Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No. 7950 PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT PHILIPPINES RAINFED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (ILOILO) PROJECT (LOAN 1815-PH) JUNE 30, 1989 Agriculture Operations Division Country Department II Asia Regional Office This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Transcript
Document of
The World Bank
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Report No. 7950
PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
PHILIPPINES
RAINFED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (ILOILO) PROJECT(LOAN 1815-PH)
JUNE 30, 1989
Agriculture Operations DivisionCountry Department IIAsia Regional Office
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance oftheir official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.
AFT Agriculture and Food TechnicianAPPU Agricultural Project Preparation UnitASSP Agricultural Support Services Project (Ln. 2040-PH)BAI Bureau of Animal IndustryBPI Bureau of Plant IndustryBS Bureau of SoilsICB International Competitive BiddingIRRI International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, PhilippinesFAO Food and Agricultural OrganizationKFC Kabsaka Farming CenterMOA Ministry of Agriculture (now Department of Agriculture)NFA National Food AuthorityPCR Project Completion ReportPMU Project Management UnitRADOS Rainfed Agricultural Development Outreach SiteSAR Staff Appraisal ReportSMS Subject Matter SpecialistSN Samahang Nayon (pre-cooperative)SWIM Small Water Impounding StructureT&V Training and Visit (extension system)UPV University of the Philippines Visayas (based in Iloilo Province)USAID United States Agency for International DevelopmentWHO World Health Organization
wm A OFFICIL NLY'tHE WORLU BAN
Washentor. DC .0433U.S.A.
OJike of Owwt-Cwa
June 30, 1989
IDIORANDUM TO THE MECUTm DIRECTORS AND THE PRESIDENT
SUBJECT: Project Completion Report on PhilippinesRainfed Agricultural Development (Iloilo) Project(Loan 1815-PH)
Attached, for information, is a copy of a report entitled "ProjectCompletion Report on Philippines - Rainfed Agricultural Development(Iloilo) Project (Loan 1815-PH)" prepared by the government, with anOverview prepared by the Asia Regional Office. No audit of this projecthas been made by the Operations Evaluation Department at this time.
Attachment
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by rocipients only in the performanceot their offi,ia duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.
AL
PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
PHILIPPINES
RAINFED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (ILOILO) PROJECT(Ln. 1815-PH)
Tablo of Contents
Pate No.
Preface . .................................... ........................ iBasic Data Sheet .................... I................................ ilEvaluation Summary .................................................. iv
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
I. BACKGROUND .............................................. 1
II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..................................... 2
III. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION .................................. 3
IV. PROJECT COSTS, DISBURSEMENTS, ACCCUNTS,AUDITS AND PROCUREMENT ....................... , 9
V. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE .... ........... 13
VI. PROJECT IMPACT .......................................... 13
VII. ECONOMIC REEVALUATION ................................... 16
VIII. GOVERNMENT AND BANK PERFORMANCE ......................... 19
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performanceof their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.
Table of Contents (Cont'd) Paz. No.
IV. CONCLUSION ................ *... ...................... 35
V. RECOMMENDATION ...................... .s. . ... ......... 35
CHAPTER 2: LIVESTOCK EXTENSION AND DEVELOPMENT COMPONENT ........... 53
Is INTRODUCTION ........... oeo.. .So.o..o 3
II. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES AND RESULTS 53
III. IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS .S.......... .... .... . ...... 55
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS ........ ....... .. .... 56
CHAPTER 3: ADAPTIVE TRIALS AND RESEARCH COMPONENT . . 75
I. INTRODUCTION .... ..... ..... .75
II. IMPLEMENTATION STRAlEGIES AND RESULTS . . .75
III. IMPLEMENTATION PROBLEMS . . .77
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS . ...... 77
CHAPTER 4: SEED PRODUCTION AND MARKETING COMPONENT . . .85
ATTACHMENT: Comments from the Ministry of Agriculture .... o........ 159
MAP: IBRD 14461
PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
PHILIPPINES
RAINFED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (ILOILO) PROJECT(Ln. 1815-PH)
PREFACE
This is a Project Completion Report (PCR) on the Iloilo RainfedAgricultural Development Project in the Philippines. for which a loan ofUS$12.0 milllcn was approved on March 20, 1960. The loan was closedwithout extension on June 30, 1986, and the undisbursed balance of US$6.74million was cancell i follo;?ing final disbursement on February 6, 1987.
The PCR Overview was prepared by the Agriculture OperationsDivision, Country Department II, of the Asia Regional Office. It was basedon a review of the Appraisal Report, the President's Report, the LoanAgreement, and the PCR prepared by the government. In addition,correspondence with the Borrower, supervision reports and other internalBank memoranda have been consulted and Bank staff associated with theproject have been interviewed.
This PCR was read by the Operations Evaluation Department (OED).The draft PCR was sent to the Borrower on May 9, 1989. Comments receivedfrom the Borrower$s Department of Agriculture, dated June 13, 1989, areattached.
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PROJECT COWMLETION REPORT
PHILIPINESRAINWED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (ILOILO) PROJECT
(LOAN 1815-PH)
BASIC DATA SHEET
KEY PROJECT DATA
Appraisal Actual or Actual as X ofExDeetation Curr-nt Estimate ADpralsal Estimate
Executing Agency MOA, now DAFiscal Year of Borrower Calender YearNamo of Currency (abbreviation) Peso (P)
Currency Exchange Rate:Appraisal Year Averoge (1979) US11.1 a P 7.37 (IMF)Intervening Years Averago US1SIe a P 11.73Completion Year Average (19 6) US21.60 a P 20.45
Cofinanciers None
Follow-on Proi ct
None. Soe USI125,10 project expenditures were disbursed underLoan 2040-PH, mostly for eonsultunci-s, research and health components,
/a Original estimated 69,061 ha. was revised to target of 62,506 ha, against which completion was 771/ Ag a agrieulturist; Ee * eonomist; E a engineer; Fi * financial analyst; Cr z credit specialist;
Tr * training specialist; Nu * nutrition specialist; and H a hoelth specialist.Lc 1 a problem-free or minor problems ; 2 a moderate problems; and 3 z major problems.Ld 1 a improving; 2 * stationary; 3 z deteriorating.- F a financial; H m*nugerial; and T a technical.
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PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
PHILIPPINES
RAINFED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (ILOILO) PROJLZT(Ln. 1815-PH)
Evaluation Suma ry
Introduction
i. Traditionally, farmers in the rainfed areas of Iloilo province onPanay Island grew one rice crop during the wet season and, depending onrainfall and commodity prices, a second upland crop was occasionally grown ona limited area. Following the development of early maturing, fertilizerresponsive, high yielding rice varieties (HYVs) by the International RiceResearch Institute (IRRI), multiple cropping became both possible andprofitable, despite significantly increased farm labor requirements. Aproject designed to expand this technology was proposed for Bank financing in1977. It included components necessary for increased production and producehandling, as well as selected social components such as health, nutrition and pilotvillage development. Other essential complimentary components (roads, creditand agricultural extension) were to be financed under other ongoing or thenproposed projects to be financed by the Bank.
Objectives
ii. The project reFresented the first major effort to support multiple-cropping technology as an effective means to raise agricultural productivityin the rainfed lowland areas of the Philippines. The objectives were toincrease cropping intensity and crop and livestock production in thetraditionally single-cropped rainfed areas of Iloilo, thereby raising farmincomes, and through the social components te mprove rural health and livingconditions. Approximately 40,000 farm families and 5,000 laborer families wereexpected to benefit directly from project investment.
Implementation Experience
iii. Project implementation took place during a period of severe domesticbudgetary constraints and political turmoil, declining international commodityprices and insufficient official production credit. A well guided and dynamicproject management team faced constant shortfalls in budget allocations, andmany planned project investments and activities could not take place or weresignificantly delayed, About 90% of project expenditures were made in oneyear (1982), reflecting the extremely low budget allocations in the start-upand final project years. In particular, the lack of transport and theinability to attract the required experienced staff, due to low renumeration,hampered field activities. Domestic free market rice prices were usually wellbelow the official floor prices due to lack of Government funding for theprice support program. Many local banks and farmers were ineligible forofficial credit. Additionally, there were several seasons of drought and
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typhoons. Lack of adequate budget ultimately led to premature projecttrmaination in 1986.11 Nonethelasa, in spite of thea- many unfavorableconditions, most of the Iloilo farming community adopted the new technology,either fully or partly, in all or most seasons depending on rainfall. Thenutrition/health programs were well received, and the pilot villagedevelopment project made a significant -.mpact.
Results
iv. Some 26,315 farmers (or 66X of the appraisal target of 40,OuO and 752of the revised target) were activ.i participants in the program in the final projectyear (1984/85). The cropping intensity increased from 1202 to 1982, andaverage rice yields increased bt 25Z from about 2.3 to 2.9 t/ha.. Farmerswith a single rice crop incre.sed their yields from 1.8 to 2.3 t/ha, whilefarmers growing two consecutive crops improved yields from 4.4 to 5.6t/ha/year. Additionally, many farmers are now growing a third crop of mostlymungbean and maize. If promised rice floor prices and adequate productioncredit had been available, there would thus have been significantly moreparticipants and overall production would thus have been much higher. Lessthan one-Lhird of the appraisal target for small water impounding dams wasachieved (implementation was suspended because of high costs and weak economicjustification). Within the 560 ha area serviced by the 16 project financeddams, rice yields increased on average 371, and cropping intensity doubled.Cattle, goat and pou,try breed improvement schemes also had limited success,but a substantial number of farmers participated in animal fattening schemesand there were significant benefits from improved veterinary services.
v. Government field staff were able to achieve effective villagemobilization, mainly because of appropriate training and modes of operation.The related health and nutrition program substantially reduced the incidenceof diarrhea through home-made oral rehydration therapy (salt-sugar solution),the prevalence of anemia through iron supplementation, and the incidence ofparas:tism through improved sanitation (provision of water pumps) and curativemedication. The civil works and procurement programs were substantiallyreduced due to budgetary constraints and only a few vehicles reached Iloiloprovince. Staff and farmer training programs based on a well-conceived planwere successfully completed. Project monitoring was satisfactory, but projectevaluation surveys provided an inadequate basis for evaluation of benefits.
vi. Project costs were P 106.4 million (or US$11.76 million), comparedwith appraisal estimates of P 158.0 million (or US$21.35), includingcontingencies. The peso-dollar exchange rate deteriorated from 7.5 o 20.45in the period 1980 to 1986-87, but low project expenditures were the directresult of insufficient budget releases. Disbursements amounted to US$5.26miillion, or only 43.8% of the loan amount.
vii. Based on investments made and direct production expenditures, aswell as incremental crop and livestock production already achieved andprojected, the re-estimated economic rate of return is 23Z, compared with theappraisal estimate of 37%.
1/ Namely the loan was 3ot extended by the Bank as requested by Government,but closed on schedule.
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Sustainability
viii. Iloilo farmers vill continue to practice multiple cropping as longas crop and livestock production remain profitable. Furthermore, there isalready evidence that farmers vill shift from rice to higher value crops whenprices and demand are satisfactory. Extension services are continuing underdynamic provincial management and vith improved renumerations (but notincreased mobility), and there remains a continuing, albeit reduced, researcheffort. There is considerable evidence that the technology, so successfullyapplied in Iloilo, is aiso being adopted in other areas where rainfalldistribution is satisfactory.
Findings and Lessons Learned
ix. With adequate incentives and required inputs the widespread adoptionof multiple cropping technology is possible in areas with a suitable rainfalldistribution, despite the fact that this requires substantially more work ontight schedules. Investments for small water impounding dams should beconsidered only for supplementary irrigation of high value crops and whenfarmer interest has been clearly established. With anpropriate training andmode of operation, Government field staff are able to achieve effectivevillage mobilization. Well designed health and .utrition components can besatisfactorily implemented in the context of an area development project, withimportant benefits for the target population.
PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
PHILIPPINES
RAINFED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (ILOILO) PROJECT(Ln. 1815-PH)
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
I. BACKGROUND
1.1 Key components of the Philippines Government's strategy for agri-cultural sector development in the 1970s were: expansion of rural infrastruc-ture, improved credit programs aimed at self-sufficiency in food and feedproduction, agrarian reform and prevention of malnutrition. A vigorousirrigation program, combined with improved rice production technology andsupervised credit--Masagana 99--had already achieved near self-sufficienc:y infoodgrains by 1977 (with some export of surplus rice in favorable years).However, economic growth in rainfed areas was slower, mostly due to theabsence of suitable technologies readily acceptable to the farming community.
1.2 Since 1964, the Philippines-based International Rice ResearchInstitute (IRRI) had combined forces with national and provincial agencies intesting cropping patterns in various rainfed areas through its OutreachProgram. Research results indicated that early maturing (110-120 days), highyielding rice varieties allowed significant production increases when inputs(fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides) were used timely in the prescribeddosages. Furthermore, one or two additional crops were possible when farmerscould achieve a quick turnaround (immediate land preparation for the followingcrop using residual soil moisture). Based on these findings, in May 1971 theNational Food and Agricultural Council initiated a national program for thepromotion if multiple cropping in an effort to raise farm productivity.
1.3 Early cropping pattern trials carried 17ut in three municipalities ofIloilo province on the island of Panay by IRRI - with support of provincialresearch and extension personnel, were so successful that a specialized pilotextension service, "Kabsaka" (meaning "bounty of the land") was established in1976 to promote the technology. These encouraging results also led todiscussions with the World Bank for funding of a program to expand areacoverage. Accordingly, in November 1977 a project identification missionvisited Iloilo province and was impressed by the progress in experimental workand the fact that agro-climatic conditions were good for success, and therewas a dynamic farming community and a capable and energetic administration.To expand the successful Kabsaka initiative in organizing farmer participa-tion, it was deemed necessary to provide substantial complimentary servicesand facilities. An Agricultural Project Preparation Unit (APPU) in the
1/ IRRI publication 1983, Evaluating Technology for New Farming Systems:Case Studies from Philippine Rice Farms by C. Barlow, S. Jayasariga, andE.C. Price.
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Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), assisted by provincial government staff,proposed an all encompassing area development project. A Bank preparationmission in October/November 1978 assisted the local team, focussing inparticular on the following issues: produce marketing problems caused by lowco odity prices and margins; high arrears for seasonal credit and aninadequate interest rate structure; the purpose and size of water impoundingdams for supplementary irrigation and agency responsibility; selectioncriteria for the rural road development program; and conflicting ideas andproposals for the health, nutrition and rural water supply components.
II Project Description
2.1 Project appraisal in June 1979 followed much internal discussionwithin the Bank on the scope and content of the operation. Several componentsessential for project success were excluded since thev were already coveredunder ongoing (or soon to be appralsed) projects: for example rural roads weresupposedly covered under the Rural Roads Improvement Project (Loan 1860-PH) andproduction and medium-term credit was to be available from the Fourth Rural CreditProject (Loan 1399-PH).
2.2 The project, declared effective on June 22, 1980, focused on improvingagricultural productivity and marketing, farmer incomes, and health and nutrition inlowland areas of Iloilo province, which have a satisfactory rainfall distribu-tion but are not suitable for irrigation. The recently developed and testedmultiple cropping technology was to form the basis for improved production,through farmer training and constant guidance by the upgraded extensionservice. Livestock activities (breeding, management, pasture development)were included, together with the construction of water impounding schemes(only on areas of 50 ha or less, and implemented by the Bureau of Soils). Theproject also supported agricultural research in Iloilo and eight otherprovinces; marketing and grain handling storage and inter-island shippingfacilities and activities; training; institutional development; nutrition andhealth programs; a pilot village development program; and preparation work offuture projects.
2.3 Total project costs were estimated at P 157.69 million or US$21.35million and the loan of US$12.0 million was zo finance 56% of project costs.Benefits would be achieved from increased yields and cropping intensity onabout 60,000 ha of rainfed land and about 1,800 ha of land to be provided withsupplementary irrigation. Livestock production would be promoted or intensi-fied on about 6,000 farms. In total, some 40,000 farm families and 5,000landless laborers would benefit directly from increased production andemployment. Excluding costs of adaptive research outside Iloilo, one-third ofthe grain storage and shipment facility, and health/nutrition and pilotvillage development, but including road improvement costs, the economic rateof return of the project was estimated at 37%. The project was to beimplemented over a 5-year period. Institutional arrangements were complex andpatterned after other rural development projects in the Philippines: a large
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Inter Agency Project Coordinating Comm ittee (12 agencies) would be chaired byHOA at the national level, and a small secretariat with eight staff attachedto the Office of the Minister would deal with agency coordination, procurementand disbursements. At province level, an inter-agency Project ManagementComittee (also called the Kabsaka comitteo), chaired by the newly appointedaNW U4 M1Y regarded Regional Director of Nu, wwid guide the Project Hmoagerand three sectoral coordinators (agriculture, marketing, and nutrition) incarrying out the project. Institutional arrangements for the water impoundingcomponent vere not decided until project effectiveness.
III. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
Physical Componeits
3.1 Infrastructure. Civil works (before contingencies) were estimatedto cost US$4.7 million, but actual expenditures (at prevailing exchange rates)were only US$3.8 million equivalent. The largest facility planned atappraisal (grain storage and shipmnt facility for 10,000 tons of rice) vasbuilt adjaeont to the existing National Food Authority (uIFA) facility, withoutthe shi",lna component. Construction achievments are compared with appraisaltargets below:
Table 1: CIVIL WORKS - COMPARISON OF SELECTED TARGETS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
Facility Appraisal Target Actual Achievement(No.) (No.) (Z)
3.2 Budget allocations were severely constrained during project imple-mentation and any facilities not deemed absolutely necessary were notfunded. This eliminated the shipping facility (instead, rice was hauled byroad to the main city wharf), the training center (other agency facilit.eswere used) and community meeting rooms. The number of AFTs (extensionworkers) appointed was lower than anticipated (228 v. target of 443) and
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therefore fewer extension centers were needed.
3.3 Some 40 small water impounding structures (SWIM), serving not morethan 50 ha of cultivated land each, were to be constructed by the Bureau ofSoils (BS) in those rainfed areas of Iloilo where dry season crops requiredsupplementary irrigation. Construction started late since BS was not giventhe necessary budget in 1980. The first six dams were completed by November1982, and another eight were constructed in the dry season of 1983. Sinceseveral of these dams were larger chan intended and costs substantiallyexceeded appraisal estimates, the Bank questioned their cost-effectiveness.The Government a weed to prepare a position paper on water impounding, damdesign criteria, operation and maintenance and cost recovery, taking intoaccount the observations of two teams of MOA staff which visited this type ofstructure and irrigation areas in neighboring countries. As a result, it wasdecided that no further dams would be built. In all, only 16 dams werecompleted (31% of the target), serving 560 ha. Actual costs averagedP 44,777/ha, compared with the appraisal estimate of P 17,325/ha. Unfortu-nately, most of the dams were damaged by two typhoons in 1984, so thatextensive repairs to dams, canals and access roads were needed.
Agricultural Production
3.4 The project was considered to include those farmers who weredirectly contacted by extension workers and had their first crop establishedby June 15. In the first crop year 1980/81 (beginning with 1st crop plantedin late April) only 1,037 farmers participated with a total of 1,500 ha ofland, achieving a cropping intensity of 1.94. This increased to some 31,727participating farmers in 1985/86, with a total land area of 40,584 ha and acropping intensity of about 2.0. As of early 1988, most farmers harvest tworice crops, while some 3,000 ha of a third upland crop (mostly mungbean) isalso grown. This compares with a pre-project situation where the averagecropping intensity was 1.2, and farmers traditionally grew only one rainyseason rice crop, after which the land was mostly left fallow. Thus, directseeding of early maturing rice varieties, in combination with appropriatefertilizer applications (basal and top dressing), effective weed and pestcontrol, and timely and rapid land preparation made it possible to increasesubstantially cropping intensity, crop area and crop yields.
3.5 It is significant that these improvements were achieved despiteextreme difficulties. In both 1982/83 and 1985/86 NFA could not pay floorprices for rice and maize due to a lack ot funds. In 1983 a severe droughtreduced the first crop area from 36,000 ha to about 15,000 ha, and large cropareas were damaged by two typhoons in 1985. Furthermore, extension workershad very limited mobility and extremely Low remuneration, despite a projectallowance. It is particularly gratifying to note that after projecttermination extension activities were sustained (without the project alLow-ance) and farmers continued to utilize Kabsaka technology. In early 1988,there has also been a noticeable increase in the use of shallow wells forsupplementary watering of high value crops (melons, eggplant, tomato, etc.).
Livestock Extension and Development
3.6 This component was intended to complement crop production and toincrease and diversify farm incomes by expanding mainly ruminant livestockoutput through genetic improvement of local stock, disease prevention andtreatment, and improved nutrition. Some 72 locally purchased graded Brahmanbulls and 76 graded Anglo Nubian bucks were loaned out to Kabsaka farmers.Only 1,181 calves and 3,244 kids were produced, indicating low conception andsurvival rates. Of the 483 meat-type roosters loaned to farmers, only 102survived, producing some 22,400 chicks. Additionally some 45 caraheifers, 11heifers, 35 bucks and 86 does were loaned for breeding. Borrower's PCR doesnot mention the hog breeding program, but it is known that the artificialinsemination program met with considerable success. However, overallachievements from the breeding programs were modest and well below appraisaltargets. A cattle breeding station constructed under the project acconmnodatedonly 10 pure bred American Brahman cows and one bull: pasture wasestablished, but there was inadequate feed and the location of the station isdifficult for farmer access. Only limited progress was made with new programsfor integrating livestock with the cropping systems (e.g., rice-duck farming).
