supply through canal-based water supplyschemes.
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(a) Anticipated impact of Increased extractions from canals:For a large number of villages, the allocations for extraction of drinking waterfrom the irrigation canals have already been issued to the DWSS, and the waterwill be drawn from these canals against these allocations. Given that anyincremental drinking water supply demands for rural water schemes will bevery small compared to the irrigation water demands being met by the canalsystems, the Irrigation Department of GoP has provided a policy statement(Irrigation Works, GoP, 2006 - Ref Annexure-15) indicating that anyincreased extractions for canal-based rural water supply schemes can be metwithin the existing surplus discharge levels in the canals.
(b) Compliance with existing inter-state water-sharing agreements and India-Pakistan Indus River TreatyPunjab's water allocations on the international rivers conform to Punjab'sexisting water-sharing agreements with other Indian states, as well as to theprovisions of India-Pakistan Indus River Treaty, which GoP is legally andconstitutionally bound to follow. The proposed project activities will not alterthe hydrological status quo.
2. Groundwater-based schemes:In order to ensure the quantity and quality of the water supply, DWSS will besourcing groundwater from the depths in the range of 150- 300m or more, referredto as the "deep aquifers".
(a) Characteristics of deep aquifers:The existence of deep aquifers in Punjab is well-established, and theirgroundwater potential is quite large. According to one expert (Jindal, 2006a,based on Central Ground Water Board calculations), the static reserves of deepaquifer in Punjab are approximately 977 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM).Furthermore, the water in the deep aquifers in most of the state is known to beunder semi-confined and leaky conditions.
The contours and gradient of the piezometric head in deep aquifersconclusively indicate that the groundwater recharge to the deep aquifers isfrom the Himalayan foothills, and that the general flow direction is fromnortheast to southwest. With the exception of the DWSS wells (approximately2500) currently in use for rural water supply schemes, there are no otherextractions from the deep aquifers in Punjab.
(b) Anticipated Impact of proposed project interventions:At the local level, the impact of groundwater extraction manifests as a "cone ofdepression" which refers to the area (around the bore-well) which experiencesa depression in the water table as a direct result of pumping from the bore-well.The distortion of the natural groundwater flow lines due to pumpage is limitedto this area, and beyond the cone of depression the groundwater flow lines
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resume the original pattern, allowing the groundwater to flow in the aquifer atthe unchanged rate. The envisaged pumping periods for the bore-wells for ruralwater supply schemes range from 6-8 hours per day, at a maximum dischargeof 60 cubic metres per hour. According to the expert opinion solicited by GoPon deep aquifers (Jindal, 2006b - Ref Annexure-16), the deepening andexpansion of the cone during such intervals of pumping would be hardlydiscernible. Since the aquifers are semi-confined, within short periods ofpumping the leakage occurring through overlying and underlying formationsresults in stabilization of the cone of depression. The communication fromGoP Directorate of Groundwater (Directorate of Groundwater, GoP, 2006- RefAnnexure-17) also corroborates that the maximum radius of the cone ofdepression is approx. 300 m. This is consistent with the results obtained frominternationally accepted analytical approaches and techniques of groundwaterhydrology. Therefore, in order to prevent any local-level "well-to-well"groundwater impacts across the border, GoP will ensure that no bore-wells willbe installed within 1000 m of the international border.
At a regional level, the cumulative quantities of groundwater that may beextracted for the rural water supply schemes is miniscule compared to theestimated static reserves. For the three border districts of Punjab (including833 NC villages and 300 PC villages), if it is assumed that the total rural watersupply demand is sourced from the deep aquifer alone, the cumulative annualextraction amounts to 0.003% of the total static reserves. The direction andvolume of regional groundwater flows are a function of the piezometric headgradient patterns, which are established over a very large region, extending in ageneral northeast-southwest direction, from the Himalayas through UttarPradesh, Haryana and Punjab into Pakistan. With the Himalayas being therecharge zone for these deep aquifers, the large-scale nature of the deep aquifersystems ensures that any local impacts of regular but periodic pumping forrural water supply schemes quickly diminish in space and time. This scale ofgroundwater abstraction, therefore, can be safely assumed to not impact thecross-border groundwater flows and availability.
(c) Mitigation! Safeguard Measures being taken by GoP:GoP will ensure that no rural water supply bore-wells will be installed underthe project within 100Gm of the international border. The EnvironmentalManagement Framework (EMF) for the project, therefore includes thisstipulation, which will ensure conformance during the stages of scheme design,selection and implementation. GoP compliance with the EMF will be a legalcovenant.
4.1.4 Environmental Sanitation
49% of the rural households in Punjab have sanitation coverage, and the main factorsaffecting the status of sanitation in the villages are the following:
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* Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattle-sheds, flows into open surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and by-lanes
* Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater oftenseeps into hand pumps, open dug wells and pipelines, and the water quality of thevillage ponds has deteriorated leading to loss of productive uses and contaminationof the shallow aquifer.
* Incidences have been reported of effluent overflowing from the septic tanks andfinding its way to the village drains.
* The presence of stagnant water in the villages is linked to the incidence of malariaand other vector-borne diseases. Due to a combination of poor environmentalsanitation and poor personal hygiene, diahorreal diseases, cholera and typhoid caseshave been commonly reported in the rural areas.
Mitigation Measures
i) Efficient design of surface sullage drains and adoption of good constructionpractices, along with a system of regular maintenance can ensure that stagnantpools of sullage are eliminated.
ii) Installation of small bore sewer systems for conveyance of sewage can eliminateenvironmental and public health hazards associated with open drain system.
iii) Adopting the recommended practice of laying water and sullage lines on differentsides of the road reduces the risk of cross contamination.
iv) Existing ponds can be remodelled to accommodate increased sullage flow.
v) Adequate treatment and gainful utilization of the treated effluent/sullage ispossible in agriculture, aquaculture and agro forestry. The treatment system couldbe any of the following: Stabilization Ponds, Duckweed ponds, constructedwetlands etc.
vi) Appropriate guidelines and messages need to be included in the communicationpackage being designed for the project, to encourage the villagers to adoptschemes in the same project for pond remodeling to achieve adequate treatment ofsullage (eg duckweed ponds) and its sanitary disposal through aquaculture/irrigation.
vii) The project will need to ensure that the benefits of improved water supply are notcompromised by poor personal hygiene standards, by supporting sustained IECcampaign to create and enhance awareness on hygiene aspects pertaining to hand-washing, safe water collection, storage and handling practices.
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4.1.5 Construction-stage Impacts
During the implementation phase of the project, there is a likelihood that theconstruction activities cause temporary adverse environmental impacts, which wouldneed to be addressed. Some of the likely issues are the following:
* During the construction of water works and laying of pipe lines, significant earthwork may be involved, which may cause erosion of land (specially in Kandi areas)and cutting of trees.
* Impact on natural habitat due to the noise and dust pollution and hindrances createdas a result of construction activities.
* Possible damage to places of cultural, heritage and recreational importance.
Mitigation Measures
i) Suitable changes in location/ alignment shall be made in the project to avoidcutting of trees and also avoid erosion and ensure soil stabilization. In theabsence of an alternate location, the trees felled shall be replaced by at leastdouble the number of trees.
ii) Punjab although, mainly agricultural, has areas of significant value in terms ofnatural habitats and bio-diversity including forests and wet lands of internationalrecognition. In all project interventions will be appropriately designed to ensurethat they do not impact the designated forest lands or wet lands. All the physicalworks should be on public/ Panchayat lands.
iii) In case of some physical works associated with construction and maintenancethere might be chance finds of objects of cultural/ archaeological importance. Insuch cases, the regional offices of the relevant agency (e.g. the ArchaeologicalSurvey of India) must be immediately notified.
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5. Environment Management Framework
The proposed Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project will financeinvestments in rural water supply and drainage improvement schemes to serve the ruralpopulations in Punjab. The project interventions are, therefore, expected to result inpublic health benefits in the rural communities, through improved quality and deliverylevels of RWSS services. Some of the main environmental health benefits expectedunder the project include: increased and better quality water supply for drinking,cooking, washing, bathing and cleaning purposes; time and energy savings throughproviding water supply closer to homes; improvements in personal hygiene and villagesanitation levels; and reduced fecal-oral contamination of drinking water resulting inlower occurrence of diseases.
While the proposed project interventions are expected to result in overall environmentaland public health improvements in the state, potential adverse environmental impactscan occur if the schemes are not properly designed, sited, implemented, and maintained.In order to ensure that the environmental issues are systematically identified andaddressed in the various stages of the implementation of project-sponsored schemes, anEnvironment Management Framework (EMF) has been developed for this project. Thespecific objectives of the EMF are as under:
a) To provide a systematic approach for identifying the various possible environmentalissues at the different stages of the scheme cycle;
b) To identify appropriate mitigation measures for addressing the identifiedenvironmental issues;
c) To devise an institutional arrangement for mainstreaming environmentalmanagement in project implementation processes.