3.7 Livestock inspectors supervised fattening schemes covering some9,300 cattle, 7,750 carabao, 19,000 hogs, 9,200 goats and 60,500 poultry.Average daily weight gain was reported as 0.5 kg/head for cattle. Animalhealth programs were augmented with project funds, which allowed theimnunization of 26,388 cattle, 63,122 carabao, 138,735 hogs and 425,661poultry, and deworming treatments were carried out for another 141,500animals. Regular Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) staff, supplemented by a fewcontract personnel, carried out these project livestock activities. Only oneproject vehicle rendered the staff less effective than envisaged.
Agricultural Support Services
3.8 Agricultural Extension. Basic and adaptive research carried outbefore and during project implementatien ensured that there were viabletechnical messages for the farming community. The agricultural extensionservice played a vital role in disseminating the Kabsaka technology package.A modified T&V service was implemented under the dynamic leadership of theAgricultural Coordinator. Some 3,984 contact farmers were used and some 1,593demonstration plots laid out to show farmers the benefits of the newtechnology when used in a timely manner. Additionally, some 769 field dayswere held. The number of AFTs gradually increased from 35 in 1980/81 to 228in 1985/86, as more villages were incorporated under the project. These weresupervised by 38 Municipal Agricultural Officers and four DistrictAgricultural Officers, and were technically supported by seven Subject MatterSpecialists. In the last project year (1985/86) the extension ratio was 1 AFTto 140 Kabsaka farmers, or 1:307 farmers overall (AFTs also covered irrigatedareas and non-Kabsaka farmers). This extension ratio is below the appraisaltarget (1:160), but is barely adequate in view of the poor transport situationand the fact that AFTs also served non-project farms. Furthermore,supervisors and SMS's had to share only a few, mostly old, vehicles. For allproject activities, only five new vehicles were available throughout projectimplementation. All staff were adequately trained and worked as
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multidisciplinary exchange agents with clearly defined work schedules.Motivation, although constrcined by low pay and poor mobility, was quite goodand it is clear that substantial achievements provided a strong sense ofsatisfaction for the staff.
3.9 Agricultural Research. The project included two research componentsto be executed by the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI): (a) within the projectarea in Iloilo province; and (b) in several other provinces.
(a) Work at three sites in Iloilo followed benchmark surveys, whichidentified dominant cropping patterns and availability of farmresources and labor. Based on these surveys, alternative practicaland cost effective cropping patterns were tested, under normal farmconditions. This work was supplemented with subcomponent technologytesting (variety, fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide formulationsand rates, tc.). Pertinent findings were then passed on toextension SMSs and AFTs for demonstration to the farmingcommunity. During 1981-85, some 155 trials were carried out,despite continual late and insufficient budget releases,insufficient staff and transport and inadequate supervision. In1986 the reduced research team of nine researchers was supportedmainly by IRRI funds and 14 contractual technicians were laid off.The component has since continued to function in 1986 and 1987,partly with ASSP (Loan 2040-PH) support.
(b) Under the Rainfed Agricultural Development Outreach Sites (RADOS)component trials were conducted in eight other provinces (Bohol,Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan, Mindoro Oriental, Leyte, Davao del Sur,South and North Cotabato) to develop and verify cropping patternsunder rainfed conditions. Due to late fund releases and variousweather-related calamities, trials were conducted during three yearsonly. Much more work was needed for most provinces in order to makesound recommendations. All activities are now incorporated underASSP (Loan 2040-PH).
3.10 Seed Production and Marketing. It was envisaged at appraisal thatprojcct financial support would be required only for strengthening regulatoryservices (hiring seed inspectors, making them mobile and extending/upgradingand equipping the Regional Seed Testing Laboratory). It was thought that theIloilo Seed Growers Association could obtain credit to construct seedprocessing and storage facilities, as well as seed production credit foraccredited seed growers. In the event, adequate facilities and credit becameavailable for certified seed rice production (even for the supply of otherislands). However, the supply of upland crop seed proved insufficient andfarmers were reluctant to grow seed crops, since storage for 6-8 months (overthe wet season period) is difficult and often reduces seed viability belowthat required for certification. In 1984, the Government and the Bank agreedto implement a newly developed Seed Proposal, to procure and make available tofarmers some 115 tons of seed of high yielding upland crop varieties. ProjectManagement tried hard to improve upland crop seed supplies, even obtaining theassistance of local schools in producing mungbean seed. Subsidized seeds forfurther multiplication (exchange) were made available to 36 farmers in 1984
and to 271 farmers in 1985. Farmer cooperatives were aLlowed credit for theprocurement of upland crop seeds. However, these efforts suffered seriouslyfrom adverse weather in 1985 (drought and typhoons), and success wasminimal. Since late 1985 the Ioloilo Seed Growers Association has taken fullresponsibility for upland .rop seed production, but to date there is still aninsufficient supply of quality seed for alternative crops.
3.11 Produce Storage and Marketing. Originally, a 10,000 ton ricestorage and shipment facility was to be constructed and fully equipped forcleaning, grading, bagging and handling rice. Construction and operationwould be by NFA, and private traders would use the facility for export tradeat an appropriate fee. This component was implemented in a satisfactory andtimely manner, with the exception of the shipping terminal. However, projectfarmers experienced serious problems in disposing of rice, mostly because NFAwas unable to pay floor prices. PMU therefore proposed to include a marketingassistance program under the project. With help from the Bureau ofCooperative Development, this new Marketing Component revitalized the pre-cooperatives known as Samahang Nayons (SN). Eventually some 162 SNs wereaccredited with NFA for the grain procurement program ( t fixed floor pricesfor which inadequate funds were available). Some 37 Kabsaka Farmer Centers(KFC) were constructed and 34 were provided with concrete drying floors.Fifty fuel-fired dryers were purchased, but only 15 were placed. Operationcosts proved too high and most of the installed dryers are not used (35 unusedunits are still for sale in the NFA store). Staff turnover was high (therewere three coordinators in five years), mainly because of low renumeration andnon-permanency. Nonetheless, rice prices improved in early 1988 and mostfarmers are again selling to local traders.
3.12 Production Credit. It was assumed that adequate production andmedium-term credit would be available to farmers from existing programs, andtherefore no credit was included under the project. However, this proved notto be the case. In 1979/80 only 10% of farmers received bank cr dit; the resthad their own working capital or borrowed from families and traders. In 1981,the Presidential Committee on Agricultural Credit launched a special CreditStudy for Iloilo, which resulted in a proposal for a new Integrated RuralFinancing Scheme to provide credit for a full crop year (not for one croponly, as previously, when farmers found it impossible to repay in time to meetthe needs of the quickly following second crop). However, 12 of the 32private rural banks were denied further access to the Central Banks' redis-counting facility because of arrears, and most farmers were also in arrears.Therefore, littJe relief was obtained and most farmers continued to rely onunofficial sources of production credit, which usually meant selling theirproduce to traders at lower than base prices.
3.13 Training. A large training component was to reach some 8,000participants of five agencies, with 38 candidates to be selected for overseastraining. The component was designed to develop local capability for futuretraining and manpower development in Iloilo. After difficulties in siteselection for a planned residential training facility, it was decided thatadequate accommodations were already available in the province. During 1980-85, some 118 training courses were conducted for 10,693 participants (53%above target). This contrasts with overseas training activities: onLy 21
Kabsaka project staff were sent on study tours (45% less than planned). Manyqualified and experienced staff had to be attracted from outside the provincebut this proved difficult because of low honoraria. Also, training materialsand supplies were often late due to delayed budget releases.
Social Services
3.14 Human Nutrition. This project component was intended to: (a)prevent deaths and deterioration in nutritional status due to diarrhea; (b)reduce the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia; (c) reduce the incidence ofparasitism; and (d) improve health and nutrition practices among mothers andschool children. Almost all targets were achieved. The diarrhea managementprogram distributed special spoons and oresol (a locally manufacturedrehydration solution). The 84,000 "lukat" spoons provided the appropriateportion of a homemade salt-sugar solution. Selective iron supplementation wasprovided for some 52,000 pregnant women, infants above the age of six,malnourished pre-schoolers and anemic farmers, and deworming drugs were givento about 111,000 people. Some 400 elementary schools received water pumps(however, not all were installed to specifications by the local communities)in an effort to reduce water-borne diarrhea and to provide school gardens withwater. A very impressive number (222.000) of brochures on good sanitation,teaching guides for schools, etc., were produced and distributed. A survey,carried out in the second half of December 1985 by UPV, concluded that thisprogram created good awareness anLd helped to prevent and/or control thediseases. The PCR provides a good overview of achievements and problems (latearrival of drug supplies, poor supervision of waterpump installation,inadequate transport and travel funds).
3.15 Pilot Village Development. This component was developed by aninteragency Task Force and Working Group. Results were very interesting andmay have replicability elsewhere. Actual work started in 1981, when staffwere recruited from within MOA in Iloilo and trained in the approach to betaken; local community needs were to be assesset and a plan of actionformulated which would mobilize local resources to achieve the selectedimprovements. After an extremely successful initial start in three villagesin 1982, the component was gradually expanded to 37 villages. Village leaderswere selected and trained in organizational methods, problem-solving andmobilization of resources. Various village improvements were made such asroad extension/improvements, deep well construction and income-generatingprojects. The Government PCR provides details on methodology, achievementsand problems encountered. Although this component was successfully carriedout by MOA personnel, it may be more sui.able for implementation by theCommunity Development Department in future.
Studies
3.16 Monitoring and Evaluation. A Easeline survey and a final evaluationsurvey were carried under contract by the UPV in 1981 and 1986, respectively.The baseline survey provided information on the farming and socio-economicsituation in the project area, but unfortunately it did not provide anadequate picture of the extent to which Kabsaka technology was being used atproject inception and it included irrigated areas in the sample of surveyed
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farmers. There was over 801 sample mortality between the two surveys, andtherefore tie evaluation results are not representative.
3.17 A small M&E unit was attached to the PMU. It had five full-timecontractual Evaluation Officers, each of whom was required to monitor one ortwo project components and train and supervise casual enumerators. Monthlyand semi-annual progress reports were prepared and crop area and yield surveyswere conducted three times a year. An attempt at data computerization faileddue to departure of key staff.
3.18 Future Project Preparation. This component was intended to preparefeasibility studies for some 36 water impounding projects nationwide, as wellas specific development projects for rainfed agriculture in Mindanao. APPU atMOA headquarters was responsible for the rainfed, and BS for tne waterimpounding studies. APPU commissioned a socioeconomic, production and market-ing study, as well as a soil and credit survey which were the bases for twoproject preparation annexes tor Mindanao. However, final project preparatonwas suspended on advice of the FAO-World Bank Cooperative Program. Responsi-bility for preparation was later transferred to NACIAD, but has so far notresulted in a new project proposal. BS formed a national core team withregional task forces for waCer impounding scheme preparation. Consultantswere hired to train staff and assist in planning, design and preparation offeasibility studies. Some 115 feasibility studies were prepared and combinedinto 12 regional packages, but it is not clear whether implementation hastaken place.
IV. PROJECT COSTS, DISBURSEMENTS, ACCOUNTS, AUDITS and PROCUREMENT
4.1 Project costs are presented in Table 2. Total project costs wereP 106.4 million, including P 104.2 million financed under the Iloilo project(Ln. 1815-PH) and P 2.2 million financed under ASSP (Ln. 2040-PH) during1986-87. This compares with an appraisal base cost estimate of P 111.3 mil-lion, and total costs with contingencies of P 158.0 million. The peso-dollarexchange rate ieteriorated from 7.5 to 20.45 in the period from 1980 to 1986-87. Expenditures in US dollar terms were therefore lower than expected(US$11.76 million compared with US$15.05 and US$21.35 million before and aftercontingencies, respectively) (Table 3). Low real project expenditures are adirect result of insufficient budget allocations and releases during a periodof economic and political crises in the Philippines. Almost 90% of projectexpenditures were made in 1982 alone. The project. was starved for start-upallocations in 1980 and 1981, and after 1982 limited budget releases allowedlittle procurement and virtually nc new initiatives.
4.2 Disbursements (Table 4) amounted to US$5.26 million, or only 43.8%of the loan amount and 45.1% of total expenditures. Some related disburse-ments did take place under Loan 2040-PH for approved project expenditures in1986 and 19b7. After an initial learning process by staff at the InteragencyCommittee in Manila, there were no major problems with the submission ofdisbursement requests, although there were some coordinating problems with thedistant Project Management Unit. The final disbursement was made on February6, 1987, when the undisbursed balance of US$6,740,500.19 was cancelled.
Table 2: PROJECT COSTS BY COMPONENT AND CATEGORY(p'OO0)
Costs to December 31, 1985 by categoryEquipment/ Training Incremen- Local nondis-
Appratsal Civil vehicles/ and con- tal staff bursable ON,Componentt estimate works materials sultancies salaries supervision, etc. Total
/b Total project costs to December 31, 1985, exclusive of items eligible fordisbursement under Loan 2040-PH.
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4.3 Accounts and Audits were submitted with some delays. No seriousqualifications were made by Government auditors or during review within theBank.
4.4 Procurement. The procurement document preparation and approvalprocess was tedious. Most ICB procurement was for vehicles and equipment.The Bank allowed, exceptionally, a large contract to a satisfactory contractorwith ongoing work for the NFA grain storage/handling faciliLy. Only 5 of the2. vehicles procured through NFA reached the project, which caused majorinconvenience and delays. The project frequently had no funds to clearincoming goods through Customs, which caused not only major brokerage/storagecosts, but also great inconvenience. Some 21 cartons of medical supplies forthe nutrition/health component were held up for over three years and zomeequipment was not released for four years.
V. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE
5.1 A rather complex project organization was established. Sinceproject implementation would basically be assigned to regional and provincialstaff of the cooperating line agencies, a great deal of coordination atprovincial, regional and national level was necessary. Tthe Project ManagementUnit (PMU) with three sectoral coordinators was supervised by an InteragencyProject (or Kabsaka) Management Committee, chaired by the Regional Directorfor Agriculture. A large interagency Project Coordinating Committee, chairedby an Assistant Minister of Agriculture, was established at the national levelin Manila and was supported by a small secretariat. The PCR (Chapter 12p.116-127) provides details of membership, operations, and difficultiesexperienced. PMU staff were seconded from MOA and other agencies, but theProject Manager and several other key staff were hired on contract. In manyinstances PMU had no authority over the use of project funds assigned directlyto the line agencies (since the Ministry of Budget and Management could notassign these directly to PMU), which often had other priorities. The original19 member Project Management Committee was too unwieldy and a 5-memberExecutive Committee was formed to guide PMU and ccordinate all participatingline agencies. One of the greatest problems was the lengthy proce_-s frombudget allication to the actual release of funds, which were almost alwayssubstantially less than requested and needed. In 1983 only 15% of theallocated budget was made available. The PMU had to make many unplannedadjustments and it is therefore gratifying that so much was achieved withlittle funds and often poor support from the Manila headquarters of lineagencies.
VI. PROJECT IMPACT
6.1 Cropping Intensity, Yields and Production. The following data hasbeen abstracted from the SAR and the project Final Evaluation Report, preparedby UPV, which uses data from the 1980-81 baseline survey, periodic surveys bythe pro iezt's 14&E Unit in the years 1981i82 to 1983/84, and the impact evalua-tion survey in 1986. The baseline survey covered 233 of the potential 1,400villages in the project area and the number of respondents was 1,081. The
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1986 impact evaluation survey covered a different 750 farmer-beneficiaries forthe 1984/85 crop year, since baseline data records were destroyed ormutilated. Periodic surveys were conducted only in areas of projectcoverage. There were 93 respondents in 1981/82, 146 in 1982/83 and 186 in1983/84, and they were drawn from a masterlist of Kabsaka participants. Insummary, the baseline survey during the first project year relied on a sampledrawn from the overall farming community, while all follow-up surveys weredrawn from project participants only. At appraisal it was envisaged that halfof some 70,000 farmers would adopt a substantial proportion of the proposedpractices (SAR para. 3.08), while the remainder would have already adopted thepractices or would be expected to adopt some practices as a result of inter-mittent exposure to the extension program. Survey data accuracy is doubtedand conclusions drawn may not fully reflect what actually occurred in thefield.
6.2 During the first year (1980/81) only 1,037 farmers working 1,500 haof land were reached. This increased to 26,315 farmers with 34,649 ha of landin 1984/85. A re-inventory in 1986, revealed that the potential area shouldbe reduced to 50,650 farmps (v. 70,000 estimated at apparaisal) with 66,850 haof land (PCR, p. 5) which means that participation in the project actuallyexceeded appraisal estimates. Cropping patterns changed significantly duringimplementation. There were, however substantial seasonal and annual varia-tions due to unfavorable rainfall and rice prices. Farmers with non-Government irrigation facilities were included in the surveys. The impactevaluation survey found that 14% of farmers had access to supplementaryirrigation, mostly pumping from rivers or springs and from impounding water.Only a few farmers had deep wells. The following cropping patterns andcropping intensities were established:
/a Drought during 1st cropping season.lb Typhoon damage 2nd crop.
6.3 There are major differences between the appraisal estimate and the
baseline survey, which were only two years apart. Theoretically they should
represent the same farming community--all potential project farmers, and it is
difficult to explain the 60% increase in cropping intensity over a two-year
period when only 1,500 farmers used Kabsaka technology under the project. As
noted earlier, the periodic monitoring and final impact evaluation deal with
distinct samples. It is likely that many nonproject farmers have also adopted
Kabsaka technology. For instance, it is known that farmers in irrigated
areas, where frequent water shortages occur, have also adopted the technology
of dry or wetland preparation with direct seeding. The periodic monitcring
and the impact evaluation therefore have captured only part of the project
beneficiaries. The area of transplanted rice was reduced from 18% to 10% for
the first crop and from 10% to 7% for the 2nd crop. Sinc3 direct seeding
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requires substantially less labor, there were definite savings. Farmersgrowing a single rice crop saw average yields increasing from 1.8 to 2.3 t/haduring the project period. However, farmers growing two consecutive ricecrops saw their annual production increase from 4.4 t/ha in 1980/81 to 5.6t/ha in 1984/85. Where a third upland crop was grown, yields ranged from 0.2to 0.7 t/ha (Table 12.12 on page 73 of UPV Evaluation Report). Since manydifferent crops are grown following the 2nd rice crop, and the crop mix is notindicated, it '.s impossible to say if upland crop yields improved duringimplementation. Average gross income per farm household increased fromP 3,077 in 1980/81 to P 9,044 in 1984/85, or close to the appraisal target forthe most favorable rainfed cropping pattern (SAR, Table 6.2).
Livestock
6.4 From 72 loaner bulls, a total of 1,181 calves survived, while 76graded bucks sired 3,244 kids. Some 483 roosters (102 survivors), produced22,419 chicks. Fattening schemes were supervised for 9,281 cattle, 7,750carabao, 19,033 hogs, 9,200 goats and 60,496 broilers. Improved veterinaryservices to a large animal population must have achieved a considerableimpact. Except for goats, the number of animals for slaughter exceededappraisal estimates. The breed improvement program was disappointing withonly 16 calves per bull and 40 kids per buck over the project period (3-5years). Less than a quarter of issued roosters survived.
Water Impounding
6.5 Only 16 of the 40 planned dams were completed (560 ha service areaor 31% of target). A cropping intensity of 2.1 was achieved against a targetof 2.5. Some 109 of the planned 160 ha of catchment area was planted withtrees. This project component proved to be too costly, reaching too fewbeneficiaries and was therefore halted. Rice yields increased substantially.Data from six schemes indicate that first crop yields increased from 2,800 to3,870 kg/ha, while second crop yields increased from 2,500 kg/ha to 3,390kg/ha. Several farmers then had adequate water for third crops of vegetables,mungbeans, or even rice.
VII. ECONOMIC REEVALUATION
7.1 In preparing this Overview, the incremental costs and benefits ofthe project were reestimated for the rainfed crop, irrigated crop andlivestock production components. Data on the incremental area of rainfed cropproduction were taken from PCR, and the cropping patterns of one, two andthree crops were drawn from the University of Philippines Evaluation Report(PER). Economic prices of rice were calculated for the 1980-1987 period atthe export parity farmgate palay price, drawn from the World Bank commodityDrice series and adjusted to the FOB Philippines port, with cost of Lreightand insurance and quality price grade differential of 20Z. This price wasreduced by the value of port charges, storage, handling, transport mill toport, milling fees and increased by the byproducts value. Rice mill returnwas estimated at 62%. The services and byproduct values were adjusted for the1980-1987 period using the price index of the Philippines Statistical Yearbook
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1987. The export parity farmgate corn price 1980-87 was estimated using asimilar methodology. Since world mungbean prices are not available, theannual farugate prices reported by the Philippines Agricultural SectorStrategy Review (IBRD Report No. 6819-PH) were used, adjusted by a standardconversion rate of 0.86. The opportunity cost of unskilled labor wasestimated at 602 of the official minimum wage, which is approximately equal tothe prevailing market rate. Imported inputs were valued at their appropriateCIF price. Incremental costs and benefits of the water impounding componentwere calculated using the same methodology. In the case of livestock, theannual number of beneficiary families reported in the PCR for the first threeyears of the project was used. The incremental costs for agriculturalproduction services, management, trials, training, water impounding andmarketing were lower than the 1980 appraisal estimates (Chapter IV, Tables 2and 3 of PCR). The costs of the nutrition/health, feasibility studies,Mindanao project preparation and pilot village development were excluded fromthe ERR calculation. Incremental road costs were also excluded in thisreestimate of the ERR because they were implemented under another project.