5.1 Environment Issues and Mitigation Measures
The assessment of baseline environmental conditions has brought out the followingissues, which need to be addressed in the design and implementation of project-sponsored schemes:
Baseline Environmental Issues Currently Affecting RWSS in Punjab
a) Water Availability
Shallow groundwater has traditionally been the major source of water for drinking,irrigation and industrial uses in Punjab. Owing to large-scale extraction ofgroundwater for irrigation, combined with increasing demands in other sectors dueto population and industrial growth, the shallow aquifers in large parts of Punjab are
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in the state of over-exploitation, resulting in a significant ongoing decline ingroundwater levels. For a large number of rural households which are not coveredby public water schemes and which are dependent on private sources like theshallow hand-pumps or tube-wells, the declining groundwater levels have adverselyaffected the water supply.
Although about 80% of DWSS schemes in Punjab are based on groundwater supply,the water is sourced from the deep aquifer layers, ranging in depth from 250-1100 ft.This water supply for drinking water from the deep aquifer is considered abundantfrom the perspective of ensuring long-term source sustainability. About 20% of thewater supply schemes in Punjab are based on canal-water supply, and in some casesthe water supply is adversely affected during the periods of canal maintenanceshutdown.
b) Water Quality
Canal water quality
In general, the water quality concerns in the river waters of Punjab are the disposalof untreated municipal and industrial discharges, as well as drainage of agriculturalreturn flows. The problems are more acute in the locations and during the periodswhen the flow in the receiving watercourse is not sufficient to cause acceptabledilution of the discharged effluents. The major canal networks of Punjab are keptrelatively free of industrial or municipal discharges, and the irrigation drainage flowsare also seldom routed into the canal system. The water quality in the main canals istherefore expected to be better than the river courses, except in the upper reaches ofrivers where the pollutant loadings are minimal.
Ground water quality
The shallow groundwater quality in many parts of Punjab is poor owing to naturalpresence of salinity and fluoride at concentrations exceeding the permissible levelsfor drinking water use. In addition, the quality of shallow groundwater may alsoindicate bacteriological or chemical contamination due to inadequate treatment anddisposal of sullage, effluent from septic tanks or industrial discharges. According toDWSS estimates, about 54% of the total 12,267 villages in Punjab suffer from poorwater quality conditions. Specifically:
* Salinity is a significant problem in districts of Bathinda, Sangrur, Faridkot,Ferozepur, Mansa, Moga and Muktsar.
* Prevalence of fluoride in groundwater is indicated in Ludhiana, Faridkot,Sangrur, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Ferozepur and Patiala.
* In addition, isolated pockets of Ludhiana and Bathinda have been reported tohave presence of heavy metals and pesticides, respectively, in shallowgroundwater.
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Due to its higher depth and relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallowaquifer, deep groundwater is expected to be free from the presence ofbacteriological/ chemical contaminants.
c) Environmental Sanitation
49% of the rural households in Punjab have sanitation coverage, and the mainfactors affecting the status of sanitation in the villages are the following:
* Wastewater generated by the households, including the wastewater from cattle-sheds, flows into open surface drains leading to stagnation in the lanes and by-lanes
* Without adequate arrangements for treatment and disposal, the wastewater oftenseeps into hand pumps, open dug wells and pipelines, and the water quality ofthe village ponds has deteriorated leading to loss of productive uses andcontamination of the shallow aquifer.
* Incidences have been reported of effluent overflowing from the septic tanks andfinding its way to the village drains.
* The presence of stagnant water in the villages is linked to the incidence ofmalaria and other vector-borne diseases.
* Due to a combination of poor environmental sanitation and poor personalhygiene, diahorreal diseases, skin diseases, hook worm infestation, viralHepatitis-A and typhoid cases have been commonly reported in the rural areas.
Environmental Management
The project-sponsored interventions are expected to bring about public health andenvironmental benefits, by improving delivery and quality of RWSS services. Thespecific measures to address the above environmental issues include the following:
1. Source selection will be conducted with due regard to ensure year-round adequacyof water supply and long-term sustainability of the resource. More specifically:
* The current DWSS design practice ensures that water supply for ground waterbased schemes is sourced from deep aquifer, with depth ranging from 250-1100feet. The EA study, supplemented by inputs from regional groundwater experts,indicates that the current and expected future drinking water extractions from thedeep aquifer are small compared to their estimated sustainable yield, andtherefore source sustainability for deep groundwater-based schemes is ensured.
* In areas where deep aquifers are saline, canal-based schemes will be/ are beingimplemented, if adequate year-round supply can be guaranteed through storageor other measures.
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* During acute summer season, due to canal closure, it is proposed to augment thesource and supply at 10 lpcd to consumer by treating ground water through R.O./De-flouridation plants.
* Furthermore, in order to ensure that there are no local-level "well-to-well" cross-boundary groundwater impacts, it will be ensured that no bore-wells will beinstalled within 1 km of the line demarcating the international border between India andPakistan.
2. The siting, planning, design, and operation of the schemes will ensure that sourceselection is conducted with due regard to water quality of the source, and that waterquality at household delivery level meets the drinking water norms. Morespecifically:
* Due to its higher depth and relative hydrogeological isolation from the shallowaquifer, deep groundwater is expected to be free from the presence ofbacteriological/chemical contaminants. Conventional water quality parametersfor DWSS's deep groundwater-based schemes indicate acceptable water qualityfor drinking purposes.
* However, in view of the traditional emphasis on shallow groundwater qualityand due to emerging concerns regarding possible presence of industrial oragricultural chemicals in some locations, the project will commence and supporta systematic assessment of deep groundwater quality in the state. The waterquality testing for source selection of water supply schemes will include testingfor pesticides and heavy metals at the source selection stage. However, in viewof the prohibitive costs of testing for the presence of these contaminants, aphased approach will be adopted which will be based on an initial sampling ofdeep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state. For first-yearimplementation, water quality testing for these industrial and agriculturalchemical contaminants will be conducted for selected source in the first tenschemes in each district of the state, and the approach for further testing will becalibrated on the basis of the test results obtained. The sampling study for thepresence of these pollutants in deep groundwater would be integrated as a part ofthe project-supported initiative on building a database on water quantity andquality of deep aquifers in the state.
* Effective, regular and improved disinfection, as well as preventive and correctivemaintenance of water distribution systems will be ensured.
* A protocol for regular water quality testing and control has been developed,which will be implemented through the operations phase of the water supplyschemes.
3. The project will support interventions on environmental sanitation to ensure that thebenefits of improved water supply are not compromised by poor personal hygienestandards, and inadequate drainage, sullage/wastewater treatment and disposal. Morespecifically:
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* The project will support sustained IEC campaign to create and enhanceawareness on hygiene aspects pertaining to hand-washing, safe water collection,storage and handling practices.
* The project will support, on participatory basis, drainage improvement schemesfor improving sullage drainage, addressing effluent overflow from septic tanksinto village drains, installing small-bore sewerage and undertaking pondsrehabilitation.
In addition, the EMF will prescribe measures to ensure that:
* The temporary adverse environmental impacts associated with construction-stage activities are systematically addressed in the project-sponsored schemes.
* Appropriate environmental monitoring indicators are integrated in the overallproject M&E systems.
* Adequate resources are provided for environmental awareness and capacitybuilding in village communities, Gram Panchayats and DWSS staff.
* Adequate resources are provided for a thorough assessment of the wateravailability and quality in deep aquifers and canals.
5.2 Environmental Management Framework
5.2.1 Key Elements of the EMF
The key elements of the EMF as applied to a project-sponsored scheme are thefollowing:
1. Collection of basic environmental data: In order to address the environmentalaspects of water supply or drainage improvement interventions, the EMF requiresthat basic environmental data pertaining to the proposed scheme be compiled at thefield data collection stage. For this purpose, a simple Enviromnental Data Sheet hasbeen formulated, which would include information such as source water qualitytest results for WS Schemes; sullage conveyance, treatment, disposal or utilizationinformation for drainage schemes, etc.
Water Quality Testing
a) Water quality testing of supply source is mandatory.b) In addition to testing for the conventional water quality parameters, the water
quality testing for source selection must also include testing for certaincommon industrial and agricultural chemical contaminants.
c) In view of the prohibitive cost, the testing for these contaminants will be
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carried out on a sample basis, using a scientific and phased approach based on aninitial sampling of deep groundwater and canal waters in all districts of the state.
d) For first-year implementation, water quality testing for these industrial andagricultural chemical contaminants will be conducted for selected source in thefirst ten schemes in each district of the state, and the approach for furthertesting will be calibrated on the basis of the test results obtained.
e) The sampling study for the presence of these pollutants in deep groundwaterwould be integrated as a part of the project-supported initiative on building adatabase on water availability and quality of deep aquifers in the state.
2. Environmental Classification of Schemes: The DSR for Water supply or drainageschemes should be accompanied by the Environmental Data Sheet supported with adetailed note, if any on items listed in the data sheet. At the DSR preparation stage,the available environmental information will be evaluated, and based on the levelof expected environmental and public health impacts, the proposed scheme wouldbe classified as either Category I (basic) or Category II (independent environmentalappraisal required). Note that only water supply schemes can be classified asCategory II, if the scheme satisfies specific criteria pertaining to the presence ofindustrial or agricultural chemical contaminants in the water supply source, asdescribed below. Furthermore, preparation of DSR for drainage schemes mustinclude measures for pond rehabilitation, or appropriate treatment/disposal/utilization of treated effluent. The DSR for any drainage scheme that does notinclude sufficient measures for the above shall be considered incomplete andunacceptable.