7.2 With the above methodology and assumptions, over a 25-year period,the reestimated ERR is 22.8% (Table 6) for the whole project, compared withthe appraisal ERR of 37%. The lower ERR is explained by the decline in theworld rice prices, from US$430/t in 1980 to US$2;6/t in 1985, US$211/t in 1986and US$230/t in 1987. World corn prices have dropped from US$120/t in 1980 toUS$74/t in 1986. On the other hand, rainfed crop and livestock targets werereached earlier than the appraisal estimate. The water impounding componentdid not reach its target, with only 16 subprojects implemented out of 40subprojects planned at appraisal, and costs were higher then predicted.
7.3 The PCR reestimates the ERR using both assumptions drawn from theextension service (47%) and assumptions based on M&E data (37%). The maindifferences between the assumptions and methodology used to reestimate theproject ERR in the PCR and in this Overview are the following:
(a) The Overview uses the same total annual increase of area as does thePCR, but disaggregates it according to the combination of one, twoand three cropping patterns of rice and upland crops. The PCR usesa different disaggregation.
(b) The Overview uses world market prices of rice and upland crops(1980-1987), adjusted to farm level parity prices at the prevailingexchange rate and using a price index for local services of port,transport and storage. A paddy to rice conversion rate of AL% isused in the Overview, as against the PCR figure of 55%.
(c) In the Overview, incremental costs were adjusted for inflation.
(d) The number of livestock beneficiaries in the Overview is the same asin the PCR during the first three years of the project, but theOverview then considers only 9,769 benef;ciary families at fulldevelopment, against the estimate of 65,539 families in the PCR.
Table 6: PROJECT COSTS AND BENEFITS FOR ECONOMIC RATE OF RETURN CALCULATIONS(Million pesos)
Incremental costs Incremental benefitsAgricul- Manage- Live- Rainfed Irrigated Total in-tural pro- ment stock crop crop Water Rain- Irri- crementalduction trials pro- pro- pro- impound- Market- fed gated Live- net
Year services training duction duction duction ing ing Total crops crops stock Total benefits
8.1 Government Performance. Start-up project funding was inadequate andthis led to slow procurement of essential vehicles and equipment, and staffappointments were significantly delayed. After 1982 there were substantialshortfalls in budget releases due to overall Government constraints and arapidly deteriorating peso (against the US dollar). Procurement exceptionswere agreed but the Government failed to make most of the procured vehiclesavailable to the project. However, project management was dedicated, and inparticular senior extension personnel were instrumental in obtaining goodfarmer response, despite poor working conditions. It was unfortunate that theproject was terminated before full area coverage was achieved. The Office ofBudget and Management decided not to make budget allocations for 1986 and allcontractual staff were terminated, although provincial and regional staffcontinued project activities as routine operations. If NFA had been able topay floor prices for rice, project benefits would have been substantiallylarger due both to a larger area of double cropped rice and to higher yieldsfrom increased input usage. On advice of the Bank, the Government haltedexpansion of water impounding works, but the Pilot Village Development Programand the nutrition health components were highly successful.
8.2 Bank Performance. Cashing in on promising research findings forrainfed agricultural areas was an appealing investment opportunity. Theoriginal project proposal called for substantial investments in infrastruc-ture, farmer credit, vehicles, equipment, etc. However, several Bank-financedsectoral projects already operated, or were proposed, for Iloilo province.Therefore it proved di.ficult to agree internally on the scope of theproject. Preparation and appraisal took a great deal of staff time and it wasonly during negotiations, some 2i years after identification, that the finalinvestment program was agreed. In relation to loan size, the project wasexpensive to prepare and appraise, due to the large number of professionaldisciplines required. Mission leaders changed between preparation andappraisal because of staff transfers.
8.3 Supervision frequency was satisfactory in the first three years, buttoo infrequent in later years. Due to mission intervention, water impoundingwas halted because of high costs and small area coverage. The cropproduction, training, village development, marketing and health/nutritioncomponents were adequately covered. However, livestock received littleattention. Reorganizations within the Bank caused changes in division chiefs(three during project implementation) and insufficient staff continuity, andoccasionally led to misunderstandings and some poor decisions (e.g. prematureclosing of the project). Stronger Bank representations might have achievedbetter budgetary allocations and adequate project staff arrangements, whilethis could have prev'nted premature project closing. Fortunately, the Bankdid agree to continue funding some ongoing Iloilo activities under Ln 2040-PHduring 1986 and 1987.
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Rnm AGfH CJUIAL D BEOEM (MOMO) PM(I= MAN N. 1815-IH)
PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
DEE CF aAPRl 1987
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CHAPI 1
CRiOx ZMzou couo
1. DROWCXICE
:rop* extenion la the owe of the sAM Projector the RAM* It extends WUAX teobmloag, a ltipleczopin technology speccifi for zlafe. lowlaM areas,with the en view of iAcnusAng lidA aind labor produali-vity and iflcoS of target-clienteleo. Purth51Og, thecomponent serves " the entry point for other componentsof the poJect.
Crops extension in also the Pzogenitor of theproj*cte Since the inceptioA of UlSAU in 1974 undoApplied Resea.ch (until 1979 it was under the PilotlEtension stage)* the componeAt stood as the only unitin existeoe. It was oly during the expanded LA8ACAphase (undo World lbank Lo) that other compoxents andsuboompoents of the poJeot were Cenceptualized andimpleuentede
The salient features of the KABSAXA technolog thatwere envisioned to attain the first two goals of theProject wvexs
1. eerlf land preparation;2. use of recomanded (arly maturing varieties);
3. direct seeding (dry and met seeding withincut-off dates);
Crops .tension, In pwtioulw, has a dizct inpact athe attainent of the natial goals .3d objectivesembedded in the ftilippie Dvel4aet a tol2ns
1. social Notice - Social equity throughalteatio of the diatrbtiM of incomeand weath an4 epanioa of tpeople's oppostnty,social nobility a participation leading tosocial transformation.
2. self-reliance in aste needs - includs easyaccess to badc ameniti e il life such astood,clothg, shelter, edncatioL and health servicesgbtter inome opportunitie; and uass-orientetsocia sericeos pram.
3. alaced ao-idcil *eoa - stable,'bln ced and healthy economy with the moder-liza"ciL of agicultual sector and hish
leve1 t of Andsthrializati0oa
4. ral and regional development - ineluAsenhancement of opport uities in the rumwlaras especially those that ar in theloagin regions of the country.
With respect to aricultural developmnt, it ±.recalled that until the ealy seventies, proramn thrustshad beoe cntemd am irrigated areas wtstanding the factthat almost seventy percent (70%) the nation 9 s egicul-tural land are raiAfed and most frm families wae cul-tisating rainf4d faras. The thrst for the deovlopmetof irrigated are" m hao ebe influened by the theiotsof losher where areas with reater opportunity of deve-loping are given first priority. Por almost four (4)decadst rainfed areas we the bypassed we" in the Ilip-pins. In addzesasig Sinf d arimultaral development, thesubcoomoNt sOOks to resolve the disparity that exiAtslbetwen farmers In irrigated woes ad those in rainfedareas. If replicated nationwide, It could bring the farmfa.lies in the rained aroa Into the mainstrea ofdevelopment.
An far an target and strategies re concerned, thecomponent is ono of the tangible representation of thedevelopment plane The component neeks to increase land andlabor productivities and linome of som 38,000 faT
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families in some 52,500 ha 1/ which are the targets ofstructural transfoarmailon vuuld the ecoomic raevolution.
Us m Azoi 8!RA!UQM AND mum5
no component use a combinationl of strateogeswlich cbangd continully to cop. *Ith louu"zestargets and recuz'r±ng financial, mpowew and mobltyconstraints. Steme strateoges we intrumontal isbrgimg about a satisfactory accomplishmeAt ofg0a1s/obGectiV08 an benefts which a=ud directlyto Its target-clientele. !hew waso flzed act ofstrategies used in Its Iulomatatioa. Eforts wezdirected at modifying strategies whch suited thechanging need, of the pro,,et ' target-cliente .1te stratogies us"ed by the component are emeratodbelows
1. Reorganization of the NAP eztost ion system whichled to the development of .AP2 into generalists.
2. Use of production/defonstratioA plots as toolsiA method and result deo strat ion
3. Regular b'ondct of field days.
4. Conduct of farmers training which vuS latedivided Into farmersI orieAtation seminar andKA3A technology training.
5. Use of farmers' testimonies.
C. Conduct of amall-dos* ftrmera' Clases whichmature into modified Trgdming and Visit (T & T)system.
7. lnter-ba'aa Y isitation which later becomethe technical asemnar portion of modified2 & v system.
8. Individual approaches to include fa.r nd homevslits and consultation/aoffic calls.
1/ Revised target--appraisal target was 60,000 ha.
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9. Iducational tours fora t.*mzr an shortcutto teohn.ogy transfer eA &ao to *re asIncentives to farm leader..
10. Ci@*t@l; perticipation to the proJoot.
11. Publlcation and distzibutioa of iMle'menting Vgd.id2nea*
12. 3.tabliuhment and maintenance of linkage withresearch and support services.
13. Personal development and in.n.tives.
14. Construction of eztension cents" adbarangss offlce..
15. odification. of target-oettig and planningapproaweu to iclud other coupownats Adsubcomponent; flAtitutionaliaation ofbarana target verification.
1. Setting-up of farmes' associations.
17. Modified T & T 3ysteto
18. Use of mass approaches to includ K ICUleel celebr'at±c (booths/parade.) and ue ofbroadcast and priAted medla.
19. Provision of equipment needed by staff fortral.n±ng and other suppart services*
3. A &% lsmet
1. ere of Coverage
The area covered by the compo ent in shownin Table 1. The oomponent covered 47 barangaysin 20 iunicipalities for crep year (CY) 1980-81which later inozeesed to 835 barmagays In 38inancipalitieu for CY 1986-87. The Aber of
farm families served rowe frm 1,067 for CY1980-al to 40,584 for CY 1986-87. The areacovered alo inocesed from 1,50 ha in CY1980-81 to 50,927 for CY 3986-87. --
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JPs CY 1986-6 thee wa a 108 ec smeat La tatf the umbe of farm tamliese*.Yod based ea the evise target of 36,000farm, tfaxles, Ibs MO attwlbmted NO. tothe hOA Of faVU families takingitO saot th chae of olvl stains ofobjdre within the fily. & awea cowvdrepresents 97% of the target; of 52,50 haoThis performance was attributed to the trasforof Ais brought&out by the streamlini ofarea to manpower ratio per nicipality.
As early as 1986, a re-inventary of thepotential axes ilcluding the Irrigated min-cipalLties was undertaken by the Aricltu-ral Coordinator for probaMl eMamsion in thesuccedig yews*. An revealed by this under-taking ther wer 50,650 fm familiecovering 669850 ha in area with AM of 43mnicipalitier and 1 city. This rema4iingarea and fa1m famlies w proratod for throeyeas leadig to a target of 43,068 farmfamilies aAd 56,850 ha for CY 1987-8.
As far as the averase landholding sconcerhed, a deoeasing trend wen observeduntil CY 1986-87 which registeed a rate of0.02 ha per anm. The increas in averagelndLold±n for CY 1987-88 w due to theiAclusion of rainfed weas in irrigated mni-cipalities of the province where the Averagelandholdig is larger.
2. Cropping IMeSity
The effective wra and cropping intesityfrom CT 196081 to CY 1984-85 is presentod InTable 2. It reveals that the effective Areainras,ed frS 2905 ha in CY 1980-8 to 69*099ha In CY 1984-8e5. Croin intemitY varieswith each yew as affected by drought, sharinereas in artea covered and probably by thepecentag of fam familiSe who ad practised)wly land prpopatiao. A 9-shaped quadraticcmre will be realised if the data is pesentedin a scatter A.±a ao P1*therMorQ, croppingIntensity icrweased when taz t MU maintained.
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as it Is equivalent o01y to P33/month. The dataon Income and beefit from livestock productionis presented In Table 10.
aUl the cost of livestock production Isconsideed al, efforts w exrted to establish4ncoemsnts for cost-benefIt analyls. A fawilyspent P65 annuay based on the baseline data.Suh expenditures icclud fsod, pwase og stockand med1icima This cost ws then projected toincreae at 10% anAuall and is expcted to reachP704 by CY 2004-05. The total costs for live-stock is projected to be P388.371 1 for the projectlife. Projections for coat of livestock pro-ductioL Is pre seted in able 11.
3. Annual income s frm 'ops and livestock
Used on the recoxstrctd data on cr.ps adlivestock, the annual incom per fSily ae,asfollows:
1979-0 * P3537
1381-82 - P4810
1982-83 - V475
1963-84 a f304
No ef ort us mde to project this data. Themere included to show that the target in-rm of
o9000 per family for CY 1985-86 had alreadY 1eesurpassed sice CY 1963-84.
4. Total Benefits
The total benefits derived from the proJectis sha in Table1 12. UnAe the crops extension'sasmption this mms that landholding is demas-An.the total benefits fow th* projoct life will beV8.321 3. The total benefits for the project lifewill b 16.905 3 if the U & I assumption is med.
As the I & I peiodic surVeYs includ somWIP benficiaries, it is assmd that benefitspresentod iA previous discussions includ benefits:rom Wip Such is deeme to be relatively eakas sampleo included MY not be rreseAtative ofWI?. Por a more thorou& analysis, two modes wee
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iasOti i a" withoult VIP.
5. Iestment Costs
As pv it4 ftr by ths 3*1, 100% of the ecot ofa Fioutiws1 Podetes swfl...s ,e4wt ta1 PVjetmeasgment (including 1C). water impoundin androads waclued as investmet costa. tbizty-pumsm (30%) of alm storage and shipmt fa-c4ilty ad 7a% of twatninwer added to these co08s.Howevew, these costs at be taken with resevationas costs few holdvear iqplm.ltatioa was not
Th1So we a nuer of cost assumptions that war*elored, Ons not of assmtion La on the cost ofpxoduotion an mentioned eu'lier to icludes 1. ropsezteidon we mean landholdin" per family Indecreasidg anual-ly; asn 2. 3 & 3 utsAe mean, lnd.holdins devoted to LABAXA is increasing nnuall.The second set of assumption is on the total costwhee costs ror livestock production, WIP and live-tock productioa were withheld.
Considerin these two sets of aJaor assumptions,the total invostment cost under the crops extensionassumptionL in P8.414 . This is equal to P45.795 3under the X I assumption.
If tke livestock proAuction cost is withheld,the investment cost under the crops extenion aAd I1 & I assumptions awe P18.025 and ?45.406 3,respectively. If VIP costs are excludet, themtwo assumptions have comr ponding investment costsof P18.389 and 45.406 S. with the exclusion ofVIP &nd livestock the ietmentzot costs i-ds thecrops exte sto±o and I a I assumption are 18.000&Ad ?45.381 3. The inrestment costs are preseStodin Table 13.
C. Sconawio Rsturin
The return on investment (ROI) is shown InTable 14. It shows that when VIP and livstockproduction costs are withheld, the 101 under thecropsto extensc and K & U asumptioxs we 46.2% and37.3%, respectively. We livestock productioncost is os¢luded, the corresponding ROI and thesetwo assumptions awe 46.2 and 37.24
The ROI did not vary mch when WIP cost wexcluded with when it was considerod. 3oth as-sumptioAs lead to imile? estimated R0X. Tis
Is becas h sam bneits z se. Je netassotion atred th 30! as e. "ted. Par thecrops extnsiom assumption, th 30! Is 45,.2 ThiIs 122% of the au estimte (37%) ith VW and 110Uot the 8U etimte (42%) without U. Wor thev & s 3assption, the mi ts proset.d to be 36.U.This La eWa1iad by tU earr'epondin inrese Inccost of prodnction. fTe 010 unde I & I assumptiotLa 100% of the 3AR eotiUto (37%) with W!P and 90%of the SAX estimte (43%) witout W33.
Ye @5 heSYw
whetbr the fbilJppine governent will be ableto pay back its loan In a question that mat beanswered. ftis is a must if additionel lon Aeyed for the national implementation of the projector it sindlar projcts will be eplicatod e1$e-where*. The freign exchange rates we adopted fromNP (p.27). Thi was done dos to the tim constraintand the unavailability of the foreogn oxohange rates.The data iclud those from 1979 until 1985. As amjor devaluation occurred in 1983, an SIR was under-taken to postdict exchange ratos existing until1974 so as to offset these sharp inc &se.. Theactual ad-proected foreign examer rates arepresented in Table 15.
The total loan arailmoets of $5,259,440 asmasortized from November 1, 1985 to November 1, 1000.STis m not represent the total pictwr sice thereis no data on comitment charges. The soem-annalamortization, is 70,000. The aintization andintorest reached P6.735 X olars and equivalentto P21.723 3. Table 1 show the data on amorti-zations and interests.
If the ezpenditues apart frm loan availments(P42.065 1) is added to the value of loan repa7ments,the costs will reach P243.78 Re
It must be remembered that the total benefitsfrom the project far smoee WO Mo0ut as thesereached .321 3 and ft.905 3 und the cropextension1 and X & I amstions, respectively.This could oven be paid 91rm sales taxes *1m
- 31 -
Te data for CT 1965mM to not compete as thefist ce harvet In not awailable. tis mm dueto the proposed chew of Mospe btem±oa I smor.
The ae data ae Inrop preduotlem. At M7rate* the I & I had these data MA ae inlued In theImpact Uvaluat ion Uuvey and teurmial Report.
The income p famill Is reflected In the Cost-benfit -nalysis of the agrcultural prodction mervicase
C. Earlover
Te napower of the componet (Table 3, was not&sCord±ag to the arigina staffing ia the 8tdff Ap-praial Report (p. 23) as BPI staff wer not trans-ferred to 3hf.
Nanpower inereasd each year but not IA pro-portion to nuabe of fam families servd. Theincr'ease In Ann in CY 19685 was due to the d4-ployment of L±satodc Inspectors. During the hold-Over implesentation, increments were due to trans-ferred Alt and additional AlT. In Irigated areas.
Changes ±h the othe types of personnl alsooccuwed.
The actual AM pJected workload of ATin the rainfed area is shown in Table 4. TbiSmot be taken with reservation as some of thOseAnn covered farmers in irrisated and upland areas.The component in expected to cover 50950 farmfamilies is s*oa 66,850 ha raisfed t&a." In CT 1989-9O.The nmber of fam families per Al! incra&ed from31 to 2f at the wa of Prolect life. The BSAestimated ratio of 160 fam families per AFT wasoverestimated at CY 1986-87 with 180 far familieoper AJT.
Us avaiable tat on expedtures is the totaloxpendtures for P'oJoct implomentation The coMpo-
nant had spent ?2.744 3 (243%) of its MDM obli-
- 32 -
satIons ndS.4 I (I10) of its GOP oblistioe. Itstotal .zpndtures reachd 16,144 I which to 145% ofSU provisiou. It bas loa bentalimat of .696 3
equivalext to *4qW9 N (s hpp.aiz ). T- compommat was brdened with obU4san, other than Its owLike the preour-t of see In lato 1963 mAd Pay-S&t ft Salary oS Sup risoax-Desigate.
A. Cost-bnef
1. Crops
Dmat oA nnual roturns, costs and incomefrom crops were obtaind from variou reportsof tho Monitoring 1A Daluation (1 & 3).Theeo were reconstructed to corn up with aconistent data to uit the 8 provisionL thatfamily labor costs be e=luded. te reon iSet*. data include smaor croppin patternsfor baselin (coer 1979-80 and not CY 198.81 as presented il sub.i.quent reports) andCT. 1983-85. or CT. 1981-83, a11 croppingpatterns w"er inolude. These data served asbases in projectixg the costs and benf'its ofthe componeAt It must be barne in mind thatther *fs drought In CY 1982-83 and typhoonUndang occured In CY 1984-85.
The reconstructed data in shown in Table 5.It reveled that net Income per hectre fromcrops at baseline was P2740 which in equivalentto P2,784 per family. fte net incom perhectare from crops rose from P2,583 in CT 1981-82 to P4,154 in CY 198-5 wich are equive-lent to 3o,978 d MM,18 per famui respectivel.
!he data without project, used 10%aual increase from baseline until CT 1984-85.The effects of drou&ht, and typhoon a 4danwere accounted for by computing the without-'project data usinA ratio. and proportion.After CY 1984-85, the anual ienrement wasfixed at P337. The with project data u-edthe simple linar regression (SIR) far pro-jection after data at CY 19a0-81 was provide.
In Table 6, the income per ha was projectedt4 reach P1.6,789 for with project and Po0,015
- 33 -
for withot Project. 2o distinct asumtioonwer use to determie the benefit per tfa=i1y1) deoaeas±m trend io, uan. l d4di 1.=Mp extensio "dta MA 2) _ eslandholdg devoted to KAAU frm the & 3data.
Using asumptions, the benefit (i th andwithout project) per faS1y wmm projoeted toreach 16,909 using crops extension assUmption.For the Y & I assumption, benefit per familyis expectod to be P19,916.
In projecting the bnefits fzm crop pro-duction, the total number of families ere usedrather than the incremental n&uber. It wsargue that the ser vice given to the. failies weresustained untUl the end of the project insteadof the recomendatio@ of the Project Nanager thatserviceo be withdrawn from existing area. Thefamilies,therefore,bontfited from the conti-
'uing learning process which enable then to in-crease their incom from yeas to year.