Criteria for Classification of Water Supply Schemes as Category II
All water supply schemes shall be considered Category I unless the followingapplies:
* If the water quality at the source (which has been identified according to theusual DWSS practice/ convention for that region) is unacceptable due tocontamination with a pollutant for which DWSS does not have an acceptedtreatment solution, and consequently the source selection necessarily involvestrade-offs in terms of technology options, costs, user acceptability andenvironmental impacts. Under such situations the preparation of DSR wouldrequire expert inputs, which can be provided through appropriate district/ statelevel resource agencies for Category II schemes.
* For example, in the southern districts of the state DWSS schemes are often basedon surface water due to high TDS and Fluoride in ground water. However, if thesurface water source is found to be contaminated with pesticides or other toxicindustrial pollutants which cannot be treated through conventional methods andwhere consequently other options (like remote supply source, or groundwatersource combined with RO treatment) need to be considered, resulting inimplications for cost, user acceptability and environmental impacts like disposal
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of rejects from RO plants. Such a scheme would fall under Category II. Similarlya groundwater-based scheme will be classified as Category II if the water qualitytesting for deep groundwater source indicates unacceptable levels of pesticidesor heavy metals.
3. Environmental Appraisal and Approval: For all category I schemes, there shall beno separate environment appraisal but the environment aspects shall be included inthe normal appraisal and evaluation process for the proposed scheme, based on theEnvironmental Data Sheet included in the DSR. For category II schemes, anindependent environmental appraisal of the proposed scheme is required, whichwill include evaluation of environmental and public health impacts, risk assessmentif needed, and design of mitigation measures by the environmental expert of thedistrict level facilitating unit. In extreme cases, where the district level resourcesare not sufficient for conducting the environmental appraisal and designing theappropriate mitigation measures, support from state level environmental resourceagency may be requested. The environmental appraisal for category II WaterSupply scheme shall not take more than 30 days.
4. Environmental Compliance Monitoring during Implementation and O&M phases:
The EMF will ensure that:
a) The prescribed environmental mitigation measures (including construction stagemeasures) are adequately implemented. The list of construction stage impactsand possible mitigation measures is provided in Annexure 18.
b) Supervision, monitoring and evaluation of water quality and environmentalindicators is conducted, as a part of the overall project monitoring program
c) IEC activities are undertaken for awareness raising and sensitization regardingpersonal and public hygiene, environmental sanitation, and water conservation,as an integrated component of the project IEC activities.
5.2.2 Application of EMF Activities in the Scheme-cycle
In order to mainstream environmental management and to ensure that the EMF issystematically implemented for all the project-sponsored schemes, the EMF needs tobe integrated in the scheme cycle. The following provides a sequential overview of thevarious steps in the planning, design and implementation phases of the proposedscheme cycle for the project-sponsored schemes. The responsibilities are indicated inparentheses against the respective tasks. The integrated EMF activities that need to beimplemented at various stages are highlighted and italicized:
1. IEC and mobilization activities, leading to formation of Gram Panchayat Waterand Sanitation Committee (GPWSC) [Support organizations (SO), led by
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JE/DWSS]2. Preparation of Situation Analysis Report [JE/ DWSS and GPWSC]3. Preparation of rough cost estimate [JE/DWSS and GPWSC]4. Community consultations on above [GPWSC, with assistance of SO and JE/
DWSS]5. Field data collection for design of scheme [JE/DWSS] (Completion oJ
Environimernd Dtu 50 .6. Preparation of DSR for scheme [EE/DWSS] (EnvironmentaL. Classification of
Scheme).7. Administrative approval for scheme [EE for rehabilitation schemes/small
schemes up to Rs. 2 Lacs; otherwise SE or CE/DWSS]8. Technical approval [SE or CE/DWSS] (Envrronmental. Appraisal and
Evaluaiion).9. Preparation, approval and issue of Detailed Notice inviting tender/ bid documents
[GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes]Descr3pSon-( ron: (including those forconstntu pti ion tegherIlB idocd ents.
10. Award of contracts [GPWSC for single-village schemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes]
11. Release of funds (lSt instalment of 75%) [SE/DWSS to GPWSC for single-villageschemes; SWSM to EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes].
12. Release of funds to contractor, in 3 instalments [GPWSC for single-villageschemes; EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes].
13. Release of funds (2nd instalment of 25%) [SE/DWSS to GPWSC for single-village schemes; SWSM to EE/DWSS for multi-village schemes].
14. Implementation Completion Report [GPWSC for single-village schemes;EE D\\'SS tor nmLlti-%illaoe sclienes. %%ith inputs froi] conLracors] The 1CRneeds .to:4 4 g,aoe-crficat o d.;.designed,, environmentalmitigation-imeasures {iv,ciw ing:;,ponstruction stage measures)- were implemented.
15. Operation and Maintenance Phase [GPWSC for single-village schemes;EE D\VSS t;r niulIi-\1 i aIge sclieiiies] Water qualit -andsewage treatment plantmonitoring as perjp6r taco;. X, 'oi,0persorioal and public hygiene, environmentalsanitation,- and w`ater consern?dhon.
The following Table 5.1 summarizes the application of the EMF to the scheme-cycle,indicating the EMF activities, and corresponding objectives, processes, responsibilitiesand decision results. It is also presented as a flow diagram in Figure 5.1.
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Fig.5.1: Process Flow Scheme for EMF Activities in the scheme cvcle
Process Activity EMF Actity Responsibilityfor EMF activity
IEC and mobilization activities,leading to formation of GPWSC
Preparation of Situation AnalysisReport
Preparation of rough cost estimate
Communitv consultations on above
Field data collection for design of Completion ofFedtchllemtre oEnvironmental Data Sheet JE/DWSS,chemeI.,--
Preparation of DSR for scheme EnvironmentalClassification of SchemeE/WS
Administrative approval for
l Environmental Appraisal SPMC/Prog. DirecTechicalappovalC=> and Evaluation-
Preparation, approval and issue ofDetailed Notice inviting tender/ bid Description of GPWSC for single-
documents ~~enviromnmental mitigation vlaeshmsdcmnsmeasures (including those illDWSS foremulti
Award of contracts tender/ bid for construction stage) iS village schemesdocuments document
Release of funds (I15 instalment of75%)
The ICR needs to includeRelease of funds to contractor, n the compliance certificate
it e that designed GPWSC for single-d environmental mitigation village schemes;
Release of funds (2nd instalment of measures (including EE/DWSS for multi-25=/ construction stage village schemes,
measures) were with inputs fromImplementation Completion Report imnlemented contractors
n 0 ~Water quality and sewage )
treatment plant monitoring State Programas per protocol; IEC on Specialist, withpers onal and public assistance from
h Operation and Maintenance Phase n environental sState level ex
conservation
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Table 5.1: Environmental Management FrameworkPhase EMF Activity Objectives Process Responsibility Result
Environmental To collect basic Discuss scheme with SO, with EnvironmentalData Sheet information on community and identify assistance of data sheet
environmental environmental issues of JE/DWSS furnished, andaspects of the concem attached to DSR.proposedscheme. Complete Environmental Data JE/DWSS
sheet, with supplementary notesif required.
Environmental To ensure that Evaluate all the available EE/DWSS SchemeClassification of schemes with information on environmental classified asScheme potentially aspects as provided in the Category I
significant Environmental Data Sheet, and (basic) orenvironmental based on the level of expected Category IIor public health environmental and public (independentissues are health impacts, assess whether environmentalidentified at an the proposed scheme is appraisalearly stage, for Category I (basic) or Category required)independent II (independent environmentalenvironmental appraisal required). Note thatappraisal only water supply schemes can
be classified as Category II, ifthe certain specified criteria aremet.
Environmental To ensure that For category I schemes, there District EnvironmentalAppraisal and relevant shall be no separate Program appraisal andApproval environmental environment appraisal but the Specialist/ approval of
issues have been environment aspects shall be DPMC, with proposedidentified and included in the normal assistance of scheme, withappropriate appraisal and evaluation District-level decision to (i)mitigation process for the proposed Technical accept schememeasures have scheme, based on the expert as submitted, orbeen designed to Environmental Data Sheet (ii) acceptaddress them. included in the DSR. scheme with
For category II schemes, an modificationsindependent environmental suggested in theappraisal of the proposed environmentalscheme is required, including appraisal.evaluation of environmentaland public health impacts, riskassessment if needed, anddesign of mitigation measures.
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To ensure that Technical Approval for the Programme Technicalmitigation scheme will not be accorded Director approval formeasures and without Environmental scheme withtheir costs are Clearance from SPMC environmentalintegrated in mitigationscheme design measures andand accordingly itsimplementation costs areplans. integrated in
scheme designandimplementationplans.
Implementation of To ensure that Implementation Completion GPWSC for ICR withEnvironmental the prescribed Report (ICR) for scheme will single-village environmentalmitigation environmental need to include compliance schemes; compliance
. measures mitigation certificate that all prescribed EEIDWSS for informationF measures environmental mitigation multi-village
(including measures (including schemesa construction construction stage) have been
stage) are implemented.implemented
* Environmental To ensure that * Water Quality State Program Periodicsupervision, environmental monitoring will be Specialist with environmentalmonitoring, aspects are conducted as per assistance from monitoringand evaluation integrated in the project water quality State-level reports
* IEC and O&M phase monitoring protocol Technicalcapacity * IEC on (i) need for Expert
d building on drainage (IntegratedO hygiene and improvement/ sullage with project
environmental treatment in villages, protocol onhealth issues (ii) personal and water quality
public hygiene, and monitoring and(iii) need for water project IEC)conservation.
Template for Environmental Data sheet to be prepared for each scheme during pre-planning/planning phase is presented in Table 5.2.
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Table 5.2: Environmental Data Sheet for Individual/ multi village water supplyand sanitation schemes
GeneralName of the District Gram PanchayatName of Block Village / Habitation
A-Water Supply
1. Type of scheme Augmentation/New Scheme
2. Proposed source of water supply Ground water / Surface water
3. If Surface source, indicate the nature of source Canal / Tank / Lake / River / other
4. Has the source water quality been assessed? Yes / No
(Write a note). If Yes, attach a copy of testreport
5. Please tick ( ) as appropriate the nature of quality problem, if any, based on the water quality testing at the selected
sourceL Fluoride ° Iron ° Heavy metals
L Bacteriological [1 Total dissolved Solids (TDS) ° PesticidesLi Nitrates C1 No problem ° Any other
6. Is there potential risk of contamination of source due to industrial contaminants, Yes / No
human waste discharge, solid waste dumping, use of agro chemicals (Fertilisers,pesticides etc?)6.1 If yes, whether appropriate preventive/ corrective actions taken? (Write a note) Yes / No
7. Is the proposed project likely to affect any natural habitats/cultural properties? Yes / No
7.1 If yes, whether appropriate safeguards are proposed? (Write note) Yes / No
8. Is the proposed project likely to infringe on the rights of the local people, including Yes / No
traditional land water rights?8.1 If yes, whether appropriate mitigation measures have been proposed? (Write Note) Yes / No
9. Does the proposed project involve provision of any borewell within 1 km of Yes / No
international border between India and Pakistan?
9.1 If yes, the project cannot be sanctioned.
Water Treatment9. If Canal source, indicate the Treatment Li Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Li Rapid Sand Filter (RSF)
Technology proposed. Li Package Treatment Plant Li Any other method
10. If ground water, indicate the Treatment Li R 0 Plant Li Deflouridation Plant (D F)
Technology proposed. LI Iron removal plant Li Any other method.
11. Has provision been made for chlorination of the supplies to have a minimum Yes / Noresidual dose of 0.2 mg/l at the tail end of distribution system?B-Environmental sanitation1. Sullage drainage System Small bore sewer/ Open
drain
(a) Method of treatment; Li Stabilisation pond Li Aerated LagoonL Duck weed pond LI Any other
(b) Method of Utilisation of Effluent L Irrigation Li Agro forestry.Li Aqua Culture Li Any other method
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C-Anticipated Environmental Issues and Mitigation Measures during im lementationIssue Mitigation measure
Water availabilityWater qualitySanitationConstructionDisposal of construction wastes
D- Summary of public consultations for finalising mitigation measuresSignature and Date
Prepared by EE
Approved by CE (for Category II schemes)
5.2.3 Environmental Supervision, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan
The implementation of water supply and sanitation schemes is likely to result intovarying level of environmental impacts that would require supervision and monitoring.The environmental monitoring and supervision will be undertaken to:
* Ensure that mitigation measures have actually been adopted, and are provingeffective in practice
* Provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the timeof preparation of this EA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to providea basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures
* Provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and theeffectiveness of mitigation measures which, through a feedback mechanism, canimprove the planning and execution of future similar projects.
This will be under the overall responsibility of the Programme Director, with inputs andassistance from the State and District Technical Environment Specialists. The technicalspecialists will work in close coordination with the project monitoring and evaluationteam. There would also be periodic monitoring and supervision by the World Bank, toensure compliance with the respective safeguard policies. The Table below outlines aset of monitonrng indicators, which have been integrated into the overall projectsupervision, monitoring and evaluation processes.
At village level, basic water quality monitoring would be done by the GPWSC, throughthe use of water quality monitoring kits. For multi-village schemes, the monitoring ofwater quality at water works will remain the responsibility of DWSS field staff. Thedetails of the project water quality monitoring protocol are provided in Annexure 19.
The following Table 5.3 summarises the monitoring and supervision plan.
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1. Water Access to safe drinking water State M&EAvailability supply of a minimum of Specialist
70 lpcd to the targetcommunities (included inproject - wide M&E)
2. Water Quality Regular DWSS water quality GPWSC/testing (included in project- Districtwide M&E) Technical
SpecialistIndependent water quality Independentsurveillance consultant to
be appointedby StateM&ESpecialist.
3 Sanitation Increased access of State M&Ehousehold to common Specialistsewerage/ sanitation system.
5.3 Implementation Arrangements for Environmental Management
5.3.1 Proposed Project Institutional Structure
Considering the fact that the proposed programme will adopt a sector wide approachwhere irrespective of funding sources the GoP will adopt uniform principles andguidelines for implementing all activities in the rural water supply and sanitation sectorstatewide. The Government of Punjab propose to strengthen the existing DWSS tomanage and monitor all the programmes in the rural water supply and sanitation sectorunder the new approach.
In order to give the necessary thrust and coordination for the new reform approach, aState Water and Sanitation Mission will be constituted at the state level with ChiefSecretary as Chairman. The DWSS will redefine its role from the current builder of ruralwater supply infrastructure and provider of services to that of a partner, facilitator andguide for improving the overall rural water supply and sanitation service delivery. TheDWSS will hence forth undertake the following roles:
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i. Overall RWSS programme management for improved and sustainable rural watersupply and sanitation services in Punjab including Information Education andCommunication (IEC) and monitoring and evaluation of activities outcomes andimpacts.
ii. Development and management of common infrastructure of Multi Village watersupply with improved financial and operational performance.
iii. Planning and construction of community sanitation schemes with activeparticipation of user groups.
iv. Arranging social, technical, management and capacity building support to the GPs,community based organisations and user groups for all Single Village schemes andintra-village rural water supply schemes and services
The existing DWSS structure will be remodelled to create two independent channelswithin and under the overall supervision, guidance and monitoring of Minister andPrincipal Secretary, DWSS, namely "Programme Facilitation and Monitoring Wing"and "Operations Wing".
Programme Facilitation and Monitoring Wing will consists of a vertical chain of newstructures one each at State, District and Village level. This wing will be responsible forpolicy formulation, approving annual plans and funding, triggering programmeimplementation, arranging state level IEC and M&E. The new set-up consists of Statewater and sanitation Programme Management Cell (SPMC) at the state level, Districtwater and sanitation Programme Management Cell (DPMC) at district level and GPs inpartnership with a an inclusive and accountable community based organisation of users -the Gram Panchayat Water Sanitation Committee (GPWSC).
The Operations Wing will be largely the current DWSS set-up with Regional ChiefEngineers and existing offices of Circles, Divisions and Sub-Divisions. The OperationsWing will be responsible for programme implementation at the field level.
The proposed PRWSSP is expected to be implemented through a multi-tier institutionalstructure, as briefly described below. The overall institutional arrangement showing theinter linkages of State; District and Village level is given in Figure 5.2.
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- Technical andKey Roles of GPWSC Sub Committee of GP (Sec.25) Financial support
Planning, Construction and 0 & - CommunityM of SV schemes (all intra village Mobilisatonworks of MV schemes) Role of GS/ Users supportTender approval and awarding - Select GPWSC members Sanitation and
Gcontracts up to Rs.301akhs for SV ram Sabhal Users - Community Contribution hygieneschemes - User Charges Promotion
DWSS- Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, GPWSC- Gram Panchayat Water and Sanitation Committee JE- Junior Engineer, MV- Multi VillageO&M- Operation and Maintenance, SO- Support Organisation, SV- Single Vi llage, VST- Village Support Team
- Over all Program Planning & Chief Engineer - Head Regional OperationsMgt. CifEgne
- Fund Flow Management - Lead District level Programme Management,SPMC - Capacity Building, IEC Superintending - Head District Operations
- Quality Control, M & E, EngineerReporting
- District level Program - Divisional level OperationsPlanning & Mgt - Planning, Construction and O&M of MV
DPMC - Achieving Dev. Objective. Executive Engineer schemes common facilities- Fund Flow Management - Integrated Engineering & software support to- Capacity Building, IEC GPWSC for SV schemes, intra village facilities- Quality Control, M & E SDEs/JE - Same as that of EE but in their own
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State-level Institutional Structure:
At the state level the State Water and Sanitation Mission chaired by Chief Secretarywill undertake state level coordination and overall monitoring of the programme. Thecomposition of SWSM will be as follows:
* Chief Secretary, Chairman* Secretary Deptt. Of Finance,* Secretary Deptt. Of Rural Development,* Secretary Deptt. Of Power,* Secretary Deptt. Of irrigation,* Secretary Deptt. Of Planning.* Secretary Deptt. Of Education.* Secretary Deptt. Of Health.• 3 experts in the field of Water Supply and Sanitation sector* The Principal Secretary, DWSS -Member Secretary
The Principal Secretary, DWSS will be the member Secretary of the State Water andSanitation Mission. The Principal Secretary will be assisted by a Programme Directorand three Chief Engineers. The Programme Director will be assisted by a Multidisciplinary team of experts organised into State Programme Management Cell. TheSPMC will be part of Programme Facilitation and Monitoring Wing and the ChiefEngineers will be part of the Operations Wing at the state level.