The benefit from crop producton. :l pre-dented i2 Table 7. The bonetit from crop pro-duction reached a total of 1212.004 N fromCY 1980-81 to CY 1985-66 and 5.5 3 for theproject life when the crops extension VW used.When the I & B assumption was used. the benefitfrom crop production amounted to 1317.411 H frmCY 1980-61 to C! 1985-86 anfd P14.1 3 for theproject life.
The cost of productiox Is shown in Table 8.The cost of production for CT 1980-81 ws filrstdetermined uwing data prior to devaluation inCT 1964-85. Mh project data used the SIR post-diction of 4 years and data until C! 1984-65so that the offoct of maJor devaluation fortisyer could be mInInIzed on the SIa. It _Jprojected that the cost of crop production willreach n19,690 per heotwro which is *quivalentto 120,084 and 157,889 per family for the
-34-
eropa etesioa ad I & 3 assuition, respectively.
Te total cp production coat a aountedto MO43.121 I util CT 195..M aM 792L 3 farthe Project lif shea =Vops teeio& ass_ntioais u"sd ftia is bigger i6en the I & I ation is used roackUW.n,260.0O7 1 until CY 1385-86 and P45.302 3 for tke project life.
If 20% of the totl cr provdction is spentfor chemicals and fertiliser, this will be *qui-valent to P3.584 3 and V9.060 3 for the respective.a5suptiofl5.
Tne tot.. gross returns from crops per hec-tare will reach ?36,479 by CT 2004-25. This isattainable if anual grosa prodnction reaches180 car/ba with equivalont price of ?203/44 kg._he price of 50 kg .111d rice was obtaind. fromBacon and converted to paddy rice/kg at 56%mili4ng recovwy. In this asswiption, 89 kg, ofpaddy rice is needed for 50 kg .lled rice. Proma 12-yea: data, a projection was ade for theprice of 1 kg padd& rice by CY 2004-05. One kg ofpaddy rice wil be P6.12 when sold an milledrice. A 44 kg paddy will bo therfore sold at1269. ThiS will give the rice trder/m4llerpa profit of 63/44 kg gating that rice bran couldpay for the m4ilng ad. handli"g costs. Thedata oan prices of milled rice ad their con-vwsions are shown in Table 9.
2. Liwestock
The income from the baseline suvey and I & 3reports is th grosa Iacome from livestock pro-duction. This reproseAts the correspondi4 Taluefor te produce that were mold and consumed. Thedata with proJect was projected using SLE whilethat of without project is dtermined us4n 10%annal increase. The incom per family in eVectedto reach !10.095 with project and 1,159 for withoutprojoct by CY 2004-05.
?h benefit from liestocck from CY 1980-81to 1985-86 reached. 187.821 N and will be 2.848 3for project lifeS The annual increase of 7394under with-project conditioA in demed attainable
- 35 -
derived trm fertiliser and chomica.a. The coatof produotion Is ozp.ated to reach 1tl.789 1wtil CT 1999-00 ud the cr op ztan±aesumptions. If 20% (P2.358 3) in spent forfortilisers ad ohe.ioals, mles taz (10) willamount to P235 I* Under the N & I assumptiona,cost of productioa will reach P28.040 3 byCY 1999-00. This will give a corresponding sales tamof P541 R.
IT. CONCLUSION
The cost-benefit analyais based on N & sur veysrevealed that tho *conomic returns derivod from theproJact is si4ilar to SAR *stimates. This fact is aauto witxeJs to the efforts exerted ty the componentunder the direction of the Crops Extension and the Ag-ricultural Coordinator in attaining the component'sgoals. All negative criticisms saved one are herebyrefuted.
It is conceded that the leading implemoetors arenot good at writing. And yet, it could not bo den iedthat their ida. served an continuing guide to theimplementation of the component's activities. It isjust fitting that they be supportod oan this liNi-tation.
Delays in the budget releases, lack of manpower,and lack of mobility are the conastraints of the component.These constraints could not be accepted by some quarters.It is concurred by leading implementors that had thesebeen given due attention, the perforxaAce of the Jmpnentshould have been improved.
T. RZCOEKENDATI0N
ased oa the foregoing analysia, the national imple-mentation of raiAfed awicultural developsmet is herebystrongly recommended.
- 36 -
TABLE 1 AREA OF COVERAGE, CY 1980-81 TO CY 1987-88
:70 r -.Di2 :..ie 0 12.t ea . .
(!j) hoLi_.Id
~32^-_1 47 20 1507* L500* ' .
1-3 2 L_,0 < -£2 o3L3 '.3^
Li82-33 300 32 3769 e3635 1 .3
' L3 34 6 -3 318 -315** 3A649 1.2
I:84-35 600 33 26315 3^o649 1. 32
1935- _0 38 31727 405&4 L.23
I S 'C' -8 It .5 3 3 . 3, 3 4 50 9 27 L .24
1937v33*** 300 44 -3 03 :5 30 a .2
-cu e: :_ ea I an t , e 9 5 C 5; .,- a3~c~ :r C --,, e ri..sa1< .'e-r t -d noit 1,632 as su cee-entlyet re -oted. ..st, -re is _10 " tc o4 t.le nLme ' f . -.e-s, It iz :eczm-,uted, as e'. _er t-,iters "ate t ,y * ivid_-,: t e a e-,7 tE:e =e2 L -z.1'-ln; (L.33) o :i_ succeedi:c yeazo
t'.*.e -** .e e eC 71 0, I
e ,: ~ W <13_'-s3 ) se V ".:e -. +_ L f: aWC _ - e
*** ~- ,et .
-4'ICJ C\I 1-i 0r4 t-J.-i-(Ir .I- (\.-c)(.g(~ OJN C)<- t-~~~~~("I (XI c- II td - t#* (AM Ua I ('j *sJ- c N, I < 1f' (T % C\ C)
s) 1fo1 , I xFI , JC( 0 .\ 4" OIwIf,% ( N \
rn ~ ~ r C\j W I) N O .M\ (\I k CNt nIl %Dco-1 _ C\I tyli Co
t- l N rU O < ~ fA 1 (Mt0 t- fm t -u I n ko rN I f-\ N O a 0 (
C. N LIN (\I cm'-t C) C) tL:t-OtM,I (11 C-) CJ<(}) @tOtA in lt (
Y; r DL 1 J C ,-1 -1 O1 (t (\J '.0 'IO
t z ) W f" < I F] k) -4 t .IX*A N .
e-4 (\)
v o . .-I (NJ r t C c) COtr' 1'-I tC 1- .42.) .4 _1v U '-,vJ--4 (YN -l (XI 4 .- . t-
CA '.4' t o cn fn C) '-45-4
i l O O tg tf so - I tD rn O t-tw-I rbM U ) O
esl~~~~~~~~~~~~C I I ,C t I I I I I I rM 1ON-
a~~~~~~~~~ r.. VJ I. U) -4
X; (1 _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~v4 SJ# -4 ) *-4 -4 4-1 4.-I ! rJ c) t s r- at rLlJ O t fC.i.4X vi
r: a ~~~~~~~4Z S! C) {J 4- 4-1 tJ 4C n -t- rl * Ise1' -0 4-V M. 4) V :I~~~~1 u rj trw ct s o ct _ a) rn tr tr 4 a) 1 er) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s X o ..4 z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~j0) U f 0)t e?J9
!',O~~~~~~~~~~t 1 -' 0 . S"1 r l4S) rZ si : -- I. ,1) 41 ..4 S< L ,tn (I S R )l 43 'd^,1
C1~~~~~~~ {*J C! @, 4 rS n)O'4 C) *e4 -So n) O' rl- 1|4 -S :J -,I (c ) O 1. )( a43 _S o|
1 Actual data uAtil CY 1966-87. Tizvntoried re±nfed area withAPM. al 1 mn±oipaliti.a In the froinco was placed at 66850ha and 50650 farmi1es and were prorated over 3 year.. Anoxuorienced In early yews, average landholding per familydecreased at 0.02 hA year duo to populatioa groth. The totalnumber of families and area was maintained antil CY 1989-90and the effect population growth was started thereaftor. Ifpopulatioan rowtb rate in Western Visayas 1J 3% the srowthrate o families *a 1.63%.
2 Actual data ntil CY 1986867. Al. in 6 irrigated sunicipali-ties were included 1a C 1987-88 and thereon.
TABLE 5. RECONSTRUCTED DATA ON ANNUAL RETURNS, COSTS, AND INCOME FROMCROPS AND LIVESTCCK
Information Basclinc **Information, _ 19, 9-1980 1981-1982 1982-1983 1983-1984 1984-1985
Number of Rcspondents 1081 93 146 186 750
X Laridholdirg 1.6 1.54 1.6 (1.81) 1.97Gross Return
Per Family 7182 9034 7718 17599 27,?J76Per Hectarc 4489 5866 4824 9723 13,744
Net IncomePer Family 2784 3978 3248 8967 8183Per Hectare 1740 2583 2030 4954 4154
_ __ _ _ __ o~ ~~
*.I
Rcconstructed from Final Evaluation p.78 whose data include family labor. Fifty pcreent wasalloted at baselinc for family labor and assumed todecrcasc at 1% per year as tho family has aleoits own unemployed/un'eeremployed labor forcc.
**
Rcconstructed from Annual Asscssmetit 1981-82, Appcndicca whose 'daha cxcludc family laborper cropping patterr.. Gross rctiurns and. costs wvec recttcirnincdto comc up with rc-constructcd data at pci- family and per hectarc.
Reconst--ucted from Periodic Monitoring Survcys. 1982-83 whosc data includc family labor. Corrcsponid-ing percentagcs for family labor werc used pcr cropping andper craps, area plantcd and number ofrespondetits per crop atid/cr per cropping season tto rcconstruct data.
- 41 -
TABLU C PROJECTIONS OP S3OU CROP MASMMION RZLA22D 1noRD0 sso0
CY Inco M P"r Ha _ br JSmlt/2 llJ.zMith 1 tbout 2 Crop 3 N & 4 Czo s & I
1 Datuw for CY 1980-81 was determined through SLI using theactual data including the drought year CY 1982-83 (r-0.783, a-2248,bm618). Data for CY 1985-2005 was projected through the SLR usingthe data from CY 1980-85 so that probabilities for drought (CY 1981-82) typhoon calamity (CY 1884-85) will be accounted for (x-o.759,a-1339, b-618).
2Data mu projected at 10% annual iacressw up to CY 1984-85.However, data for CY 1982-83 (drought) and CY 1984-85 (typhoon)were determined using ration and proportions Data after that wereprojected at an annual increment of P337 from baseline data asSLu revealed a b.98/year whLich is regarded as too small.
3InveAtory with area with AFT including rainfed areas in irri-gated minicipalities showed 66,850 ha with 50,650 farmers lea-Anl toan average of 1.32/family. Data were maiLtained for three years andprojected at annual decrease of 0.02 while area wa fixed at 66.850 ha.Such projection however excludes conversion and area without Al!..
i | | ~~~~r f . (" -- 0i E( m _,L v ; (N oo(< o oN 1-4, I .. tz C J *: ,<N ( 1 9 'Ntrr ON+ sa I .-N I ; _1 r --
tv ; z X f t I 5 I (#~~~~~~~~~C) t - o~ n C-N C,'% u N 0I t-- 'T t -A If I t - o') t-- C I (\I (\ ( It .4- *J IC) )J - In. (F) fl) %.0 -4 ()f k') I k t(' ') C-I C) If% '- tee
o * ~ ~~~~~~~ ~~~~ 0L) '4 ( . I' C0 C- Iti --C (- ('. I' C ) ' 71 C 'S ~I -9 V 0. .-t1 .- ! .-- t _-' (\J r') '- 4 -zt trN\. L t-. t-- (I C) 0' 0() (7' .1 (\J CF
'-1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-rn sC
4-1 ( (D C * ( f) (D r'8 rr U% GU tn It Mb * -4 iON 1,0J < t- f l --F t -4 C-) N-0 UN en
I r%' f (:) -4 IL) I %tu I I t- CT%(Z) O 1- %.D t - a\ .- 1 (IN t,f t- (IN t-); W.' * I '-0 CC) (iV'f,!, s *'+ t{<- 'I < (I *-5 tio t- - In (C) C'N cNJ .4 o C) 0% (1)> v) t-) \, -) In 10 r (N
a) r-4 ,-_ (\J (NJ (NJ C*i (NJ (V C" ' fn C` C". r'. *i j tn
f-I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
r t-('I Ie ' I t-- o )I s 0 4t-'.0 1. n () (f"V(;) Ci) (' (fl 0 (TN.00Q *._I It '4) -I .-1 * I ('.J-1-'.OLC' tr CM fM tr,--1 080 IC9 lK: I-\ ( J e C'\ t-' CM t--E-
('. ~c~) t - C. -) t -t ) -0 - ( .J c" -- t.- %C'.,o -( zfI'N% ' ,-i-) _l C3 C ' 4r- C) _ I N C' C' e t-J I '. t-I (' (I I ) .0 '0 ' C U'O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I fI (N t- U- I CA UN HN L F tn Itr. tCr t" r tr {fN If' n{nt \0C % 0 Nn w wo
+
< E: ~~~~.1. (M
14 v l '§- \'9 t.>~~~~~~~~~~CJ t- tUN t- -t t- \.0 _4 N A fn M C ) ON (\J %0 M^ -4 _M W %D
g l-'llS: 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'
ft, CM )~0 u I (N %,o LI'N --t (NJ 0 (y) q'0 '4 (" T \.1 '4 (\J 1'VA. .4~~~~~~~~~~-Q V0'-% - C'N'\.t- -0 C).-4 (\'0'C" "- I t '0 .0 t-- (T)0'.0' C.
.~I * (5V ' t- *; 9 CJ~ , O ('4 V tC n In f' Cf"a d- t- 0 - p (JV. (3 0 (CJ %'.- t.l) * vt) J I - s cn C-)(.C ) L) (T' e (I) %.o ('J tCo (,J tC\ (4) (') C.I t- -4- C)
W . I ^ -' |~~~~f' f1( " l -1 %.,J %0I tC ) (\I UN, C,) .A - j t- C) (N If 0 t- tT 3N C' -1 i(N t- CyNPQ . -. r 1 .-4 NJ CM o elN -,J s t < *J- tr I U\ I "Lf tn erN o %.D 1vO vOD k
M J '. (\J f 7I -I F t I 0 t- C0I O-l _ N4 -\h .t tr' tI f'r ON r -4 VC-0 ct U-IV C I onrC I ) I (a I II I ID I(T ICe I-C) I(I 0 I I 0 0 I r
-t **4 (I) i W (1 tC% %0 t- Cv 0 ° ( fM tM oF ln (F t (1 f_r) C') (t- ;)i t') (I) I') CO) to) 0) q) (,I (,N *j (- Cl a (1" (' (n'T (1' 0 0 C0 0 D Cl
01' * 8 l; (* - C'. ( NT C' (j\ (ON o), (,'\ (3'. (TCD CT' rT c% tl-. (N 4 C) 0 C) 0 40>-~~~~~~~~~~~- 4 -1 -4 I -_*. .-1 _ ; -4 -4 r -4 .4-1 _ -I - J -1 =-1 t0 (\l\J tN (J cm [o
- 43 -
T*BLZ S. PROJECTION ON COST OF PRODUCTION OP CROPS
CY A p 2 C3 0* E (V000)5Crop I & I Crops . & I Crops 1 & Bkteaton jten.±on Extension
1%oat per ha. Datum for CY 1980-81 we determined uaing datafrom bAieline and CYT 1981-84 ( r - 0.710n, a 2123,b a 393). Data were then proJected through SLR using datafrom CYs 1979-85 and four poutdiction to cope with devaluationin CY 1984-85 ( r a 0.818, a a -470, b- 672). Poutdictod datawere% CY 1975-76 * 944, CY 1976-77 * 1337, CY 1977-78 - 1730and CY 1978-79 a 2123.
2Area per family
Coat per familys C1 A B1 ; C2 A S B
4 Number of fazr. failies
5 Total Costs: 3 a C1 s D 2 C 2 s D
- 44 -
TABLE 9 PRICE OF MILLSD RICE AND CONVERSIONS
`IV Zrice o0 50 : -ice o f I:2.1.1..d ."ice 'addy .. ce
1 Datum for CY 1980-81 waJ detozuined through SLR using data frombaseline and CY 1981-85 (r a 0.839, a a 190, b a 321). Datawe"e then projeoted through SLR using data from CY 1980-85(r * 0.866, a * 245. b * 394 ).
2 Prooeot.d at 10% lnceaqe per annum.
3 A _B a*C
4 I C x D
1 C- c'N (.% U) k4 LC ' (Xi t 0 IC ( - I' I C) t - -1 f lnN (\J t - (o CO) G r
f'% t- t~ -- C) tr- (, IV ) tf tr U M a (N to *. c) eI t (.1 cm (,) -1 I)( . n -
t9 .) 0 et cn ( '.0 r - 4 crl ( 1o .1 (Mj [ -! CD ) (h U 0 OI C M42 t- { f) ) (\ r %D f9 4 0 r It-J I'N (\J tt) Cn - -c 4 Q - J ks) -~1 (\J f
| ^ - 1 eJ <1-c i v --i r-tt trNI i^ r- C) t- ('\ C ODJ In 0 It k S (\M ( c Cw~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -I -4 I Ct M N\ fIN lC t w t-- t- (T- 11 *, C ) -4 "-' "' " I' 1 - fT
f-4
0 cq - )(lO0Cf-ll .0 t- (n mc \ N o On CM W- cnt - 1\c () 'I W t- O* rN trt o r ') t ) %0 0 W4 0 0 ,_ W1- (IN CM'() CM Ff t - -J -l- 4 (\M t- - t- % flrP rP tn t- f-\ .I - N -4 t- tf' __\r-4 - 4t- _ CJ - r CJO ( ,r7 O ' If's C -4 J-% 4 wo o 'r- - .1. CU ( - C() t afj a) N o-) cIn t' 1O J r- o ' Ch -I- t- W l) O 1 OI4 1! .! ' (O c co CM r- (\1 -) 'I (NO UN) t c-) \I (n LU- -o r.- CO t- (MJ
O 4 _4 r-1 W (JfA (IN n f rl; C'- I1 If' VN U% tf I IN US% U " It tln
4o st ,J ) -1 N N U- t 4 CT (NJ kO *-0 (I O f. CO C\l -(iJ
A1 1 ,. ('~~~~~~~~~~~~I VErr\) trN tGN 0) r- If ON * C ) *il ".n ( ('J 4 A C ') Cl > G ') O -4 F I e> | ~~|) tw t~~~~ ~ @ r t (\I -:1 {f ) t- ;- O () f'< t f'\ GA ( 1 t- tf A f'+ tS) f ) (\I t - L, Lf-% C) VC * t cl 'J
X § rl fb (' t | sI f v c I ) (M kr -J- VfA UN] k ) kf) %1.3 .; ( ! t - -4 C5(J A} (A -4 %S) tO VO$4 ~ ~~~~~~~~ V\ k tj Io (t IC -N -(1+ ( .J(> ~1A t 'N t-- t - ( ' t )< .J '
tCll * |~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- _I rl -I .-w I rI -4 ,-I _1 _t _I *I 1 _ 1_
g ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ @:
0-
f tw .z n tO ~~~~~~~~~~~~-I V N-t cm ao UN .0 t-- c j rAN CU kD t-f fnU- n > t P4 rI CTr- If', f C In r- t I(J _ O O (O t- 0
< Fe o J Kl fn ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(I) kg kf) s<- (o k t - (o rN fn f % ft \J t- -1 " t- tn' t- cr t- NV (M C\1 rI -ItJ ('I tfA 1()I1.(Q()4.I) -_jI (O ) W _t co U.\ CO Di ko _ D9 kU ID r` (0 CO O tn - D
Pe~~~~~~~~' (} I =- (y ) ct fT %0 f) ( t- UN> _- t- U 1 - (\I ('o -I t ko V- O7' %D (1 N
| O *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- -4 W 4 _ * C fn <J- - In (%k0 40 t- It- (O) rN (Tn O OD _t Nk C O.- #u-4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0~~1 14-
*1 ~ ~~~~~~ 4tw
o .4' 1> 1 O f ! f ) tr) fr% O () fn tn C) ('A VI t-% a)4 t-m -4 'N '4 tn c. U\ t 0 %.I C% * C N
C s I ( -- " N-,- -- (- V (;N ILC\ " -1 t>D t t-- Ct) t- (\J cd0f- I^ 1,% U ] I %D - %_1 ,) t I t_- oN -4 _t .- % .} t - -w I ("A W\ t- co CA I- '4 i t') 0 (.\
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"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- |4 1-4 1 J VI ON ('J W> (\I -Is tPA< - n
Ez~~~~~~~~~~~~~- (N os t-8 J- tU' %to t- (f (Y 0 -4 N *-N -t Un ko t- CO (TN O -4 n deUD t-f (w) t ) ro t.) sl- t, (e tm trw tr r~~~~~m m o, ONA *)l, (A o-N O O O O t; CO
C) 1 (\ tr W\J kjo t- C 3O a -4 (\Jf <*r t- piJ \ O _I CM (5 d(" Vr ') (.,' ) C) (C) Q) (t1 CD CYN a- rJ UN 0aa Co, M r, o (N 09 0 0 C) O t(IN 01% ¢f- I| IN a * ON -, T (TN O' t 0'\M 0A OtJ 0x mT 5 (IN v,> (-N t) C-) (8 0 0 _t 41 - 1 .4 _t -4 _ 4 _I _4 < 4 _4 _4 _4 4 _l _t _4 4 (N V (N N N L N 4
tle < o) s-A u u ta s1v < In f3-N m 0;) 0 in CO J- 1 0 D t N N N O "O N c o t.'*)( r- o -I- CY (D u tr ) LO d- N r- (' C t- u _t d- rjL-i~t Lf0 .n e i> 1t) C'J r¢) 0| (t8 f) 'k7 (V J 0 t 0) (ON (N ( L-8 tr (I (Mi t- (10 0J L 'D -J- 0 CO ON 0 .rl (!J
-t t- '.) -J- 41 -o J- (_') 'rC (1N _J4 tT% (J)O O 'D (o *\ O f 00 rNO ( ' f l) .,*i (IN v) o J- U- ' 0 (iN ( - 1 (Ct %_t If P ( (NJ N '.o w rN 0 Cr\) t- L- O -4 rN -t C4' (\I VJc N in tI M CO- C 4 dCv -J o Tc CO %.D d CMJ l -I4 \ Co 4' aJ
0 I t, r-t_I _t-4-4 _ -_t_ (Ni ( CM < VJ (I (N (N -d- -t O C 5
;t ( t- f.'.J t 8 1:'. tn t-- t- (n w> O fA ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t- k0) -4 t f-% O) (3 (° C` 03 N' (° ') fA>.'!CA -I -- I. __-I t-Q UNo .I n vJ f.Jx tn _w (-.- t InS W\ -J T t'- fJN~.) (% t 0tt
o rl ° t(% [-- f'\r 0 t- t' n u-- "o <- fX 0 f% t- t-- 'D ") kV k() t -0 co WA I n t 4Q q I t1 ' 1~~~~~ f~~> tO 8'? r~~~~l O St \-0 0 r6 o J C\j f<\N C-IJ- I ' t) t- S') *J O C) ( -J In tAi
< tD s0 (I !81 =l rJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *.0~~~~~ ~~t in Ito tn tn I-n to to in tn- tf- wa rN to k O tO C) %10aj
hi . 1rf
'-I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-Ca Si f
1' t- - '\.. t ) r\ t; f! (C1,- (0) I ( (\I C\% (3% (4 (9 O J 0 0t n ( C 0C-N *_ *,I , Cli I ()4 -1 (- . -l (J ('J J IN fIN N I (,J C (I V.C C I , C) t- C)f- tC, ;., -'vP 11 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1
t ) r l (\ X 8 '; ~~~~~~~~~~~I[ O (YN C) ( V W) C'N '\J - 1n k,o t- (,1 (J1c),\ 08 fr d
t ) I ) ! . { a f~~~~~~~- I I f. ( ;ft) tr (9 CO -jG' ON (-n o(I' 0,4 (3' ' (Y' (I' )> cl " C) ) f \ ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' '- I J, f3 I S; ON 0-, ON > ON fJ \A fj- ) (3,% f-N t N I 1- (i j- f ) c_) < ) 0lO*S
_t,4 6 - .-1 1 _I - 4Q r-t -r -1 -t r -rl -4 "S r-t r-l I (\J (NJ (\A (\I f. -I
flote: The data for 1979 to 1985 -were abtained from ZP(p. 24). :a'. from 1979 to 1932 -.a used to -)ost. .icte.-C'aan-e rates O-= 1974 to 1973. -. _tdictior wasdone tEiiov0u:.-" = 0*835, a = G.233a. b = *4397).-'he -ostdict`d d-*!a vJere : 1,74 = 5.0239 1975 = 5.0.779,1976 = 5.3319, 1377 = G.s358 1',7^ = 6.J358.