The Organisational Structure of SPMC - The SPMC will be the facilitating andtriggering arm of the DWSS and will work in co-ordination with the Operational Wing.
The Programme Director will be assisted by a Senior Programme Specialist and willjointly lead the facilitation functions. The different functional units will have multidisciplinary team of experts who will be responsible for spearheading the state levelfacilitation activities in respect of the different functional areas. The experts are drawnfrom DWSS staff as additional posts, taken on deputation from other departments,appointed on contract basis and outsourced to management / community participationconsultancies.
The functional units will be provided with logistic, ministerial, secretarial and otheradministrative support by deploying a team of support staff headed by an OfficeManager. The support staff will be mainly appointed on contract basis.
The key responsibilities of SPMC are:
• Overall programme planning and management* Be responsible for achieving the development objectives of the programme* Setting up and guiding the functioning of the District Project Management Cell• Consolidating annual work plans
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* Consolidating periodic progress reports* Liaison with Government of India, World Bank, other agencies* Financial management and audit* HRD including Hiring of specialists* Fund flow management and fund releases* State-level IEC campaigns* Procurement of goods, works and services at SPMC level and guiding DPMC and
GPWSCs on procurement guidelines* Overseeing implementation of Environmental Management Framework* Knowledge Management* Water Resources planning and management* Monitoring, Learning, impact evaluations and MIS* Informing Executive Committee the key activities of the Unit* Controlling quality of works /Processes
The Programme Director - will be appointed by Government of Punjab for aminimum tenure of three years, who will lead the programme implementation in thestate for both facilitation and operations wings. Persons who have worked in the rank ofChief Engineers having considerable technical experience and capacity in leading thestate level programme will be appointed as Programme Director.
The key roles and responsibilities of the Programme Director SPMC are:
* Be responsible for the day to day administration of the SPMC* Guide, lead and review the performance of experts and specialists of the SPMC
including those provided by State Management Support Consultants and CommunityParticipation Support Consultants
* Co-ordination with state level stakeholders and liaison with World Bank, Govt. ofIndia
* Be responsible for the achievement of overall programme targets* Guide and mentor the DPMC heads and solve operational problems• Achieving convergence of the activities of the SPMC with operation unit* Be responsible for ensuring transparency in all programme activities
The Senior Programme Specialist will be appointed by GOP for a minimum tenure of3 years. Persons who have served as Superintending Engineers having good technicalexperience and leadership qualities will be appointed as Senior Programme Specialist.The key responsibilities are:
* Be responsible for the co-ordination and management of all the units and staff of theSPMC
* Assist the Programme Director of SPMC in overseeing, guiding and implementingprogramme activities
* Coordinate the activities of DPMC* Be responsible for the achievement of annual targets set for the Programme* Consolidating District Plans into State Plans and budgets
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The Senior Programme Specialist will have three units for carrying out the programmeimplementation. These are:
* Technical Unit* Communication and Capacity Development Unit (CCDU) and* Procurement Unit
The Technical Unit will have expertise in water supply, sanitation and drainage, waterquality and environment monitoring and operations management. The technical unit willbe headed by an Executive Engineer and assisted by two Sub-Divisional Engineers.They will be in-charge of developing and issuing guidelines on all technical relatedmatters and will not have any role in actual designing or implementation of schemes,which are the responsibilities of operations wing. In addition the technical unit will beresponsible for triggering all district and village level activities. The key responsibilitiesof the Technical Unit are:
i. Guiding and capacity building of DPMC in preparing technical programmes in thedistrict plans.
ii. Developing and communicating guidelines and technical manuals covering allaspects of water supply, sanitation and drainage, water quality monitoring, waterresources and environment management etc.
iii. Organising capacity building activities relating to technical aspects.iv. Coordinating the activities of the district units so that the technical objectives of the
annual state plans are achievedv. Triggering the scheme cycle activities in the villages and preparatory and supportive
activities at the district level.vi. Monitoring the signing of MOUs between the DPMC, GP and GPWSC and its
implementationvii. Monitoring the implementation of the DSRs for completion of the technical
milestonesviii. Implementation of Environment Management Framework (EMF) including
recruitment of and co-ordination with State Level Environment Agencyix. Developing guidelines and monitoring implementation of PSP contracts for O&Mx. Identifying operational issues and bring to the notice of Programme Director SPMC
The Communication and Capacity Development Unit will supplement the SPMCwith soft skills like, participatory skills, capacity building support, IEC etc. The unit willbe headed by an Executive Engineer and will have one HRD Specialist, one IECSpecialist and a Community Mobilization Specialist. These experts will be outsourcedthrough the Community Participation Consultants. The key responsibilities of theCommunity Participation Unit are:
i. Develop and guide implementation of social mobilization, communication,community participation and village level capacity building activities
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ii. Identifying and assisting the contracting of Regional Support Organizationsiii. Orienting, co-ordinating and monitoring the activities of the Regional Support
Organizationsiv. Implement State Level IEC activitiesv. Assist Programme Director in selecting, contracting and managing support
organisationsvi. Human Resource Development activitiesvii. Develop and implement strategies for gender mainstreamingviii. Develop and advise mechanisms for inclusion of women, scheduled castes and
poor in decision making and other activities of the GPWSCix. Arrange for capacity building of DPMC and Operations Wing on participatory
techniques
Procurement Unit will be set up to institutionalise transparent procurement processesfor programme implementation. The Procurement Unit will be headed by ExecutiveEngineer who will be assisted by a Sub Divisional Engineer. The Procurement Unit willalso have a Procurement Specialist having experience in World Bank procurementsystem and will be outsourced through the State Management Support Consultants. Thekey responsibilities of the Procurement Unit are:
i. Prepare Procurement Plans and undertake all the procurement functions at thestate level
ii. Guide procurement activities at the DPMC leveliii. Periodically update Procurement Manual and arrange for capacity building on
procurement aspectsiv. Guide preparation of procurement plan at the DPMC levelv. Ensure transparency in all procurement activities of the Programme
The Finance and Administration Unit will be headed by a Controller of Financedeputed by the Finance Department of GoP. He will be assisted by Finance Managerwho will be appointed on contract basis. The Controller of Finance will be an expert inthe Government systems and procedures of fund management. The Finance Managerwill supplement the Controller of Finance with expertise in modem accounting systems,computerisation of accounts and reports generation etc. They will be assisted by twoAccounts Assistants. The key responsibilities of the Finance Unit are:
i. Guide DPMCs in preparing annual plans and budgets
ii. Consolidate the state level annual programme budgets from the district plansiii. Consolidate periodic reimbursement claims from all DPMCs and submit to GoP/
Gol/ World/ Bankiv. Liase with GoP for timely release of fundsv. Release funds to DPMCs in accordance with approved district plans
vi. Prepare and submit periodic financial management reports, annual financialstatements etc.
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vii. Disbursement of salaries and other allowances to staff, payment to Consultancies,Service Agencies etc.
viii. Be responsible for auditing of DPMCs and monitor auditing of GPWSCix. Design and guide implementation of social accountability and transparency
framework
For carrying out the administrative support activity, an Office Manager assisted by othersupporting staff will be deployed by appointment on contract basis.
Monitoring and Evaluation Unit will be headed by a Senior Monitoring Specialistwho will be Superintending Engineer rank person and will be assisted by a SubDivisional Engineer from DWSS. The M&E Unit will also have an MIS/IT Specialistwho will be will be outsourced through the State Management Support Consultants.The key responsibilities of the Monitoring and Evaluation Unit are:
i. Designing and implementing monitoring systemii. Designing and implementing Knowledge Management activities.ill. Assisting Programme Director in impact and other evaluation studiesiv. Designing and implementing MISv. Assisting Programme Director in progress reportingvi. Undertaking process documentation activitiesvii. Designing, implementing and updating a website for the Punjab RWS Sector
Operations Wing: The Operations Wing will be responsible for providingcomprehensively by both software and engineering, support to the GP/GPWSC for allSingle Village and intra village schemes and works. In addition the Operations Wingwill be responsible for implementing and managing common infrastructure of MultiVillage schemes.
The three Regional Chief Engineer will continue to perform their operations,responsibilities in their respective areas of operations. The Programme Director will actas a coordinator for the Chief Engineers and will undertake all liaison functions withGovernment, World Bank and other external agencies.
State Management Support Consultants (SMSC) - The engineering skills of theSPMC will be augmented with additional skills required for implementing theprogrammatic reform approach in Water Supply and Sanitation sector in the state.A professional management-consulting firm will be hired to outsource HRD, IEC,community mobilization, media related, M&E and other management and skill supportservices to the SPMC. The objectives of engaging the SMSC are:
To deploy experienced personnel in the procurement, M&E and othermanagement support skills to assist the SPMCAssist Programme Director in undertaking monitoring of project implementationand consolidation of key learning from project implementation
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* Developing and implementing a computerised system for modernising theaccounting system of DWSS to suit the needs and requirements of the new sectorprogram
* Developing and implementing a MIS including financial management informationand training SPMC, DPMC and Operations Wing oni the system
* Assist the SPMC in revising and updating Procurement Manual, FinancialManagement Manual etc. on an annual basis incorporating lessons fromimplementation
* To undertake process monitoring of implementation and notify SPMC on key gapsin the processes and learning from the implementation experience
* To support Programme Director in developing and guiding implementation ofcapacity building and action plan, IEC and development communication, strategyand action plan
* Build the capacity of and co-ordinate the activities of regional / umbrella NGOs* Build capacity of DWSS staff in participatory tools and techniques* To undertake all media relations activities including preparation of mass media
communication tools like, press releases, brochures, pamphlets etc.
District-level Institutional Structure:
The district level arrangement consists of establishing District Water SanitationCommittee and a District Programme Management Cell.
The District Water Sanitation Committee consists of the following members:
* Chairperson, Zila Parishad - Chairman* District Programme Director, DPMC - Member* Deputy Commissioner or his representative not below the rank of Additional Deputy
Commissioner, (Development) - Member* One representative from the Zila Parishad- Member• Two representatives from Panchayat Samiti - Members* Two representatives from Gram Panchayats - Members* Central Ground Water Board Representative- Member• District Health Officer - Member* District Education Officer- Member• Executive Engineer, Punjab State Electricity Board (concerned with RWSS) -
Member* District Development and Panchayat Officer - Member* Executive Engineers of the Operation Wing, RWSS - Members* One NGO representative who are working in Water and Sanitation Sector* District Programme Specialist, DPMC - Convenor
Special Invitees
MPs in the District
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MLAs in the District
The Panchayat Samiti members and GP members will be elected by the Zilla Parishad.
The District Water Sanitation Committee will have the following responsibilities:
* Selection of villages for programme implementation* Approval of District Annual Plans* Provide an enabling environment including co-ordination with other district level
agencies for the implementation of sector programme and achievement of sectorobjectives
The Organisational Structure of DPMC - will be responsible for carrying out thefacilitation functions at the district level including building capacity of the OperationsWing. Organisationally the DPMC will be the counterpart unit of the SPMC at Districtlevel. The Superintending Engineers will be heading the DPMCs. Since there are 11circles in the state and 19 districts, some of the Superintending Engineers will headDPMCs in more than one district. The Superintending Engineers will be assisted intheir activities by a District Programme Specialist, who will be an Executive Engineer.
The key roles of the DPMC are:
* District level programme planning and management* Be responsible for achieving programme development objectives at the district level* Consolidating District annual work plans* Compiling District progress reports* Fund Management and Release to GPWSCs* Financial management and audit* District level communication campaigns* Procurement of goods, works and services at DPMC level* Guiding and building capacity of GPWSC on procurement aspects* Establishment and guidance to GPWSC• Monitoring, Learning, Evaluations and MIS• Implementation of Capacity building action plan* Implementation of environmental management framework* Assuring Process Quality* Empanelling NGO/NGI for support to GPWSC
District Programme Director DPMC - The District Programme Director will havedual responsibility of leading the facilitation functions as well as operational functions.The key roles and responsibilities of District Programme Director are:
* Be responsible for the day-to-day administration of DPMC.* Oversee the facilitation functions being carried out by the DPMC, District Project
Management Consultants
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* Be responsible for ensuring transparency in all procurement and financial relatedaspects
* Redress complaints and conflicts in implementation* Convergence of facilitation and operations functions
District Programme Specialist - The District Program Director will be assisted by aDistrict Programme Specialist. The key responsibilities are:
* Co-ordination and day to day management of all the units and staff of DPMC* Assist the District Programme Director in programme implementation* Consolidate district annual work plans• Be in charge of field level operations and resolve implementation problems at village
level so as to ensure that the village level activities progress according to schemecycle and district plan
The Technical Unit will have a Sub Divisional Engineer and 2 Junior / AssistantEngineers from the DWSS. In addition, there will be a Procurement Officer who will becontracted by the DWSS. The Technical Unit will not have any roles in the operationand execution of schemes but will have the following responsibilities:
* Guiding the Operations Wing and GPWSC on design parameters, technical standardsetc.
* Periodically updating and circulating Technical Manual* Arrange for the capacity building activities on technical aspects* Assist the GPWSCs in getting technical support through Operations Wing or through
technical service providers* Certifying completion of technical milestones at village level. Empanelment of district level environmental experts and implementation of
environment management framework. Assist the District Programme Specialist in procurement of works, goods and
services* Guide the GPWSCs in community procurement activities including procurement of
works. Guide the GPWSCs in operation and maintenance of schemes including
implementation of PHP contracts
The Communication and Capacity Development Unit will have one HRD Specialistand one IEC Specialist who will be contracted by the DWSS. They key responsibilitiesof the Community Participation Unit are:
. Co-ordinate and guide the activities of SO / VST and arrange for their capacitybuilding
* Co-ordinate with the umbrella / regional Support Organization* Implement district level IEC activities* Build the capacity of Operations Wing of DWSS on community participation, tools
and techniques
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* Guide the Operations Wing on community participation* Ensure equity, inclusion and accountability aspects in programme implementation
The Finance Unit will have one of the Divisional Accountants in the district performingadditional functions. The Divisional Accountant will be assisted by a Finance Officerwho will be appointed on contract basis. The specific responsibilities of the FinanceUnit are:
* Preparation of district annual plans and budgets* Preparation and submission of periodic reimbursement claims to SPMC* Release of funds to Operations Wing and GPWSC* Preparation of Financial Progress Reports* Implementing social accountability and transparency framework
M&E Unit will have an MIS Officer appointed on contract basis. The specificresponsibilities of the M&E Unit are:
* Maintenance and updating of all district level databases including approved DSRs,tripartite agreements, fund releases etc.
* Prepare monitoring reports including periodic progress reports* Undertake all monitoring activities for the programme implementation* Process documentation* Assist the District Programme Director in conflict resolution
Operations Wing: The Circles, Divisions and Sub-Divisions of the DWSS will formthe Operations Wing. The Operations Wing will undertake the entire engineeringoperations including planning, construction and O&M of common facilities of MultiVillage schemes as well as providing integrated software and engineering support to theGP/GPWSCs for both water supply and sanitation schemes including intra villageschemes/works of Multi Village schemes. Wherever required, the Executive Engineerof the Operational Divisions will help the GPWSC to hire technical assistance.
The key responsibilities of operations wing are:
* Undertaking field data collection and detailed surveys* Preparing rough cost estimates* Assisting GPWSC in selection of technology* Preparation of Detailed Scheme Report (DSR)* Awarding turnkey contracts of Multi Village schemes- common facilities* Operation and maintenance of common facilities in Multi Village schemes* Supply bulk water to villages and levy bulk water charges* Assisting GPWSC in preparation of bids, award of works etc. for Single Village
schemes and intra village component Multi Village schemes* Internal auditing and passing bills for clearing payment to contractors* Empanel Technical Service Providers/Design Consultants to be hired by GPWSC* Assuring Works Quality
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Village Level Arrangements
The most important institutional entity for programme implementation will be aninclusive and accountable Gram Panchayat Water Sanitation Committee selected by theGram Sabha working in partnership with the Gram Panchayat.
The Sarpanch will be the ex-officio chairperson of the GPWSC, which will consist ofminimum of 11 members and maximum of 21 members depending upon the villagepopulation. Three Panches of the GP are also ex-officio members in the GPWSC. TheGram Sabha will directly select the remaining members of the GPWSC. One third of theGPWSC members shall be women, one fifth of the members from Scheduled Caste andBackward Class persons and one third from BPL or landless families. The GPWSCmembers will select a Secretary and Treasurer. The Junior Engineer of the DWSS in-charge of the village will be the technical member cum convenor of the GPWSC.