' -e ,2 zc-; t.e -ostdicted -zt: ;-ere t'lien -.rojec:edthroui: ( = c.s8a6, a. 1.305, i s 1.123) until -,ear2000.
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TABLE 16 AMORTIZATION AND INTEREST OF TOTAL LOANREPAYMENTS PRORATED OVER THIRTY-ONE PAYMENTS
7,a i-ereSt _ +C ioe i + ete-'est?ay--! t es 2 -.:ICi'1 -hter'eItIV
L-1-96 L3i,.440 63639 2,,639 66475351_-1-,6 LJ113.4 I 62677 232677 6453064
_ 5 A _ _, , A S , 5 _ _ t _ t _ t t 0 o _ q , _ _ t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~00 ,,.
TOTAL 20,058.125 6,475.021 8,500.898 4,982.206 20,058.125
i- 70 Ka
1986 14,830.604
1987 2,484.500
1988 2,484.500
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CtPRM 2
LIMTROCIC XTMSIOI AND DIOVILOPUN! co0UpfIY
fte llvtook utossio and deaLo.wnt componentwas primarily integrated into the arping pattern toassn" the developasat of baleaoed faming sstews, toreduce farmrs' financial risks, enhance the stabilityof farm income and incrwea production. Specifically,backyard livestock raiing enables the utilization offarm wastes and by-products and inc"eae the proteinsource available for the farm family's improved nutrition.
The componaut ha the following objective*s 1. toincrease fam income by ezpading livestock productionin KABAKA areas; 2. to accoloeto the genetic in-provemnt of the Inoigenous stooks through loaning outof breedero of superior bloodins in the KAoAXA areas;3. to protect the health of livestock and poultry byvacination and treatment againt their most co_oadisease; 4. to isprove the nutritionl status of ruralfolks in the KAB8AKA areas by producLing protein focd ofanimal origin; and 5. to promote livestock productionon a backyard level as complment to crop farming tospread financial risks, enhance utilization of fax'.by-products and increese livestock production.
II. IDla%NTATIM( STRATEGIES AID RMUTS
Reflected below are the impementation strategiesand results of the component.
1. U=radinx schee
Seventy two (72) graded bulls and seventy six (76)graded bucks were originally loaned out to the differentKABBAKA cooperators. A total of 3,717 native heiferswere sired producing 1,181 offsprings, 4,033 nativedoes were served produoing 3,244 kids. There were also483 roosters (Cobb-piloh, of meat type) loaned out tofamer cooperators but only 102 of then survived to pro-duce 22,419 chicks. Additional breeder animals iLelud3ngcareheifer had been loed out to XABSAKL cooperators toboost the stocks for the benefit of the farmer-clientele.
As of December 1986, the following additional breederanimals were loaned out throughout the provinces 1, cara-heifor - 96 head; 2. heifer - 18 head; 3. butcks - 35 head;and 4. does - 86 head.
The economic benefit of upgrading schme derived frouslaughtered animals, mil and draft servoces Is projectedto reach P655.124 LA total of P29.9 N to projeatedto bo the valu of unold animlJ leading to a totalbenefit of P953.713 3. Mm projected &&ta is herebyattached (Append-iz Land_) Including the masuptionsused in their derivation.
2. livestoock wtaervised rolect
There wa a total of 9,2Q1 cattle, 7,750 coaabao,19,033 hogs, 9,200 goats and 60,496 head of poultry underthe supervised project or fatte-ni uchion. Averagodaily weight gain was 0.5 kg while net isome derivedfrom cattle fattening rane.ad from P150.00 - P500.00 perb.ad per month.
3. animal health uroar
Regular ani-ma health and disee control activitiesof the Ninistry of Agriculture and Pood were complementedby the XLB3AXA project. lund. were made available for theimunization of 26,388 heed of cattle, 63,122 carabaos,138,735 hoag, 11,322 hogs and 425,661 poultry from thestart of the projecte
On the other ha-d, animal treated and dworwed from1981 to December 1986 were as follows 1. cattle - 7,780head; 2. carabao - 16,233 head; 3. swine - 38,099 head;4. goat - 8,374 head: and poultry - 71,023 head. As adirect rosult, minor oases of animl diseases were observedsuch an tetanus, pneumonia, parasite infections, etc.
4. breedizg station
A breeding station is mistnted by the proJect with10 purebred American Brahman heifore and 1 purebred Brahmanbull. A manager's quarters, administrative building, nightoorral and cattle shed wwn constructed. Porage and
psture development were nadertaken by tne component tocomplenent gr"aes and legumes requiremont of the breederstocks*. ive S5) hectares of pastue area were developed.later, light and road network were installed and constructedto enhance the operation of the station. Pour (4) calfdrops were ezperioened in 1986 and 3 heifers are supposedto deliver this year.
5. diagnostic laboratory
The diagnostic laboratory was constructed to enablethe fazuer cooperators to avail of the diWaootic servicesbeing offered as well * the production of biologies foruse in the vaccination eampaig against the met osmeondiseases of Livestock and poultry.
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6. liveatoock *
A erie" of fieldays wee held during the entire duratioaof theL pjoet. teochnoians. oatacts leaUdrs and fazuero@oporstoru Wer Invited to witness the 'livetook puundWaghioh onabled them to ob..w 4 the iAtgation of livestock
lato the coppig system. Other inea featuro weetho following 1. rice/duck fang; 2. upgrading schemfor,bull, buk, roosters 3. 06tle fattening, and 4. herbalmaicine.
Also, uoder the livestlok component, studies were con-ducted to teat variou cropping and livesutock pattern.Results of the study conducted revealed that rice/duckfarming redue" use of farm Inputs, loggeg tho occurrcoof peat and diseases in rio. ad enhance total production.On tho other band, the offspring of the graded bulls, bucksand rcosters wore noted to hae performed bettor in terxmof awerage daly gain in weight and foed efficiency.
Apart from the above-mentioned strategy, farmswJclasses were regularly conductod every month by livestockinspectors (LIs) togother with agricultural food techno-logists (APTs). At loast 25 farmrs participated persessions In line with thi, subject matter specialists(SXS) of livestock providod backstopping services throughthe conduct of technical seminars moung tochLicians through-out the proviaco.
Likewise, livestock bulltins were produced in thevernacular and distributed to guide the production tochni-minus in tkei effsrt&-$ pr e li o polt pre-duction mong farme iA the KA1AKA area..
A a result, the component with its various strategiesaLd activitie's wa able to achieve the followings 1. i1croeed fazu incomes; 2. sacelerated genetic improvementof the indigenous stoclsk 3. improved health of livesu*ock/poultry; 4. improvod nutritiomal status of far' fdmlies;5. promoted lives'tock production oan a backyard level.
III. DL ION PRONJN
Although implementation results were favorable,problem still beset the component. One of the majorproblems experienced by the component was the lack of
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adOquate proonel. Although the *zt4naion workers of theMUiistry wer tapped to execute the oouponnt's activites,delivery of service wm not *.foctivo due to the regularworkloada of th e staff, To aiu- the Mni=ystaff, several Cagual/corO Ntwse" hired, their con-tracts expired upon the offnalat tonatlon of the proJetin 198. The cmposition of the personnel inlved direct-ly with the caq mmntIs activities Is.& foelows: 1. 1 live-stock supervisor; 2. 1 utet. livtock supervisor; 3. 4subject matter specialists; 4. 1 r"earc veterinarian; 5.1 breeding station anager: 6. 2 office olorks; 7. 25 live-stock. inspoetors; 3 laboratory aides 8. 2 animas came-takers.
UVneolved issues/probl encountered by tho campo-neat wro limited to mobility and tine alloted for the imple-mentation of the component'o activities. The effective andclose supevision of tho component's projoots and its coo-perators was hamperod by the lack of vehioles. Only one(1) vehicle was assigned to the component and vehicle usewas mazimized. However, i order to be fully effective,supervision of the livestock/poultry projects msut be main-tainod even after the project torminated.
With rgard to time, the component felt that more time,should be alloted for the implemsntation of the cacmpnnt'sactivities. Alao sauffilent time should be given to allowfor the integration/institutionalization of some activities.
IV. RECOIIDA!IONSThe component recomends tho following msasres for
an effective implementations 1. adequate manpower to imple-aent Ad supervise component activities; 2. Improved if notfull rnability; 3. adequate tim for iple.mentation/inatitu-tionalization activities.
TABLE 1. ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF UPGRADING SCHEME DERIVED
FROM SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS. SALES OF ANIMALS,MILK AND DRAFT SERVICES.
Number :Mcasurablc Output : Incrcmcntal Weig16: Economic Benefit:
Year Specic(s) : of :Scrvices/Offspring/ : Gain of Upgraded : Acquired from a Remrkl
: Animals : Milk Yield iHcctarage : Offspring VS. : thc Activity t
: : : Tillcd/Slaughtered : Native Offspring t
: : : & Sales of Animals (K .)
1984 A. Cattic1. Bull 72 Scrvices - 1,112
B. Goat Offspring- 323 . 16.150 I258,400 P16.00/kg. Iivcwcight
1. Buc k 76 Scrvices - 1.538Offspring- 1.174 11.740 88.050 Price per head (20 kg.)P1SO
1985 A. Cattlc1. Bull 54 Scrviccs - 1.692
Offspring- 495495 Sale of offspring 1.782.000 P16.00/kg. Iivcwcight S
(224 kg4hd)
B. Goat1. Buck 92 Scrvices - 1,481
Offspring- 1.2411241 Salc of offspring 248,200 Price per head (P200.00)
1986 A. Cattic1. Bull 53 Scrvices - 913
Offspring- 363363 Sale of Offspring 1,551,825 P19.011kg. Hvcweight
(225 kglhd)
2. Heifcr 18 Offspring- 77 Sale of Offspring 29.925
TABL 2. ECONOMIC BENEFIT OF UPGRADING SCHEMEDERIVED FROM UNSOLD ANIMALS
Productive Number of EstiGatedActivity Life Span Animal Value
A. Bull Loan
1. Bull 15 years 93 P 976,500
2. Cow 15 ycars 14,488 121,669,200
3. Hcifcr 15 ycars 14,177 104,200,1,50
Sub Total - P 226,846,650
B. Hcifcr dispcrsal
1. Cow 15 ycars 1,069 P 8,979,600
2. Hcifcr 15 years 901 6,622,350
Sub-Total - P 15,601,950
C. Buck loan
1. Buck 10 years 450 P 90,000
2. Docs 10 years 275,993 55,198,600
Sub-Total - P 55,288,600
D. Does Dispcrsal
1. Docs 10 years 4,063 P 821,600
Sub-Total - P 821.600
TOTAL P29.58.8Q
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ASSUMPTIONS
Productive life span of cattlc . . . .. 15 ycars
Bull services per year beginning 1987 . . . . 25 hd. bull
Conception rate . 70Calving rate . ... . once a year
Offspring mortality rate t. 5/year
Bull mortality rate 3%/ycar
Average milk yicld of hcifers/cowssired by bulls . . liter per day
Milking days .. .. 250 days
Liveweight of yearling cattlc e
Upgraded *.. 225 kg.
Native .. ..... 175 kg.
Cost of milk t . . . a . .. 8.00 per litcr until 1989
Cost of milk . ? a . * . P 10.00 per liter until 1990thercaftcr
Scx ratio 1....... 1i
50% of malc offspring -in 1984 . . . . . . . . To be utilized for brecdint
in 1987 and thereafter
50% of male offspring in 1984 . . . .. . . . To bc sold for slaughtcr
in 1987 and thercaftcr
80% of fcmale offspring in 1984 . . . . . . . To be utilized for brecding
in 1987 under heifcr
20% of fcmalc offspring in 1984 to be sold for slaughtcr in 1987
100% of offspring in 1985 - Sold for slaughter
100% of female offspring in 1987 . . . . . . . To be utilixed for brecding
in 1990 and thercaftcr
100% of male offspring in 1987 . . . . . . . To be sold for slaughtcr
in 1987 and thercafter
II. Goat Productive life span . . 10 years
Buck scrvices per year 20/hd.
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Conccption ratc . . . . . . . . 80%
Kidcing ratc . . .. . 1.5 per year
Offspring mortality rate . . . . .. . 5% per ycar
Milking days . .iSO... . . 150 days
Averagc milk yield of does served by
bucks . . . . . . . . . .3 kg./day
Livewcight of yearling goat
Upgradcd . . . . . . 25 kg./hd.
Nativc . . . . . . . . . 15 kg./hd.
Cost of milk . . . . . . . .. P8.00/litcr until 1989
Cost of milk .... ... P10.00/litcr in 1990 and
thercaftcr
Scx ratio of offspring . . . . . . . 1:1100% of malc offspring in 1984 . . .. . Utilizcd for brccding in 1986
60% of femalc offspring in 1984 .... . Slaughtcr for consumption in
1986
40% of fcmalc offspring in 1984 . .. . Sold for slaughtcr in 1986
100% of offspring in 1985 . . ..... . Sold for slaughtcr and
thcrcaftcr
100% of malc offspring in 1986 . . .. . Sold for slaughtcr
100% of fcmalc offspring in 1986 and
thrcaftcr Utilized for breeding
Pricc of yearling goat. PZOO/hd.
III. Hcifcr conccption rate . .70%
Calving rac .oncc a year
Offspring mortality ratc . . . .5%
Cows mortality ratc 3%
Milk yicld . .1 . . . litcr pcr day
Milking days 250 days
Cost of milk . . . . . . . . P8.00/litcr until !989
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Cost of milk . . . . . .... P10.00/litcr in 1990
and thcrcaftcr
*Scx ratio of offspring .. . . 1:1
10O of female offspring in 1987 and
thcrcaftcr ... . . . . . Utilized for brccding in 1990
100% of malc offspring in 1987 and
thcrcaftcr ... . . . . . Sold for slaughtcr
Productivc lifc span of cattlc . .. . 15 years
IV. Carabao productivc lifc span . . . . 15 ycars
Brccder and Arablc Carahcifcr (1986) 23% of the total numbcr
of animals dispcrscd
Carahcifcr conccption ratc ... . . 70%
Brccdcr and Arablc Carabao (1987). . 60% of thc total number
of animals dispcrscd
Hcctaragc tillcd pcr arabic carabao. . 6 hcctarcs pcr year
Cost of land prcparation (carabao)
pcr hectarc -. . . . . . . . P1,200
Carabao mortality ratc ... . . . . . 3%
Offspring mortality ratc . .. . . . . 5%
Fcmalc offspring of carahcifcr in 1986
and thcreaftcr . . . . . . . . rctaincd for brccding/draft
animal in 1989 and thcrcaftcrMalc offspring of caracow in 1986 and sold for brccding in 1986 and
thcrcaftcr ......... thercaftcr
Brecder and arablc carabao (1988) . . 100% of thc total original numbcr
of animals dispcrscdWcight of yearling carabao . . . . . 250 nativc (Kg.)
Scx ratio . . . . . . . . 1:1
Cost of carabao intcnded for brecding P19/kg. livewcight
Calving rate . . . . . . . . twicc cvcry 3 years
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Labor cost of carabao . . . . P1.200/ha. (1987-1990)
Labor cost of carabao. ..... P1.500/ha. (1991-1995)
Cost per kilo livcowight of breeder
animal . . . . .. . . P19.00 (1986-1990)
Cost per kilo livoweight of brecdcr
animal . . . . . . . . . P21.00 (1992-1996)
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CBUP' 3
ADAPT ITIA AID ESZAEN COUPOINY
I. DtilDUC?I(c
In support of the ltipl croppin teocholog beingpromoted by the RADIP, contiznon. adaptive trials and re-search haer to be eonducted in foilo to rcomend orop-ping pa-tterns suitable for particular locales.
fu objecti e of the campoant are " followa1. to conduct cropping pattern verification trials inrainfed lowland areas; 2. to dteoxe croppi4gpatterns and component tchnolo"es to be recomeadedto KAEAK farer.; 3. to aoses the net return perhectaze of both th croppin pattern being tested andfazers prectice: and 4. to determine appropriatotoehologies for crop livestoock integration.
IS. DQPL!MA21 S!RAIGIU AND 3MB
?be adaptive trials and restaero cmponent of theA3AKA pro"Joet started its activities in 1981 _s pon
completion of the three (3) months training of the five(5) detaled pesmonel of the Im.istry of Agricultureand Pood. 3.acmazk survys wee conducted to identifydooiant coppig prtices, provide information on theavailability of fam and labor resouzoeo, and obtainsocial information/dat, existing in th. pilot/outreaiteo (Oara, Jaaiuq md Gaimbal).
Overall responsibility of the component consstedof the following activitiess1. eignent tchrxlov teting
Component t eohnlogY testins ere inrsupport of the oropping patter experiments. Contio-
s teting of zecoaen d and promdsing selectionsof various crops wer done to cope with the dema_. ofthe farming oouniti*s. Crop varieties dbich performedwen were recomended for integration into croingpa-tters iich wer deeloped as altematives to saist-in pratices.
To oomlemnt the above mentioned activity, ferti-lity gtdieo and fetilisor vete recomendations werealso undertaken in different site. to determin thelocation-speoific fertilixer requirements of thedifferent crops. Herbicide trials wee likewise doneto siat tbe farmes in controlUing difternt typesof woeds.
- 76 -
Purthermoreo, economic threshold levels were observedin the control of poets especially in rice. 2his waalso followed by several trial toots for upland crops.On the spealfic sood roquirement of various reoendedcropg, the seeding rate trials wee found economicaland productive.
2. ronUnz Patter fbial.The data gathered in the benchmark survey conducted
servd as bases in formulating alternative roppingpatterns which could Improve production through intOenivecropping intonsity. A high potential existed for anqltornative cropping pattern being fUllod in Guinbal.Survoey showed that 4.5% of the population in Guimbalfollowed the pattern (the UO.=/IJPR-VC pattern).Upl.nd crop as its first crop consistod of mugbean ora native variety known as pretuhan or green corn, Any
-reommoended early maturity varioty for rice can bo plantede1w Its third crop, upland crops such as cowpea, agbeanor green corn were suggestedp Another cropping patt%,,DSZ/W5N-VC*was also ver popular in Southern oilo.his croppi4g pattorn prwved sccessful in Jami and
Sara. Although upland crop as a thJrd crop in these'areas brought promisg results, these nesed frtherteting (See ftgures 1,2 and 3).
3. Cro2 Livestock Int*&Mtion
Crop-livestock integration researches conmistedmtly of monitoring activitieso. It wa found out thatrice and duck farming could be a viable enterprise ifdone in longer perio, that Is, two (2) to thre (3)ye&rs or within the productive capacity of the du.ks.Ofsprin of upgraded liyestock (goat) and poultry(chicken) have higher mrctalitY ratoe than purely native,nes which are more resistant to ohnging weather condi-tions. However, this finding is based purely on thofarmers' practic and needs further verification. More-ovor, eztesion campaigns on animal care are suggestedto reduce mortality rate.
4. Socio-3conoaic Studies
Socio-econoaio analyses of botk alternative crop-ping patters and fazuer.' cropping pattern were doneevery rpping seaon for its first, second and thirdcrops. ho findings/analyses w er plained to theAgricultural Parm Tecahzologisto (AM) of the agency andto famers. Prom there, economic viability and adoptionrates we" determined.
- 77 -
5. On-lari lakax. of Technolow,After seeral year of orppin pattern trials,
packago of toehnolegi.s for the KABSAJA farmsm' adopt-los were rzonemded _amp" awe the eroppia pattemnia Guimbal (Uc-WSn/v n-va a D MVUmUC) and in Janiua(DRafwa-va) boih have asine aczoept am.e meg thefarezu. !ha oultual pratloes used in theme croppingpattezos are showa In Tables 2,3 and 4.
Based ou inteiews (September 1965 reiew), thefazuer listed fee stupply of inputs, trmsfor of tochmnology, i"meed yields and upgraded stoocs a themain benefits gained from partiotpatioa in componentativities.
Imlementation problem of the emponet wminimal, a follwis 1. delayed r dleas of funds2. mobility; 3. lack of menpewer; 4. abosnoo oflinkage, betwee the NAP and the Provincial ResearchCouncil, and 5. insuficient time to conat verfi-cation trials.
IY. 330 DA!IWS
Ret of -te problem zperi4eed by the componentwe" given corrective *eaure". Th, tho componentfeels that more tim should be devoted instead for theverwloation trials and the integration of aome ofits etities.
IGtlRZ 1. CRC UIDDED PASTEMS AM AN EIGHT YEA AVEAGERWIIALL9 GUIAL, ILOILO
A_77__/_a __/ T P R _u/corn/7 yr ~~~~Cowp Os
400
300
M200
100
N NJ A S 0 N
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PIMA 2.' R2COM ED P2TJS AIM A M T IuA AVUAG RAlh
E D 3 R /Z m/
~~~p I
23h!!!OA 2 L PA!Y3N
|I I I I J X . / r1Z.400 h.UA36TMA2 PA!YRIM
3I00
~200
*100
0 I A I0.1 DS A X J J A 0 O X D J 7
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PIGURI 3. RZCOMDZD PAT4 RBS AND Pm YEARS RADISTRIBUTION, SARA, ThO!LO
/~ ~ R s RX
D 3 I ~v S R/! Iz
4004, ~ ~ s* o a a * a d d p a t t *
04
300
- ooo.
0 - n----I A Y J J A S 0 J D 3
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CHAPE 4
SEED PRODUCTION AND MARKETING COMPONENT
t. INTRODUCTION
Thc seed production and marketing (SPM) component ofthc Rainfed Agricultural Developmcnt (Iloilo) Project was taskcdwith thc production and distribution cf high yiclding varicticsof upland crops, as well as the monitoring of high yieldingvarictics of ricc within the project arca. In the process, localcapability was cxpected to bc developed in secd productionthrough the strcngthening of the Iloilo Sced Growers Association(ISGA) and the Regional Seed Testing Laboratory (RSTL).
The original objoctivcs of the component werc to
1. assist the Iloilo Sced Growers' Association (ISGA) in pro-viding the necessary scrvices to its mcmbers in theproduction of additional secdr required;
2. cncouragc ISGA to seck credit for the construction of sccdprocessing and storagc facilitics and thc purchasc of sccdsfrom its mcmbers.
Thcsc objectives were later rcviscd to makc availablc 210tons of rccommcnded upland crop secds witlsin thc project arcaand to producc 190 tons of secd locally by tapping local rcsourccs.
In 1985, the componcnt's specific objcctivcs wcrc as follows:
1. supervision of 20 secd growers in the production of 113 tonsand secds covcring 160 hectarcs in Iloilo;
2. procuremcnt and storagc of 113 tons of upland crop sccds;
3. campaign for the usc of high yiclding varictic's of uplandcrops in 38 municipalitics covcring 5,000 hectarcs;
4. marketing of 113 tons of upland crop secds among thc projectbcncficiarics.
II. IMPLEMENTATION
The RADIP s operation during the first threc (3) ycarsshowed that the scarcity of upland crops secds was orz inhibiting
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factor in the attainmcnt of incrcasing land and labor product-ivity. Majority of the project beneficiaries were found to beusing nativc varictics of upland crops, resulting to low yields.
With the cmergence of the component, it was cnvisionedthat yiclds will improve through the introduction of improvedvarictics of ricc and upland crop seeds.
Although the component had bcn in operation since 1983,thcrc was no provision for investment outlay and maintenanceand operating cxpcnscs (MOE). As a rcsult, the SPM compo-nent rclied hcavily on other RADIP component funds to sustainits operations. Procurement and distribution of upland cropsecds werc vcry limitcd. This was further constrained whenthe arca covcred by the project incrcased. Lt becamc vcryapparent then that procuremcnt funds for the project bcavailablc.
Morcovcr, during the first four years of projecc implement-ation (1980-1983), the component monitored production of cer-tified secd for both ricc and upland crops as well as liaisedbetwecn the secd grower and farmer beneficiary. Likewisc,the Visayas Experimcnt Station (VES) was cxpanded andimprovcd to includc installation of somc laboratory cquipmcnt.
It was obscrvcd during implcmcntation that the componentshould acAdrcss the necd of production upland crop secds ratherthan rice duc to the sufficicnt supply of ccr ified sccds in theproject areas. What werc not availablc wcrc. secds of high yicld-ing varictics of upland crops which need to bc planted aftcr riccharvcsts. Also, it was obscrved that despitec capability to pro-duce thosc secds, storagc was necded since planting of uplandcrops (both for secds and commercial purposc) was best onlyduring the dry scason (January-March).
In 1984, various schemes werc planned and implemented tocnablc farmcas to avail of upland crop secds despitc the absenccof a procuremcnt fund for the component. Thcsc schemes wcrcthe following:
1. Proposal for a secd loan schemc by the Fcderation ofArca Marklcting Cooperatives - Wcstcrn Visayas (Fa-rmCoop-WW).
Thc Farm Coop-WW will borrow funds from thecooperative devclopmcnt loan fund (CDLF) for the
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procurcmcnt of upuland. crop secds. Thcsc secdsshall be loaned out to farmer-mcmbers of thcSamahang Nayons (SNs) scrvecd by the Arca Mar-koting Cooperatives.
2. Samahang N.yon Action Program - KilusangKabuhayan at Kaunlaran (SNAP-KKK).
Eligible SNs werc allowcd to avail of loans fromSNAP-KKK funds for thc procurcmcnt of upland cropsccds.
3. Ccntral Bank - Ministry of Education. Culturc andSports Dcvelopment - Ministry of Agriculture-KABSAKA
Agricultural cducational instituoions in Iloilowerc traincd for ccrtified mungbean secd production.Thc schemc cnvisioned the schools to producc secds,the Ccntral Bank to finance production cost underthe CB-MECS loan fund, and MAF-KABSAKA to cxtendtechnical supervision and markcting assistancc.
4. KABSAKA Sced Loan Schemc
The projcct, using the operating cxpcnscs of othcrcomponents, procured and loaned out thcsc upland cropsecds to farmer beneficiarics. Rcpaymcnts for thcscsccds worc supposed to bc madc after harvests.
Thcsc schemes, howevcr, failcd during implemcntation asa rcsult cf crop failurc duc to inclemcnt weather, non-rclcasc.non-approval of loan applications, and lack of markct disposalcontrol on the part of MAF-KABSAKA. Morcovcr, thc componentalso cxpericnccd a high ratc of turnovcr of component pcrsonncl.The component was staffed by sevcn (7) tcchnical pcrsonncl(5 contractuals, 2 detailcd), onc (1) chemical laboratory tcch-nician, onc (1) clcrk and threc (3) laborcrs.
tIl. IMPLEMENTATION PERFORMANCE
From 1980-1984, the component reccived funds for personalscrvices, capital outlay, (for the cxpansion of the Rcgional ScedTesting Laboratory and the rcnovation of the Sced Bodega) andcquipmcnt outlay. It was only during thi last quarter of 1984, thatfunds for thc procurcmcnt of upland crop secds wcrc madc avail-
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ablc to thc component. Out of this amount. 7.55 tons of mungseeds werc procured with 36 farmers availing of upland cropsecds in 1984 and 271 farmers in January 1985. .Also, thccsecds were subsidized by thc project. Marketing turn-out waslow due to the late harvest of the second crop.
In 1985, thc seed proposai was implemented with a totalprovision of P1.5 million pcsos for inveswmcnt outlay, capitaloutlay (for thc repair and rcnovation of thc bodega at thcVisayas Expcrimcnt Station) and operating cxpcnscs for thccomponcnt staff.
Bascd on the 1985 objectives, only 11 secd growers parti-cipated involving 55.6 hectares producing 16.86 tons of secds.This scarcity prompted the component to procurc 9.37 tons ofmungbean secds from other regions. Thus, the total volumcprocured was 26.22 tons.
With regard to the effcct of the component activitics, manytargcted farmcr-beneficiarics werc awarc of availablc mungbcansecds being offcred for salc by the component as a rcsult ofthe campaign strategics. Thcsc information drives includcdmcotings/farmer classes, scnding of lettcr to the barangay cap-tains of arcas covcrcd by the project, airing of radio spotsthrough a popular local radio station, and pasting of postcrsin strategic placcs within the barangays. A direct rcsult ofthis campaign was the disposal of 2.34 tons of secds to 150farmer beneficiarics towards the cnd of Dcecmber 1985. Finally,during the first and second quarter of 1986, 4.72 tons wercdistributed to 133 farmers. The low perccntagc of distributionwas duc to the tcrmination of the project in December 1985which disrupted the momcntum gained by the componcnt.
Based on the Staff Appraisal Rcport, the SPM componentwas supposed to reccivc P1.337 million. Duc to a refocusing/redirecting of component cfforts, a revised budget was submittedand approved.
Thc reviscd budgct included the following:
1. Category I (300-32) amounting to P244,000 - repair andrcnovation of the secd bodega at Visayas Experimcnt Station,Hamungaya, Jaro, Iloio City.
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2. Catcgory II (300-32) amctvtting to P1.830,000 - investmentoutlay for the procurcemnt of upland crop sccds.
3. Category II (300-33) - the cquipmcnt outlay was not useddumto rcstrictions imposed by the OM. Thcs¢ cquipment wmaintcndcd for the Sced Tcsting Laboratory.
4. Category II (200) amounting to P76,000 - operation andmaintcnance costs in the procurement of upland crop scedsfrom othcr regions.
5. Category VI (200) P224,000 - opcration and maintenancecxpenscs including a study tour of the componcnt's staffand marketing of upland crop seeds procured to farmerbeneficiarics.
IV. FINDINGS
The lack of fund support in the first four (4) years ofproject implcmcntat*ion c ,nstraincd the componcnt in mectingits objcctives. To ameliorate this problcm, + cipcwxt touchedbased with thc Fcdcration of Area Markcting Cooperatives-Westcrn Visayas (Farm-Coop-WS), Samahang Nayon ActionProgram-Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (SNAP-KKK)Ccntral Bank-Miniitry of Education , Culture and Sport-Ministry of Agrictiture and Food-KABSAKA (CB-MECS-MAF-KABSAKA) tic up for mungbcan seed production and theKABSAKA seed loan scheme.
But as mentioned earlier, thcse schemes failed due tovarious reasons. During the last quarter of 1984, procurementfunds were made available. However, there was an insufficicntsupply of quality seeds available. Although the componentstaff searched the rcgions nationwide for the upland crop seeds,there were very few secds availablc. Furthermorc, the delayedrclcasc of the investment outlay in May 1985, lead to the hesi-tancy of seed growcrs to produce upland crop sceds duc to theonset of the rainy season.
Despitc these drawbacks, ranlom intcrvicva =nductd wlthsome seed growcrs and beneficiaries indicate that the componcntwas still ablc to extend some assistance to them. Increasedincomc, availability of sCCds and the transfer of the secd pro-duction technology werc somc of the benefits given. A seedbuyer, on the other hand, pointed out the availability of goodquality yet inexpcnsive seeds as the major benefit of thecomponent.
IV. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
RAINFED AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (ILOILO) PROJECTFINANCIAL STATUS
TOTAL : : : 795 542 : 1337 : 2544 : 570 : 3114 s 852 : 61.62
Obligation of P1,223,568.76 was subscquently canccllcd due to non-availability of supply ofupland crop sccds.
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!
WAM I0MD33GG c
I. ZN2IUC!IPM
Yh watr mompmeat provided m opportunityto Mprove local mal scasl water resources used In low-land rice a,"as which e O accessible to major Irri-gation progr- through the construction of water impoundingdmw. Component activitie were also in lie with theoffort of increaing cropping intoentty by plasting athird crop. Spocitically, impounded wator mm Intendedto offset rainless periods, oontrol soil rosion andminimize flash floods. .reover, thee dam were alsoenvisioned to prnoto inland fish and lvestock production,enhance/restore environmental balance and serr s acentor for rooreationa activities of the oesmity.
he objectives of the componet wer tos 1. costruct40 wIs in nol.o provinco; 2. impound run-off water forsupplemntal irrigations 3. proaote mltiple cropping ofhigh yielding ?arieties: 4. conerve soil and waterx5. minimize flash floods; and 6. encourago landowner.an inland fish and livestock production.
II. ILmTA!ION ST$IhX32WGI3 AID tr
-te component started ltx implementation in Septmbor1980 by conducting ocular Investigations in the differrtmunicipalities of nolio Prorince. In 1981, th somactivity continued together with the preparation of pro-Joct feaibility studies of the proposed water Impound-ing proa cts. ivaluation of feasibility studios include,ocular Investigation of proposod sites, condet of surres,dta analysis, preparation of tonder documents azd othertechnical opecification.
Th oomponent contracted the service of the Tdchnolojysphere Consultants Group, Iac. (TCGI) in the preparationand actual construction of the d_m. In lixe with this,a mmorandum of agreemnt on the pemission to constructthe dam was signeA by the landowner. and tho Ministryof Agriculture and Pood (NAO). During the last quarterof 1981, the proposed projeots wer biddod to privatecontraotors.
In 1982-83, 16 dam with a total service area of560 hctars were completed. tey were simultaneouslytulned over to the fazuor beneficiaries oa Pebruay 24,1984.
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Wateorhed development plans and man ment wereimplemented in varlous WIP mite.. A main nuruwe VWestablished In Oinang and was latet traSfeved toloMolan, gm Diosilo. Small project nurseries werealso establishe is the different wat.r i_oeadinsyste_ (IS) sitos and are beaig maint1.md by theZateatod Se'oo Aaoctioa (ISA) mmber. A total of202,944 trs were plated In an area of 101.50 hectes.
A total of 211,000 tilapia fingerlings woe sededin the reservoir of the dai. One fish oqge mw construct-ed for demonstration purposes but was destroyed by typhoon
athd"g".
To implemnt proper water distribution in the WIIservice aroa,10,887 raers lateral cwals were cstructee andservise areas we" divided into "Kaisahan" or rotationalunit through pareslary mapping
Dunq the fifth year of isplmwitaticno the npAntws task L with the r"par/rehabilitation of the 15 dms,improvrslunt of acs roads nd the instituti±ralizatian of theoeraticn and maintance of the daus. Presenrtly, 11 WIS wereropaired and 4*1 km of access roads were improved.
To strengthen the ISA's and institutionalie operat-ing &O mainteanes procedures, the Component contractedagain !CGI to train the 11 Wator Impounding Officers(W10Ol) and some PJect Staff. A total of 498 fazueraia 16 VIS woe trained on badi leadership skills (PhaseI and 1) and technical sk41ls (Phase I).
0ther accompelihomnts of the component include theconstrtction of a training center in Boadol,an SanDioiisio, Sixteen rain gauges and 56 stop Bgages wereinstalled in the different W11.
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Tabl ..1 presents the tgta TN acCOMpliShMeata of theWto'r IMpouRding comPOnent as of Doember 1986
in. PI33D!J. Iupplmdal. irrigation we pawlAed to a total
of So heotaze. 2. fatem wer advised topuatlo. the cropping patt ars wioh hae beeIdentified and -esended bY the hoW Zxtwmu±c
D~einat SW N~Mae m Ivter km beem used to.pisStzaafal iaiia the eight math oioppia
sieaso (SW to Dee.). Vea othea mauths of thel rear,izrisatiam water Ur nued &,zr.mg the euteblsheentof upland crops as third aorp.
2. !he flood o.ooe.oe In AlU Wu sites ha.- "OOO, ILmiled. Before the projeot,9 smuf ae run-off of onehour d=UWia a continues heavy zainz eaused fieldinumdatioa. Now, amasoes volimesi of water aresstored in the dom.
3. lield of vice crop In the servioe area inowsasedby 27.3 percent and 38 peasant during the fiastand seo.nd aorpInge zepeotively. U.even percent(11%) of the seavie wea that has boen planted totwo crops of rioe wa planted on additional uplandcrops as third orop while 18.2 peoent wa planted,to as third =.
4. Pond oezs we"e able to raise and havest fz"hwater fish. In Potolan, Castor,, N3darg and BuwangViso ducks and ducks eggs were produced.
loB5pt z After the "uaa-ov.z, the systems heve enoountqzed the
followinf problems:
Stzuctuzel defects and damagoe wez noticed aftertwo destructive typhoons hit the pr'orine within a spanof two months. A oomttPotoe, wareated to identify thearew of major zepairs and saintance and to recomndocrrsotive roeame .- nos,.n tho defects, the oompenentpzpazeod plas -ad mlemented repairs and zehabilitationand impwro nt of aco"s roads. Lftee out of 16 dmswere recommeded for repairs. As of NAy 1986 14 dams haeomleteld repair works while 4 ae on goin.
InstitutionlLedership In most WIS associations w weak*. Operation
and maintonance of the dams were takon for granted. Watertendrs could not enforee the obseyance of water saheduleand water distribution ws a problem. Thee wa a lack ofsupervision of farmin on upland Irrlgation.
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Wi th 61tus*ioa, the opofeat h2edr 11 aterlpoundift officers (W10) to ftrectly suporyiso theInstit0tonal aotivA iee in the WII we they u' reg-peotiTelY assi.4. the XUAAXA rojeot ired the seo-vioe of !CG agilem for the Iastitationa:Lsatisowerm's. Pwtielpet. imalud NA pwersmme tt prepasethm In the operatnalisatiem, of the WS lU the XABSAX&Po,am.t tenmat. mdA thy we lento supwvise the
During the soua eand thlrd qwwter of 1964, thecomponent suff eod finaially. Loas prooeds were notreles*sd sezopt the peso oouaterpwt which mounted toP2,000,000 per quarter. To contime the given taskc,financial reinorement w requested from 38CentralOffice. Dlrector Alcasid repoaded by providing thostaff with traveling wzensen, supplies and gasoline.
1 Legal ISJues of Das Ownership after 25 yeas.
fte m.or-Ann of agrement between the land-owers and tho MUP was only perssioa to use the landfor the construction of the water impounding structures.Considering that the land atill bolongs to the farmers,it appears that goveranent funds we" used to construectthe water impouding structure on private proporty whereinthe owner could claim owaerhoip of the strctue foud onhis property.
2. Legal Problems on Right of W*yIn Iprog, SAn Inrique, on. landow i not sign
an agreemnt for the use of his land, h proble& wsbrought to the office of the Gov or tbrogh the Mayorof San Anrique but the problem was not yet resolved.
Otbor Probl we
The record of ttance. of the paymnt of irri-gation f"o collected by the Pa.L±ng Syste DevelcparntCorporation (PM) was sot submdtted to the oomponeatlnspite of request/inquiry.
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CHAP= 6MARKETING COMPONENT
1. INTRODUCTION
The introduction of the KABSAKA tochnology packagein the rainfed lowland farms meant increased production.Increased production alone. howevcr, cannot realise thcprojccts' objective of incrcased farm incomc. There shouldbe a system which will provide farm producers with readymarkcts and better prices. Thus, the markcting componentwas incorporabed in the projects' dcsign. Specifically, thcMarketing Component aims to facilitate marlwting of farmproduce at higher prices and providc the necessary postharvest facilitics and equipment to farmers.
The marketing component was originally the grainsstoragc and shipment facility. The project would providcfunding for the construction of a small grains storage andshipmcnt facility in Iloilo Citv. The facility would bclocated adjaccnt to thc prc ' deep-water quay and hasa capacity of 10,000 tons icc. Equipmcnt for clcaning.grading and standardizatiox. and bagging of ricc would alsobc providcd. The facility would bc constructed and. operatcdby the National Food Authority (NFA).