Key responsibilities of GPWSC are:
i. Planning for the water supply and sanitation related investments in the villageii. Selecting cost effective and feasible technology and schemesiii. Approval of schemes and tenders up to Rs. 30 Lakhs in respect of Single Village
schemes.iv. Mobilising community contributionv. Construction and operation and maintenance of Single Village schemes, small
Multi Village schemes and intra-village components of Multi Village schemesincluding inviting bids, awarding contracts, contract management etc.
vi. Management of programme funds for programme executionvii. Maintaining books of accountsviii. Deciding on the O&M arrangements either through engaging own staff or
contracting out to private contractors.ix. Levying user charges and full financing of O&M expenditurex. Maintaining transparency and cost effectiveness in all transactionsxi. Ensuring inclusion of all sections of the village community in programme
activities and equitable distribution of benefits.
Support Organisations / VST - In order to supplement the engineering skills of theSDE / JE at the village level with social mobilisation and participatory skills, theservices of Support Organisations will be provided to the GPWSC. Wherever services ofexperiences NGOs are not available as Support Organisation, the DPMC will constitutea Village Support Team comprising of GPWSC members, village youth and the JuniorEngineer in-charge of the village.
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Other Institutions
A number of other institutions as the Project Management Consultants, SupportOrganisations and Village Support Teams will also be involved in implementing thePRWSSP.
Project Management Consultants - The engineering skills of the SPMC will beaugmented with additional skills required for implementing the programmaticreform approach in Water Supply and Sanitation sector in the state. A professionalmanagement-consulting firm will be hired to outsource management and skillsupport services to the SPMC. The PMC will provide key expertise on operations,project management, community development, participatory skills planning andmonitoring.
Support Organizations - In order to provide a wide range of support services inthe areas of social mobilization, community development, capacity building,communication, accounting and financial management, work supervision,technical and engineering guidance and support to GPs and GPWSCs, the DPMCswill prepare a list of NGOs and NGIs who can be hired by the GPs /GPWSCs asSupport Organisations (SOs). In addition to NGOs, retired and other experiencedpersonnel will also be enlisted and oriented to provide support functions.
Village Support Teams - Village Support Teams (VST) will be instituted in areaswhere services of NGOs are not available. The VST will be responsible for socialmobilization, IEC and community development support, the concept of VST willbe promoted. The VSTs will consist of members from GP/GPWSC, local resourcepersons, especially youth volunteers and the junior engineer who will work as ateam to provide various support services to the GPWSC.
5.3.2 Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Management
The personnel and agencies with the responsibility for environmental management willbe located as following in the project institutional structure:
1. The SPMC (State Programme Management Cell) will be staffed with an ExecutiveEngineer (Technical Unit).
2. Each of the 19 DPMCs (District Programme Management Cells) will be staffedwith a Sub Divisional Engineer (Technical Unit).
3. A panel of technical experts at the State and district level will be constituted toprovide technical support to SPMC and DPMC.
The Executive Engineer (additional charge) within the technical unit of SPMC will beresponsible for overall environmental management for the project. He/she will becharged with the effective implementation of the EMF, including the environmental
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training and capacity building as well as ensuring that the external environmental auditsare conducted for the whole project (two audits of 20 schemes each in the 2nd and 4thyear of project cycle. Panel of technical experts at the State/ District level will beformulated after project appraisal who will assist SPMC/ DPMC for effectiveimplementation of EMF including the environment training & capacity building as wellas in identifying the expert agency for conducting environment audits.
The Sub Divisional Engineer (additional charge within DPMC) will be responsible forall district level environmental management activities. Their responsibilities includeensuring environmental management in all project-sponsored schemes, for organizingsix-monthly environmental supervisions in the district and preparing supervision reports,and identification and empanelment of district-level environmental experts in theirrespective districts.
At the village level, the project will aim to develop capacity for environmentalmanagement through environmental sensitization and awareness campaigns targeted atvillage support organizations, GPWSCs, and DWSS field staff.
5.3.3 Training and Capacity Building
The state currently has limited capacity for environmental management. The trainingand capacity building program developed for the project aims at building environmentalawareness and environmental management capacity in the project administrationstructure as well as in the intended target communities. The training programs for thestaff in the project agencies at various levels as well as for the village communities willbe organized. The capacity building for environmental management will be integratedwith overall capacity building component of the project.
1. Technical Training for Environmental Management
A specific training program for the key officials of the project, focused on theprocedural and technical aspects of environmental assessment and management willbe developed. This training would be mandatory for the State Program Specialistand District Program Specialist, as well as for the district-level environment experts.The training will involve initial orientation, main training program and refreshertraining programs. The main and refresher training programs will be for duration of2-3 days each, where as the initial orientation workshop will be of duration of oneday.
Furthermore, subject to indication of interest by suitable candidates, the projectwould provide extended education support for upto 5 DWSS engineers, includingMaster's level education at institutions such as All India Institute of Public Healthand Hygiene, Kolkata. The Executive Engineer, along with Technical experts, will
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be responsible for selection of suitable candidates, and the expense will be borne bythe overall project capacity-building budget.
The technical training would also include training of operators at the scheme level.
2. Environmental Awareness and Sensitization for Targeted Communities
The training programs on environmental awareness will be organized regionally andwill be designed to reach extensively in the target communities. The programs willspecifically include community representatives, e.g. the GPWSC members, in orderto sustain environmental concepts beyond the project period. While theseCommunity-level awareness programmes will be a part of the overall project IECprogramme, the State Program Management Cell will be responsible for thedevelopment of communication materials.
The suggested training programs for Environment management and its estimatedbudget is presented in tables 5.4 and 5.5.
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Table 5.4: Training needs for Environment Management
S. Days of training (per year)No. Topics Planners/ Field Field
Managers officers operators
1 Environmental data 0.1 0.4 0.6sheet preparation
2 Impact evaluation and 0.3 0.6 0.4project appraisal
Support :2 Water quality testing for incidence of industrial and 2.003
agricultural chemical contamination in water supplysources in Punjab (pesticides/heavy metals)
3 Review of international best practices in deep aquifer 0.25drilling and contamination prevention, to developguidelines for DWSS deep groundwater GWextraction
4 Engagement of resource persons (for appraising 200 0.80category II schemes @ Rs. 40,000 per scheme)
5 Preparation of community awareness materials 0.206 Extended Post-graduate Education Support to 0.25
selected DWSS engineers (subject to suitablecandidates)
Total 4.00
The annual expenditure on the environmental activities during the first year is likely tobe low due to the initial mobilization activities required. This will escalate during thesecond year as a result of stabilization of the EMF activities and a large number ofschemes that are likely to be implemented in this year. In the last year, the expenditureis likely to increase again to account for the outstanding payments to be made to variousagencies. The year-wise budget for the environmental activities has been given in Table5.7 below.
Table 5.7: Annual Budget for Environmental ManagementAnnual Expenditure Budget (Rs. in crores)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 60.5 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8
3 The funds for this water quality testing are included in the overall project water quality testing budget, and are thereforenot included in the total Environmental Management Budget.
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6. Public Disclosure of 'Draft Final Report onSectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA) -Punjab Rural Water Supply & Sanitation(PRWSS) project'
As a part of procedure for seeking the environmental clearance as per Bank's safe guardpolicies laid down in of World Bank guidelines, the project proponent i.e. Department ofWater Supply & Sanitation (DWSS) is required to make public disclosures of the reportso as to obtain views, suggestions and objections, if any, of the public on the proposedproj ect.
DWSS has taken following steps for public disclosure of the SEA report:
1. Principal Secretary to Govt. of Punjab, DWSS vide letter dt. 10.7.06 hasrequested all Deputy Commissioners, Chairman Zila Parishad and Heads ofrelated departments to display the executive summary (English version) ofEnvironment Report at prominent places in their offices for seeking publicopinion / comments. Punjabi version of executive summary of the environmentreport has also been sent.
2. Department has conducted public uconsultations on the draft final report ofSEA at 4 places in Punjab from 17 -19th WVJuly, 2006. At the meetings, there was i
overwhelming response from the DWSS a * r F.
officials, beneficiaries and GPWSC -Fmembers of 10 districts which wereselected for the purpose of public -
consultations for the study. The projectbenefits, Environmental issues, .Environment management etc were themain aspects of the consultation. This Public Consultation Meeting at
was intended at updating the Chandiearh
understanding of the villagers regarding the Rural water supply and sanitationproject and soliciting there feedback on the proposed EMF.
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Number of participants at each of the 4places ranged between 45 and 90. Theparticulars of public consultations areas under:
Public Consultation Meeting at Amritsar
Sr. Venue of Public Date and time Districts coveredNo. Consultation
1. Chandigarh 17.07.06, 11:00 am Patiala, Fatehgarh, Ropar2. Jalandhar 18.07.06, 10:00 am Jalandhar, Ludhiana3. Amritsar 18.07.06, 4:00 pm Gurdaspur, Amritsar4. Bathinda 19.07.06, 11:30 am Bathinda, Ferozepur, Sangrur
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Public Consultation Meeting at Public Consultation Meeting at Public Consultation Meeting atBathinda Jalandhar Bathinda
3. Punjabi version of executive summary of the environment report has been senton 26.7.06 to all the Executive Engineers of the department for displaying thesame on the notice boards of all the Gram Panchayats where the pilot project isto be executed.
4. An advertisement has been inserted in 3 leading news papers i.e. The Tribune,Punjab Kesri and Ajit on 30.08.06 & 31.08.06 for seeking public opinion /comments (copies of the Public notices are at Annexures 20 and 21).