Howevcr, it was obscrved that the project beneficiaricswerc clamouring for the assurance of markcts for their cropsand bettcr prices for their produce. The project felt thatinfrastructures alonc were not cnough. A marketing assist-ancc program to help beneficiaries get the best pricc availablcshould also be implemcntcd. Thus, the objcctivcs of the com-ponent werc reformulated as follows:
1. to assist at lcast 10,000 (25%) farmer bcncficiaricsin sclling their producc at prices higher than whatthey previously reccived;
2. to construct 69 KABSAKA Farmers' Ccnter (KFC)which can bc used as storagc bodegas and 50multi-purposc pavemcnts for solar drying. Thcscwill bc owned and operated by viablc farmers'group in the project arca;
3. to construct and utilizc a 500,000 bag capacitywarchousc and a tcrminal shipmcnt facility;
ThBLE 2WATER IPOUNDING SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTID BY KABSAKA
In thePROVINCE 0 InoILO
Actual AraMLON Irrigation wee of Croppin4
11S...... Benefiimru Patti=n
1. Ju2wan WIG Leon 19.6 20 R - R - Il/t2. hidos I 6 ono.poloa 70.45 44 R - R - 13. Aglosoag W181 Conoepolon 79.12 38 3 - R - Sallow4. Potola 9125, Dingle * 29.58 30 R - R - ungbean.% saIeooa ss18, Balsama 49.40 20 R - R - Ua6. 1Ga. Conchita II8, Ban Dioniulo 37.10 18 R - R - UC7. Ash. W18, San Dionlido (no organisstional trainings oonduoted)S. Madarag, lID, Son Unrique 13.75 14 R - R - Mungboan9. Ipreg WIS, an rique 11.32 10 R - R - R
10. Osator *III Bar& 32.,0 6 R - R - RU*11. Plma WI8 Ajuy 39.66 19 R - R - Uh
12. oSadolmn WII8 Ban DionIsio 33.96 17 R - R - Nwugbeaa13. Roto 18, San Dionimlo * 41.71 19 R - R -UwIgeban14. Oapeamaq WI8, Labtpo 9.0 14 (-15. heang 1g8, Lmbunao 5.13 13 R - R - R16. Bt.. Ja WIB, Betamol _ ;S 16 R - ft - R/UC
'510.35 298
Unar repair as per original contract.
No training proviod to famer, to dateroine a coon oropping pattern.
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4. to procure clcaning, grading and standardizationcquipmcnt for ricc;
5. to makc availablc 50 pot*le driers, 69 (500 kg)flatform weighing scales and other postharvcstcquipmcnt to organixed farmcrs.
II. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES AND RESULTS
The component was staficd with four (4) pcrsons(1 dctailcd, 2 contractuals and 1 casual).
To rcalizc componcnt objcctives, thc following strategics/activitics were adopted:
1. Rcvitalization of inactivc farmcrs' group callcdSamahang Nayon (SN)
SNs that wcrc dormant wcre reactivated withthc assistance of thc Burcau of Coopcrativcs Dcvelop-mcnt (BCOD). Thc activitics includcd rcorganization,farmcrs consultation, rcgular financial and managemcntaudit and fund collection.
2. Dialogucs, mcctings, consultation and informationdrivc
The staff attended SN board mctings, gencralassemblics and conducted information drives andfarmers consultation on problems, solutions andpossiblc assistancec.
3. Pricc information dissemination
The staff disseminated up-dated prices of palayand other crops to farmers.
4. Provision of post-harvest facilitics and cquipmcnt
A common problem of project beneficiarics wasthe lack of storagc facilitics for thcir producc andfarm inputs. To remcdy this situation, a P3.75million budgct originally intended for the constructionof a rcsidential training centcr was used in the con-struction of on-farm warehouses. Strategicallylocated functional SNs were ablc to avail of thefacility on loan basis.
Actual accomplishmcnts of the component arc shown onTablc 1 .
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TABLE 1. MARKETING COMPONENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Target : Accomplishmcnts: t AccomplishIndicator :1980-1985 : 1980-1985 : mcnt
1. Post harvcst assistancc
a. KABSAKA Farmcrs'Ccntcr Constructed a/ 69 37 54
b. 500,000 capacity ware-housc constructed 1 1 100
c. Tcrminal shipmcnt faci-lity constructcd 1 -
d. Mcchanical dricrsprocured : 50 50 100
c. Mechanical dJcrsdistributed- ' so 15 '30
f. Solar dricrs constructed: 50 : 34 . 68
g. Wcighing scales distrib-utcd 69 -
h. Buying ccntcrs idcntificd: 19 : 37 194
2. Farmers' group (SN) :strcngthcncd : 100 : 104 104
3. Dialogucs/mcetings withfarmers group : 50 : 59 118
ai Additional 2 KFCs werc constructcd in 1986 from the funds of the.4SP.
b/ Only 4 werc operational. Mcchanical defccts and high fucl con-sumption rcndered the other dricrs non-functional.
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III. MPLEMENTATIC1 PROBLEMS
Rcflected below are the implementation problemscxpcrienced by thc component.
A. Institutional/Organizational Issues
1. Nced for a strongcr consultativc mcchanism with thcfarmer-beneficiarics
Though consultations werc donc prior to thcconstruction of KFCs, it was lcarncd that in the cascof mcchanical dricrs, this consultativc mcchanism waswcak. In ccrtain instanccs, discussions wcrc confincdto a few key pcople in the farmers' organization andthe major implications of the dccisions wcrc not fullyunderstood by the members.
Also, given thc tight cash position of most farmcrsand the additional costs for amortizing the mcchanicaldricrs, somc farmcrs' organization havc cxprcsscd thcirdcsirc to rcturn the dricrs to NFA and opt for thcmulti-purposc solar pavemcnt instcad.
2. Abscncc of a KABSAKA Marketing Committcc
A markcting committcc which should havc bccncomposed of rcprcsentatives from various agencics wasnot organizcd to help cxccute component strategics andaddrcss implcmcntation problems.
3. Lack of acccss to institutional credit and farmcrs'dcpcndcncc on tradcrs
Findings of the project monitoring surveys showcdthat throughout project implcmcntation, thc majority ofthe farmers (91 to 94%) sold their crops to thc privatctraders rather than to NFA, AMC or FACOMA.
The privatc traders wcrc the popular outlct dcspitcthe rclatively lower prices the farmers reccived. Thismay bc traced to the added scrvices thc privatc tradcrsoffcr to thc farmer such as pick-up of produce and others.Morcovcr, traders extcnd production loans to the farmerwith a minimum sct of requircmcnts unlikc thosc of formal
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lending institutions. Traders wcre also willing toaccept various quality of farm producc subject tovariancc in price (i.c.. the bctter the quality, thehigher thc price). Also, traders paid for the goodsimmcdiately and in cash.
Although in reality, the NFA., AMC and FACOMAoffcred higher prices, the majority of thc farmerspcrccived the priccs offcred by the traders as highcr.Actually, if added costs to marketing wcrc considcred,(i.c., frcight and handling costs, transport cost?,ctc.), thc privatc tradcrs' arc decidedly lowcr a
B. Rcsourcc Constraints (Financial, Manpower, Matcrials, Timc)
Resourcc constraints faccd wcrc thc following:
1. delaycd budgctary rclcascs which hampcred implemcnt-ation according to original schedulc/plans, particularlyin the casc of KFCs;
2. lack of capablc marketing staff;
3. delayed availmcnt of consultancy scrvices for thepreparation fo a marketing assistancc plan and fortraining the marketing staff. The actual mobilizationof the consultancy did not matcrializc until mid 1985.The consultancy firm subtaitted their output only inJanuary, 1987, a year aftcr project termination;
4. high personncl turnovcr
During the fivc (5) years of project implemcnt-ation, threc (3) markcting coordinators implementedthe activitics of the component. The tecchnical staffalso suffcrcd frequent turnovcrs. Thcsc situationscontributed to frequent lapscs in the programs/plans implemcntation of the component.
C. Tcchnical Constraints
1. Non-functional mcchanical dricrs duc to mcchanicaldefccts such as malfunctioning of oil gauge andIcaking rubber/oil scal, uneven distribution of dryingof palay and cxcessi-/c dicscl consumption duc to pro-longed drying and high fucl cost, among others.
Final cvaluation of the KABSAKA Project, 1986.
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2. Lack of tcchnical know-how on thc part of thcSamahang Nayon officcrs on busincss managemcnt,warchouse managcmcnt and rclatcd skills.
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS
Thc componcnt rccommcnds thc following:
1. strcngthcn markcting assistancc in sclling palay toNFA and AMC by SNs with KFCs;
2. furthcr train SN officcrs who havc availcd of KFCson warchousc managcmcnt;
3. strcngthen additional SNs and MKSNs;
4. look closcr into thc inccntivcs and disccntivcs onthc usc of mcchanical dricrs; and
5. cvaluation of KFCs to asscss thcir cffcctivcncss.
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APPENDIX A.. KABSAKA FARMERS' CENTER (KFC)
Capacity Project YearBcncficiarv Location (no. of bags) Cost (P) Constructed
32. Pangi SN, Inc. Pangi, San Dionisio 4000 168,950.00 Dcc. 1985
33. Macalbang SN, Inc. Macalbang, Conccpcion 3000 133,250.00 Dcc. 1985
34. Labigan SN, Inc. Labigan, Sara 3000 133,000.00 Dcc. 1985
35. San Migucl-San San Migucl, Barotac 3000 133,000.00 Dcc. 1985Gcronimo SN,Inc. Vicjo
36. San Juan Crisos- San Juan, Anilao 3000 133,900.00 Dcc. 1985tomo SN, Inc.
37. Calayo SN, Inc. Calayo, Cabatuan 3000 132,500.00 Dcc. 1985
KFCs without multipurposc pavcmcnt. Thc rcsts havc multipurposcsolar pavcmcnt with drying arca that vancs from 120 to 180 squarc metcrs.
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CHAPIR 7
I. !RODWIII
2he KUXA raftition component foceued en tbree mjarmtritioal problems affecting XAMAX& fa fail ies, namely,amemia, diarrhea and parasitiAm. This was ln respome toealier fiodin, that 44.6 percoAt We the Western Visaymspepulation suffered e. iren-defici.ncy amemi, whle 68percent of the total population were affected by parasitism.Ox te other hand, diarrhe pened a threat to life, particular-ly in the caso of malnewisked children. Thi vas becausedarrhea embled tle human body to loose large amounts of waterand nutrientm and at the sam tine decreasd abserption rates.
Is dealing with theue nutrition-related health problems,seven (7) goverAmet agencies Implemented tk* activities of thecomponent. With the Ninistry of Health (MM) as the lead.agency, tlw ethrs whick spperted tke coupoeont wares the Nin±stryof Education, Culture and Sports (mCS), Natioma mdioaProduction Center (NPC), Univ-rsity of the Philippines inthe Yisayas (UPr), Ninistry of Agiculture and Pood (NAP),Ninistry of Local Goverusent (NW0) and National Nutritionceuncil (110.
The objectives of the coupoaoxt weres
1. to prevest deaths due to diarrhea disease from 30per 100,000 to 15 per 100,000;
2. to preveAt deterioration in nutritional status causOeby d*arr gt
3. to reduce tke prevalence of anemia from 66 percentto 33 porcent and parauitian from 35 percent to8 percnst I and
4. tc; improve health and nutrition practices amongmoterm and sckool childre.
no JA!ION SDaUm ANM RUM8
To combat aea, diarrhea, any parasitis among projectbeneficiaries, the coqp e teat e__es. the follewilgactivities
S. diarrhea maaagemnt ma control through the use of
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Oral rehiratioa solut ioA or oresol, an houiad salt-suga 5olutioM*l
b. selctive iro &tplctto for psemat women, infetg(j mcthu old above m mied pro-achere)s &adamefc farmer.I
a. perioic m_ dowmiat _preuc_o.l and scbool ckildren,farme an nox-pres wt eig
4. face-to-face education to prowte botter peoozal hygiene,impovve sanitation amd emermee the uso of food souceshigh in iron Ia vitain C;
*. installation of water pumps in eleatay shools withinthe projoct area to W.ao water-barne diarrhea and toprovide water for school grdens;
f. use of various meod ( print, radio, nT, etc.) to disse-mast. informatim en the .reot knowlede4, attitudA" practices romrding diarrhea mamagement, am La control
and. parasitism;I
g. orientation and skills training of ozisting field person-Aol and other prog'a participants;
k. conduct monitoring suveys nd eluaticn studies.
For the past five years, the Couset 1a performedsatisfactorily to hellp KESAX attain one of its primary goals -to improve the ntritional status of farmrs and their familios.To prove this, accomplishment from 1981 to 1985 are specifiedbelows
Tu24 Aaccompish- Projct li* Compl tioaslt Tar Rate (%6)
Ir ( by OEK, VW)no. of oriented/trainedparticipants 14,125 13,307 106
Diarrha Egt. (by )no. of lukats spoonedistribu-e4 83,270 83,000 100.3
no. of water p'ms 400 400 10Ono. of pupils seod 79,000 _ _
Researck ( by UNY )no. of monitoring sureoy 5 and evaluation studies 2 - -
Media Support (by NMIC)no. of inf ormtion, educationand co-nication materialsproduced (pc. and sets) 221,966 2488,112 89.5
no. of fazm.r/houso.oldmebers benefited by schoolon-the-air 646 - -
Rural households have expressed appreciation on the use-fulness of informative materials given out by KBSA3KL. Brochureson good sanitation practices, calendars and teaching guides forelementary school also helped realize the component's program.These were revealed during interviews conducted by a review teamin June 1985.
Likewise, managing diarrhea with the use of hommade salt-sugar solutions was cofmonly practiced. This was because the solutionwas simple and inexpensive to prepar using the ILukat spoonaccordiAg to users.
Iron upplementation of beoneficiaries also provod helpful.This plus backyard and herbal gardening encouraged during face-to-face education benefited farm families.
Among elementary schools, tbh installatiox at water pumpsbenefited school children and neigkboring households tkroughregular supply of watwr, I addition, water was used for mein-toeance of school gardes wuhick supplied iron-rich and vitamin-rich vegotables to the schools' feeding program.
InitiAl Effects of tent'to amnn
Th effects of the nutrition compoanet appeard to beo e-courag as documentod by the U?! iA tke mid-term BvaluationSrvey conducted iA September to December 1984. The sum*y of thesurvey is prsented below.
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K. (Kaowl.44e, AttitlU and hectice.) vtey
A. mMzh.r
a. Use of Sat-asu soliit io tohM1l@q(_Ime-%de *.l Rehlltdoa S hwy)
68% awazrww level In the intervenedarea (13% iA the AnA-lateatvuAl aia)
53% of the ithers wa' rched with theLmt spoon
93% or the upoon enseficiaz±.u kem thecorrect perception of the epoo's' mm
67% of the spoo heaefciri.u can£ma_trw te omet prepuration of therz.ydratioa technology dring diarTholepisnode
42% ha-e corrct pacticu of the technolo0Y53% of those who adopte gwe the tiely
administration of the recomeaedmolution
At ba"elie, 2.7% have heard of the malt-ugar solutiontechnology and 3% oirsol.
b. use of Orzeol (COMeaciall prepared aM)
84% of the Bothers were avaz of the wOee99% of the *othez have correct perception
of its use43% were able to uws muol iwig d±e'zheal
episoe92% _t the methseIndicatoe that radio 1m ths
ra4n meidl souree of informatioA in the ruralwaannsa specific to the us* of resol
62% of ths face-to-face comuncatisaw identifiedwith the health personnel
B. Poeing Pzractices
a. 54% iLuzase among mothwe who continue bzeut-fSeding durzag diazihe us noted fom 36%dariag pre-iaatvention phase to 90% luriuthe pout inteAtioI pwio4
z. 79% of the othew claime to give saditionalfood durAgn diarhoa
a. 66% of the motbhez mentioned breastfesdtheir Laf ants
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4d. 5% of tk* motbeis still s1ve ems fooddm'lm diaribe mmd only 2 repoIted togive aweb
li. Aosa,sie valence/Nemoulovinowtti
1. A 29% re4uotlaa of anmacs& amang 046.mntha Wants (%-56%) was oheeived Poorout of five Wants weo ane duxd.g theb1eLim MirYey A only am ouot of Liv. wasnoted after the interventioa period.
2. Amon those 1-3 Years of age (preschoolem) a2% zeduotion of ama owes (from 54% to27% afong lI* smbcts ws evident.Purtheauczec, a kigher iedation vas notedaMog their female Souatipart wh±ch Is34% (from 92.58%).
3. Y. pxopo'tioa of ammas r_emlaod the sameamong the 4-6 yews old subjects although as*enicant Jn a m .a the ma an eogllobinvalues me observed (10.30 to 10.68%/Io m1)
4. A 7% reduction of a¢eca N w also shownsoon the fwms poup (42%-35%) with asIg-ificant IZw?ae in the hemoglobin values.
5. Among the pr*gumt usmx, weer, sumdiscouraging observatioas w mad..
5*1 A 25% Increas of aneie Cases Wmobserved among those am the firsttoimster of the pregnay (5S%)
5.2 A 15% lAweas na these ea thesecond tratetr
5.3 A significant deorea" of cases usnoted ua the thid trimester (29%)of reduction of cose
5.4 An oveall r¢dction of US mmobosved but net statistIoally sificant
C. As a whole the inease In the manhemoglobin value of lactating wmen vasNstatisticall, sigoificsat.
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a. Pazs.itolog
A highl uiS.fl.aa*, earea, inasoarl.was un ot.d, bowYwt. a ags.
aiflemat Imare of bdehkIu us ala
2. A aignifloant 4eoiaae of Moc In-Section ws obeerne among the active far.se" (26% reductiaon fom 61% to 3S%).
3. A 27% redctioan of aucazusia ur alsoevident amog the schoolew goup (from35 to 8% of thoe 7-12 yea of age).
IT. Aathponetry
1. zopt far the Intfate, mjarlty of thechilir.a 1-6 yews of ago hav* improvedthel.' antmtional staftu.
1.1 An Imoan of 15% (21 to 36%) inthe propertioa of norml weight chill-ran is ObsWved -amn those 1-3yeaws of agy.
1.2 A 19% edultion In the pwoportion of2 %lauz±subd cases was also noted.
1.3 -t. childrze betwtee 3 to 6 yew. oldwewe fou to be on the beat advanage.This - reflected by a 231% increasIn tho pyzoprtion of nmal cases anda caoospeMs 12% i=ease amoxkthe 2 .la 4 ca.
1.4 An overall Improvment in the propor-tioA Of aIESI Wigh cases (16%) eAd(14%) reduction of 2 msouzr±bhecanoe war attained aftor the inter-Tension pWOc*88.
A poitive shint la the iqoved well-being of pZe-schoolew. in the project azeo seemed to tteo aas gingphemomea which in the redutaion of the 2 malnourishedcameo and the controlling of mow utz'tionsl2. disadvantagecSAe.
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*U. LA!ZON IIONiUM AND MESjRT TA$D
14k. the coo ats of KAIA, the rmzu-.tioacoWoat aleo .ncouatea".4 various oocetz'ain ±hadvwsey effcted iqilmeAtatioA stra;tog...
lb following w. th pzoblem _s ich aloed dow theattatneat of the component s othw targetes
A. kSUIMILg" A4Strat±ve/3ehayvioal
1. I'egulw povisioa of Incentives tocomponent implementoru;
2. ZIctive KAIAU A Nutrition Coitteo (UC);3. DifMultien with bw dgetazy piocedures and
roquireomAt
a, eck oE undeztend±4m of the rci.burao-met procdwel, particulaly in theinitial yen of pioj"t laplmntation;
b, Lenthy tzaaaction process due to fund.flow, problei from the as3 to the 1_minel" agecy (especi4lly in the case ofUTP-).
c. Coin.uLcation delays botween the Officeof Budget and Wa t (OBI), the imple-Menti" agencie. d the IPCC reproesenta.tivee;
4. Roleo ed e1ectatioxs wer not clearlydefined at ths beginn±n of implematation;
5. Installation of water pump iln non-hiBSAbaangays due to late recelpt of thxe updatedlist done by WA,
B. Resoureo Constraints (fund., manpower, time,mterials)_
1. Delayed rolease of fnmd;2. lack of technical manpower to attend to budget
prparatIoA and reporting %"VOH);
3. Absonce or lac of travel allowance for sarvisits and superviso*y activities (NOH);
4. No MMN provision Xor the epair and main-tenance of water pwups (RCS);
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5. Lack of trasport facility (i.e., vehicle)for a*) the istribution of mdosal supp1lie,construction mateis for water p,e, A"M O materials to the sits; b) the conduct
of eAthropmeto, andtsurreys; and a) the close suervision. ofompooent activitiest
6. Limted tiw for follow-p due to heavy
1. Installation of 228 water pusips was Aotaccordinzg to specification due to the lateprocurement and arrival of constructionmaterials;
2. Lack of safety measures for preveAtingthe loss of water pumps;
3. Lack of buit-iL provision for waterpotability tests;
4. DifTiculty in collecting sample specimenfor parsite and heoglobin surveys.
Although=Dot all problems were sesolvoed some measureswere taken. These were as follows:
A. Corrective
1. RevalidatioL of cvsh disbussement ceiing(CDC's) for prior years' payable;
2. Coordination with the MAP on the updated listof target barsagays to avoid the previousInstallation of pumps iA noio.KASAKA barangay.