5. Executive summary of the report has been put on website www.punenvis.nic.in.In response to the above activities, comments were received from certainagencies. These are presented in Annexures 22 and 23.
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Comments and action taken report on Public Disclosure of DFR on SectoralEnvironmental Assessment Study
S. No I Comments Action takenA. Comments by 'Punjab State Council for Science and Technology Chandigarh'
1. The Department proposes to provide Small Bore Punjab Government is alreadyDrainage & Sewage Treatment in 100 villages providing small boreonly. However, a much larger coverage is sanitation at a larger scalerequired to address the problem of sanitation. through the "Village
Development Programme".
2. It is proposed to test tube well waters for Provision for heavy metal andparameters like TDS, Fluoride, Iron, Hardness pesticide testing is included inand Chlorides, whereas levels of certain heavy DFR.metals like chromium, nickel, cyanide, etc.(which have been recorded to be very high as perstudies carried out by PSCST) and pesticidesalso need to be tested. Further, Protocol forregular water quality testing and control is notannexed to the report.
3 Salinity of underground water has been Final scaling-up strategy foridentified as a significant problem in district RO plants will be developedBathinda, Sangrur, Faridkot, Ferozepur, Mansa, after successfulMoga & Amritsar. The department proposes for implementation andsetting up of 200 RO in five areas to address the acceptance of new conceptproblem. Whereas it is a welcome development, with higher user charges.the department needs to provide greater numberof RO plants to address the problem in around4000 villages.
4 Problem of reversal of flow of salt water from Concern pertains to large-high water table areas in southwest to low fresh scale natural presence of saltswater table areas in northern districts needs to be in ground water which cannotaddressed as flow of salt water into fresh water be modified by any projectareas could cause serious problems in the state. intervention. However, from
the perspective of proposedPRWSSP there is a provisionof Reverse Osmosis plants inSouth Western parts of statefor meeting with the drinking/cooking needs of thevillagers. Once the newconcept gets over whelming
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response from beneficiarycommunities. DWSS mayprovide ground water even insouth west of state for allother activities exceptdrinking/cooking.
5 The report does not mention whether deep Study of water quality in deepaquifers in South West in Punjab are also saline aquifer is included in thein nature. This warrants special studies proposed project.
6 The report mentions the need of creating Mass awareness campaignsawareness with regard to safe water collection, and capacity building ofstorage and handling practices but no mention is villagers under the projectmade of issues related to solid waste, especially would address the issue ofcow dung handling cow dung handling as well.
7 Further, the report does not mention technologies There is a mention of variouswhich would be adopted for rehabilitation of technologies to be adopted forvillage ponds and the mechanism of empowering rehabilitation of ponds inlocal communities for their long term sustainable DFR as well as final Projectoperation and maintenance Implementation Plan (PIP)
B. Comments of 'Additional Director, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Chandigarh'8 Report is silent about selenium being There are no reports of
encountered in Navanshehr (Para 3/Page 4). selenium in deep aquifers.Under the proposed project, astudy would be conducted totest pesticide and heavymetals.
9. Report is silent about chrome and nickel in There are no reports ofgroundwater in Ludhiana (Para 2/Page 4). chrome and nickel in deep
aquifers. Under the proposedproject, a study would beconducted to test pesticideand heavy metals.
10. Govt. wish to spend money on creating Under proposed project,infrastructure. However, the issue of 'safe sufficient funds are beingstorage' of water in every household has not provided for creating massbeen addressed. The families under SC, ST or awareness about safe storageBPL category may not be able to spend to have etc.wash basin, roof top tank and internal pipeline,etc. Such families may be provided 100 litres -PVC tank with tap so as to avoid open storage.
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11. Punjab is planning to take lead once again in A study conducted by groundrural water supply on the line of Green water expert indicatesRevolution, White Revolution, etc. Without a sufficient water reserves inthought on recharge. The deep aquifer deep aquifers. Moreover inexploitation may meet the same fate. Shallow villages ground wateraquifer are already exploited and spoiled in recharge is not feasible due toPunjab. Please think on recharging of non-availability of qualitygroundwater using 'samlat' land. water and sufficient roof top,
which are other wise pre-requisite for ground waterrecharge.
12. The cases of 'dengue' will be rising once supply Mass awareness campaignsand storage of fresh water is introduced in and capacity building ofvillages. The RMP doctors in villages may be villagers under the projecttrained to identify 'dengue' disease and advise would take care the issue ofthe patient to contact district hospital. storage of fresh water
13. There is a shortage of qualified and/or trained Capacity building ofplumbers in villages in India. One person in operators for effective O&M1000 population may be trained for plumbing of water supply schemesand day-to-day repairs of such water supply under the project wouldschemes. address this issue.
14. Data collection on water born diseases under The issue was debated intable 2 may be quarterly by Directorate of Health detail and all were of the viewand Family Welfare instead of once in a year. that concerned department
does the proposed job in aroutine manner
15. Village level workers and science teachers in Already proposed in theHigh School or Sr. Sec. School may be trained project.for water testing as task of project.
C. Observation from International Lawyer
16. Safeguard measures for maintaining cross - Based on a Technicalboundary ground water flows consideration of the
characteristics of the deepaquifers of Punjab and thenature of the proposed projectinterventions, GOP has agreedto ensure that no bore-wellswill be installed within 1000mof the international border.
It was agreed that the proposedproject interventions do not
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trigger bank OP/BP 7.50 onInternational Waterways, fromeither surface water or groundwater perspectives.
D. Comments received during Public consultations
17. Awareness among the people regarding There is a provision fordevelopments in the other villages should be creating mass awareness in thecreated. project on all aspects of the
project.18. Proper Sewer System is essential in order to Punjab Government is already
have a clean environment. providing small bore sanitationat a larger scale through the"Village DevelopmentProgramme".
19. Proper plugging and sealing of the bore wells There is a provision forshould be done to avoid possible contamination detailed study on best drillingof deep ground water. practices for the purpose. In
addition, training shall beimparted to DWSS officialsregarding this.
20. Pollution board should play active role and be a Public disclosure of the EA
party to the discussions. study report has been made andcomments from few agencieshave been received andaddressed.
21. People were extremely enthusiastic regarding Assurance was given for early
the project and expressed desire for early commencement of the project.commencement of the same.
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1. A report on Ground water Quality of Ludhiana City, Punjab Pollution Control Board(PPCB), Nabha Road, Patiala, Punjab, 1993.
2. An epidemiological study of cancer cases reported from villages of Talwandi Sabo,District Bathinda, Punjab Pollution Control Board, 2004.
3. A Geological cum Geomorphological Framework of Haryana and Adjoining Areas forLand use Appraisal Using LANDS AT IMAGERY. Photonirvachak, Chopra, S. (1990)Journal Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 18 No. 12. pp. 15-22.
4. Baweja, B. K. and Karanth, K. R. (1980) Groundwater Recharge Estimation in India, tech.Sr. H., Bull. 2, Central Ground Water Board.
5. Bio management of Ponds, R. Grover et. al., Punjab State Council of Science andTechnology, 2004
6. Data from Water Resources Department, Punjab (Chandigarh), 2004.
7. Directorate of Groundwater, Department of Water Resources and Environment, GoP;Official Communication to Chief Engineer (South), Department of Water Supply andSanitation; No. 2274/19-W, dated 17/8/2006.
8. Groundwater Modeling In Parts of Central Ganga Basin, Ala Eldin M.E.H., Sami AhmadM., Gurunadha Rao, Dhar R.L. Uttar Pradesh, India. Technical Report. No. AMU/NGRI-1, Collaborative Project between Remote Sensing Centre Application for Evaluation andGeo-Engineering, Aligarh and NGRI, 1998.
9. Health Statistics, Punjab, At a Glance 2004, Health and Family Welfare Punjab,Chandigarh.
10. Irrigation Works, GoP; Official Communication to Chief Engineer (South), Department ofWater Supply and Sanitation; No. 2006/Canals Misc (6) 6460, dated 17/8/2006.
11. Jindal, M.C.(a), "Sustainability of Punjab Deep Aquifers", Expert report commissioned byGovernment of Punjab, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Chandigarh; 2006.
12. Jindal, M.C.(b), "Impact of Pumping of Groundwater by Deep Tubewells of DWSS on theFlow of Groundwater Across the International Boundary", Expert Opinion solicited byGovernment of Punjab, Department of Water Supply and Sanitation, Chandigarh; 2006.
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13. Pathak, B.D. (1985) Groundwater in India and Scope for Future Development, CurrentTrends in Geology, VII - VIII, 573-577.
14. PPCB ETP: Effluent Treatment Plants.
15. Report of the Groundwater Estimation Committee, Groundwater Resource estimationmethodology (1997), Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
16. Report on Quality of Water Resources in Punjab, Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB),Nabha Road, Patiala, Punjab, 1995.
17. Structure of Himalayas and Indo-Gangetic Plains, Oldham, R. E. Mem, Geological Societyof India, 42, pt.2, 1917.