3. Ai1atiza1. Installation of water pumps to address the water
supply needs of the cooolty, without waitingfor arrival of the delayed reinforcod concretepipes;
2. Retention of the water pup In sites hich w*renot included ia the Updated list of KhIAKAEbarangas to preveAt the deprivatioA of criticalsrvice/faclity;
3. Initiative on the part of the various implemt-ing agencies to sustain componAet oprations andsolve implementation bottlnecks eveA after theINC ceased to meet regularly.
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OER'M 8TRAZ313G COPNON
X nThODUTI!ON
In support of the uex:sns iax sc wnt uhicd pwsentedthe core of the proJoct, the trainin component was tanked withdeveloping capabilities of proj ot managemnt staff, agricul-tural field staff, farmr-ooperat.rw, and other staff of col-laborating agencies through training progrmeou. These trainingprogrammes,spoecifically catered to their training needs, weredireoted at enhancing knowledge, attitudes, haits and skillsto be utilized Is their role of etoading technolog and prac-ticso to various groups of clientelo.
Speciflcally,the training component has the followingobjeotivess
1. to train famers and UP extension staff inimproved cropping tochnologies, including post-harr*st technaologiesu
2. to train agricultural field staff of supportingagencies to include rural banks, marketing agencies,local government and cooperatives to improve tech-nical skils;
3. to train manaer. and supervisors to improveperformance a managers and the Wforuance of theentities they oentrol;
4. to train personnel with staff development respon.sibilities on train-ing ethodolog; and
5. to train staff with plannin and coordinatingpositions to ensure ful participation of theintended beneficiaries of the project in pDiMang ctprograms which m affect then
II. I ?LNTATIOI STIA!RGIR AND RZ8L!
To attain component objectives, the training coponenths standardized and adopted the following strategiess
1. Staff cvolopment programs
1.1 Pacilitating staff development progrms andsocialization for newly-hired personnel
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2. Preparation of iidelines tor training roedassesment
2.2 Traiing of component supervisors nd soectionheads on the process of ooduaotiag trainneeda for their respective staft
2.3 Assisting component *mprrisors mA sectionhoada in the conduct of tramknin rneesassessment
2.4 Analyzing results of thoe aining needsAssesment and validating those with compo-nent supervisors and soction heads concoersd
2.5 Preparing titlo for training, piloritizingthose in toem of time schedule and train"eto bo traind, and validating thee withcomponent supervisors and seotion heas con.corned
3. Preparation of the aanual Work Program based ontraining needs assessaent rosults
4. Conduct of fraiings per Anual Work Program
5, lvaluatio -of Trainings conductod
III. IXPLVZNTATION RESULTS
Per Staff Appraisal Report, project cost estimatesassumed that during the project life of five(5) iear, at leaost7,000 participants should have availed of trainings in thelirown line ef speeialization locally, and 38 candidatesshould have availed of training oversea.
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Ih. following is a suwary of th. total nuAberof trainings conducted and the total number of traineestr l± d locally and ovreoaO for a fiv-year period.
T~ooal !ruininan
xm ~ faiin.conduce N.of f anes aie
1980 7 19470
1981 27 1,921
1982 25 1,235
1983 15 2,820
1984 20 1,497
1985 24 1,750
Total 118 10,693
Target for trainees to be trained in five years perStaff Appraisal Report ... . . . . . 7,000
Trainees trained after five year.. . . 10,693
Percent (%) of Accomplishment. . . . . 153%
Overoeas Traininas
ye-r TAttes Mt ended No. of Trainees Trained
1980 1 2
1981 3 3
1982 1 1
1983 1 2
1984 0 0
1985 9 13
Total 15 21
Targt for trainees to be trainedin five years per Staff Appraisal Report . . . . 38
Trainees trained after five years . . .. . . . 2.
Pereont (%) of Accomplishment . . . . . . . . 59%
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With the various train±Ags/actiVities conducted by thetraining comopunt to its target trainees, capabilities aidcompetency of agricultural field staff as trai"nVs were developednd improved. As trainers, technical know-how and expertise of
the technology and other rwo_medod pratices - well asfacilitative skills In conducting trainilng were mastered andupdated-: athods and techniques in imparting knowledge and skillsto target groups wer also systmatized and standardized.Partur-trainees, e.g., contact Leadere, Samahang Nsyon officersand members, were clarified on the MAIP and £LDSAEA Projects theirobjectives, organizational set-up, services offeard, as wall astheir functions and respensibilities to its target beneficiaries.
Local trainings offe2ed were categorized as Orientation-trainin9g, Technical trainings and trainings on Leodership,Management, Supervision, Planning and Organization* Orientation-training. in general dealt on clarifying and/or orientingtrainees of the rationale, objectives, implementing strategiesand scope of a psaticular project/program* Technical traingsomphasized on the recomended practiocs on all aspects of KABSAKA
Technology, Leadership, TM anagsent, Supervision, Planning andOrganizational training. focus on planning, management andorganizational aspects to develop supervisory and maagerialskills of planners and component supervisors.
iv. DLRinTA!ION PRODLZU
1. Manpower Resoureo
Expertise for some training areas not available locally,was mostly on trainings on Leadership, Xanagement,Supervision, Planning and Organizationo To push throughwith the activities, resource persons from outside theprovince were tapped. The problem, however, was thedifficulty in convincing experts to agree to the lowrate of honorarium offerred. As added compensation,trasmportation was provided for the resource persons.
2. Delayed delivery of supplies
To overcome these constraints, staff's resourcefulnessand ingenuity were utilizod, i.e., borrowed from othercomponents or even from other agencies to push thi'3ughwith the activiti.'e
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V. UCOaDA!IM
During the DAOWI' mad 3*06. trULAIng oR BMaBehavior in Organizatioa, thee W a strong re-ooealdatio that aogrcltuual fted staff, i.e.,Al!, LIa, 110, *set bo given uim41aw tWli.
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QiAPym 9PLOT YV,LAGZ DEVLOPMFT COIPOQNXNT
I. IMRODUCTION
When the Rainfed Agricultural Development IloiloProJect w" negotiated with tho World Back, the FVDComponent has not boon workod out In detail:.
A TIsk -orce was organizsd by the Inter-agency prog-ram coordinating Agency to administer the planning ofthe PVD prosram and dOtejuinO the approaches to bo tested.The iasu.ace of the OA peocial Order No. 145 Series of1980 have created the Task Force and Working Group drawnfron relevant agencies like the Bureau of Comunity Deve-lopment (XLGCD), the Ph$iippine Training Centers forRural Development (PTCAD), the Agricultural ProjectPlanning Unit, (MAO), the Regional Direotor and theprovincial Governor* The Task Force and the WorkingGroup have assessed 48 local and foreign counitydevelopment projects. Relevant and workable factorsand insights from the project evaluation were taken intoconsideration towards the development plas.
A workshop to refine the foimulation of PVD impl.-mentation plan was coudnoted at Marikudo, Iloilo City,last March 1981 which wa participated by the Workinggroup plus local leaders of the projoct site.
The PVD amcormnt in designed primarily to testa comprehensive approach at the village level envisionedas a modol from which a larger comunity developmentscheme maybe involved. The municipality were selectedbased on their strategies location from the point of viewof radiation effect and the receptivity of local leaders.
The following criteria were used in the selectionof project areas
a) socio -economic which specify the conditions ofthe majority of the depressed villages in the provinces;
b) strategc location to maximize their exposureto those ho maybe interested in the scheme being under-taken;
c) rmc2ptiv±ty of the municipality and villageleaders;
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d) the municipalities and village should be covoredby the project area in the Rain ed Agricultural Devolopment(33oilo) Project (RADI!). The village should have rainfedproducticn aea.r0t. les thea 50 hoetare.
U:. IX1TLMnOAI RMULS AND MNhAIZZS
Project stategies used wer the following:.
1. Stegthening leadership and mimbehip capabilitiesof baraj"y councils, sectoral committees and other exist-ing organizations for -anagdn and participating in com-munity development projects.
2. Strengthening linkages mong and botw3en munIcipaland baragay development councils.
3. Utilization of existing division of barangays likeZones, Purok, Sitios, etc.
4. Generation of reliable data about the barangay withthe people.
5. Phase-out of facilifttor role within three years.
6. Facilitation of the acquisition of addtional resouresand the identification of existing resouLrees.
The PVD component ba a project life of four(4) years Year 1 started in 1981 which wa ostlyspent in recruiting and training of PD staff from amongthe personnel of YU in Iloilo.
The PVD cazxmnt was originally composed of fourmunicipalities namely: ?igbana, Lemeryq Sta. Barbaraand Bingawan with 25 baragays. Howevor, Bingwan wasdropped because it did not satisfy the criteria for siteselection.
On Jebruary 22, 1982 the iMalcentation of PVD statedin three core barangays of igbauaa namolys isaliwanMenor, Nagba and SeSmon. Consultants were hired to refinetho process and improve the facilitation skills of thestaff in order to harden their experiences.
After one year of working in the core barngays, theprocess was expanded to Jhree more barangars of Dapdap,Buenavista and Labog in igbauen and four barangays inLemery namely: Tabunan, Sepazton, Cabantuhan and Pontoc.
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The impot of the PVD in the cm barangays provedworthwhile. Thus, the replication of the progrm was con-sidered when the World Bak Mission visited the proJectlast Peb. 22-259 1984.
In Nay 1984, the process was replicated in 14barangay covered by Rural Youth Development Omtcewmof Xoio an In 13 barangas covered by Agricultural0ood Technologist of St&. Barbarla. Thee poersonel
wre trained on PYD Process and on Basic LeadershipSkills Training) respectively.
The PYD component has a total of seven regularstaff and 10 part tie, workers namelys I PVD coordi-nator, 4 Asat. coordiators, oze clerk and one driver.Part-tln staff ere as follows one social scientistand nine core of trainers cm, driver and clerk while the restw*reMF porsonnel detailed to the program.
The training program were ared toward providingthe core group leaders, core of trainors and MC staffand clientele with botter understanding of the PVD pro.cess and to provide them with leadership and managementskills.
Fram the start of the component's implementation,the major activities and accomplishments were as follows:(refer to Table I for details).
1. P7D Symosium provided forum for discussionsof the existing local approaches and experienes in keyareas of village development activitieos by reproeontativeof various government and privato agencies.
2. Data GatherinA secondary socio..conou±c datawere gathered on February, 1982 for the three corebarangays. This activity enables the staff to establishrapport with Municipal and Barangay Officials.
3. Pailitatling kills J rnina facilitating skillsof the PVD :taff wore greatly improved through tho assistanceof a consultant and through individual coaching
a.) Mniciiual Divelonent Council
A total of 15 municipal Development Councilsroceived orientation training on PVD with a totalpmticipants of 472 representing different govern.ment and private agencies.
b.) Earanata DeveloL%ent Council Orientation fraining
A total of 34 barangays of 12 municipalitiesattended this activity.
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c.) Baranzav Assembly Orientation Traiginx
A total of 1.921 participants in 32 barangasin 12 muicipalities received this orientation tralning.
5. aeds ALM MaMt
There were 30 brarngaWs with a total of 2.230 house-hold heads that participated in identification of theproblems of their barungays to inaluds their aspirationsfor their f-ily, and their comunity.
6. Re-xaMnation/'alidgtion of Cluster P=oblems
There are 26 barangays whose Barangay DevelopmentCouncils with a total of 387 leaders have particiDatedin this activity.
7. BaranRaa Assembly Aooroval Neet inga
A total of 1,510 household heads in 26 barmagays haveparticipated in the approval of the problems identifiedand in their particioation to solve the barangays/sitioproblems.
8. Basic Leadgrahiu and Managegent Skills fraivn:s
Basic Leadership and Nanagment Skills Training Phase Ihave a total of 462 sectoral leaders and Barwagay Councilstraied while in Phase II thore were 356 leadors. Theleaders trained from Pha&* I were the same leaders trainedin Phase II. In Phase I, 22 baragay. participatod, whilein Phase II only 18 barangays participated or a total of824 leaders trained.
9. Dialogue with Government and Private Azenceie
Ther were 9 dialogues conducted with 17 barangaysIn 7 municipalities, with a total of 24 different govern-ment and private agencies that responded to the invitation.Each agency present their delivery Service system and howthe leaders can avail them. Record abows that there wereg,$ sectoral leaders and interested residents that attend-ed the dialogue.
10. Action FInn&InUsig the inputs from the activity No. 7 which is
dialogue with government and private agencies there area total of 211 sectoral leaders from 6 uniecipalitiesnamely: Tigbauan, Leomery, Sta. Barbara, Igbarsa, Caba-tuan, Passi in 15 barangays participated in the actionplaNi4ng session to solve their infrastructure, social
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servlces and economic problem. There were 171 actionplans formulated for presentation to barangay assumbLiinfor it. approval and finally, implementation. The coregroup were encouraged to follow up oE Sh programsof their action plan.s
U1 Proieet Imleml ntation
94is activity began after the Barvangy Assembly hasapproved of the action plan. formulated by the sectoralcommittees or planning body.
There are 5,062 boenficiaries in 13 barangays. Someof the project like road improement and road extensionwere implesented through free labor or *Nayaihan SystemlThe residents' counterparts in the projects were theirlocal resources like free labor, sand and gravel, bamboos,manpower anA the like.
12. Ad o *Wearhiu and Nanaaement Skills Training
In this training, the soetoral leaders were taughtorganizational mschanics acd proem solving and mobili-zation of resources. There were only 10 core Barangysin the municipalities of Tigbanan and Lesery with 178soctoral leaders trained.
13. Elaluation a-&d Re-olanzing
After 6-.2 mouths of project implementation thesectoral leaders were grouped to evaluate the projectsaction plans implemented or not implemented. Cons-traints in the project implmentation were traced andsolutions were offered, suggented.
14. Pull-out Phase frai
Each taret barangay of Tigban has lecided toselect six outstandin residents from. sectoral coit-teen to be trained in the preparation of a withdrawalmchanism for the village core to take over completelythe role of the coiunity wrlcer iile the PYD stepout. The six taget baragays of ?±gbaua were dividedinto five phases as followt
)NINJ I PIABE U: PEAS m PRE IInu V PHLASE vNagba Sermoon Lbog Tabuna, PontooBuensvista Binaliwan Dapdap Sepanton Cabant uhs
MenorPhse I and Phase II Phao-out Training were started August11-12 and October 4-5, 1986 until December, 1986 and February1987, respecitvely. The theretical training was conductedoa these schodules by the staff and followed by practicum,
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The phase-out trainees identified their names anBAD.ANGAY DVMOPMUNT OPPICERS and their program as BARAUGAYDEVELOPMEN THROUGH PEOPLE'S COOPURA!IOhE They also iden-tified their lTD proes to start at the. 1) orientationwith the Sarangay Development Council and Barmagay Assembly,2) Needs Assesmmnt; 3) Re-.eza.ination/Validation ofcluster problemis; 4) Darangay Assembly Appraval; 5) Dialoguewith Gover.ment and Private Agenci.sg 6) Action Plannin, mand7) Pr.oject Isgmplmetation and Ivaluation.
An part of the pu.ll-out activity Pr&cticZ Sha-f,Six Barangay Development Officers from barangays Nagba,Buenavista, Dinalivan and Sezmon, all of Tigbauan, Iloilohave completed step oas up to step No. 6. While barangayBuenavistal, Nagba and Bi4naliwan Renor are implementing step7, which is Project Implementation. Most of the projectsbeing implemented are in the infrastructure andecn=icaspet like cons-truction of deep well, barangay road is.-provement and other income generatiAg projsects.
UI! * IPL3XMATAION PROBLEMS:
12he following ar, the lzpleme!tation problems met bythe component;
1, Change of leadership at munnicipal level.. Theproblem has p~litlcal affiliationis; 9
2. If the outside resources fail or cannot iue-diately comply with or provide for the services beingasked for,"
3. Transfer o-P technicians from one Barangay toanother, work overfdadiAg, technicians were laid offat wrong time especially when the work has already beenstarted;
4. PeopleAleaders sustaining their interest, and
5. Lack of equipment like camera, and tape recorderto be u.isd inL project documentation.
While the process has been tested in sone ba.rangaysand have shown succes*).it will not be of anchL value un-less it can be replicated in a wider scale at a fasterr"teo The following are some the issues$
3.. Whether local government or Munsicipal DevelopmentCouncil can find some people at *te Nunicipal level todo lID process in the barmagay.
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2. Whether the Department of Agriculture is theappropriate agency for isplementig siuch process to beinatitutionalized by the technicians as a t,,ol in theirextesion activities.
3. Whether the regular extension staff of theDepartment of A4rioulture oa be tapped to mpl_ment theprocess. The intensive 6-8 month. poriod requires tre-sendous legwork on the part of the extension people whoare themselves Overworked. Rowever, their work will belightered in thelong run an coemunities will 'reach out*for services instead of technicians doing individual farmand home visit.. Since not all of them can be trainedto become PVD staff, what can be done is for then to dothe less critical steps while the Pr. staff does thetraining and facilitating Jobs for several barangnys allat the same tims.
4. Doing the process entails a lot of goveozmentcoditment to decentralized decision making to provincialand municipal levels for speedier resolution of identifiedpriority problems.
5. Linkages mechanism at the Municipal level haveto be identified and strenthened so that barangay activi-ties will be supported even after PVD intervention.
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IV. UN7I?aSED ACTIVMISS MP PVD CCOPaNENT AS QPDBCltR1, 1986
Much have been done end still much had to beaccoaplished yet. As of Deember, 1986, herunder arelist of activitios yet to be domse
1. Bainaay Assembly Orientation - 4 baranays
2. Needs Assesment -7
3. Re-exa.ination/Vulidation - 13
4. Barugay Resident Appraisal - 14 "
5. Basic eaderhip - 15
6. Dialogue with Private/Govt' 04genoy -19 "
7. Action nPan Pomlation - 20 '
8. Project Implemntation _ 20
9. Advance Leadership - 27
10. Ryaluation - 27
11. Pull-out Phase - 33 "
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Table 1. TARGET AND ACCONPLISI(TS OP TH PVD
I TI? AXUAL Peroent ofAeeou1abagnt-
1. No.of Municipality 4 15 375
2. No. of Bazanys 25 37 148
3. No. of Barangq Leaders 450 740 *544. No. of Seotoral Leaderu 450 820 182
5. No. of frainings Reld
a) MunIcipal Develop-mat Ori±ntation(XDO) 4 15 375
b) 3wazgay Devolop-sent CouncilOrientation (Bm) 25 34 136
a) Baransay AssemblyOrentatioo 25 32 128
d) Basic LeadersbipSkills 50 81 152
Pha. 1 25 41 154
pha.. II 25 40 160
e) Advace LoadershipSkils 10 10 100
f) Advance ManagmentSkills 2 2 100
g) Technical T2zn±ng 10 28 280
1) Phase-out Traiing
1. No. of bargay 10 4 40
2. Trainee (No.) 40 27 65
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COLP. 10EWTORXNG AND TA.LUA!IO
The Monitoring and valnation Unit'. ( I & I ) mainhation ur to provide project mmngm.mt with th. r_eI1ant &ad t±m,0l Information on thoe statUs and progressof project implinntatioa for decision-making. It in-plmented the Mofitoring and Evalation 3 ystem (M3S)which consiste of the followi activitiess
1. project sonitoring to generate information onthe status and progress of projeet implmentation, and
2. project evaluation to measure the impact of theproject on the beneficiaries*
no 3ErIMTIW STRA3I38 AND RESL
The flloog ativities/strategies were done tomonitor project progress:
1. Conduct of baseline survey
!he baseline survey wa done in Nay 1981 to obtaininformation on the socio-economic situation of thefa'ling household within the project sites prior toproject implementation. This study was contracted outto the University of the Pkilippines in the Visaysloundatien, mo. (UPTY?).
2. Conduct of trimes2mla surveys of famers at theend of every cropping season.
This activity started in October 1981 to assess theprogress of project implementation at the farmer's level.go survoy. involved a sample size of more than 100farmers. These surveys were processed, tabuLAed, analysedand Interpreted by the 1 & 3 staff. Survey findings wee
mediately fed bacl to the Project Mansgor Component3uporviors, Suabject Matter Specialist (3113, and Districtgrioultal Officer (DAO). Peedback s"sions were
likewise ixitiatod with the Agricultural Food Technologlits(AM) and Mlicipal Agicultural Officer. (3*0).
3. Preparation of semi-a_nnal reports for the WorldDank.
This task lw formerly assigned to the Project Manage-sent Staff 9 but it vam delegated to the I & I Unit in1983. The activities and accomplishments of each com-ponent a woll as the financial status for a given periodwere included in this report.
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4. Collation/Consol±dation of monthly accompishmentreports of each compoent.
Collation/oonsolidation of .1l, component reports Into* sakms report tut reflected the monthly activities andstatus of proJost Implemntatioa wmm started In July 1963.Narlir, each supwrvisor submitted a mnthly rert to theProject Manager.
A copy of the -onthly report wasmubmitted to theProject Manager, Reaonal Director', IJDA, ProvincialGoveror, IPCC Secetariat, Minister and Deputy Ministerof MAP, coordinating agencies and component superviors.
5. Conduct of the final evalation of the KA3SAKAProjeat
he final evaluation ar done to generate informationto be used as basis in measuring the overall effeetivneuuand.impact of the project. This was contractod out toWPY?S. The xtaff of the I & I Unit who vere terminatedwith the closing of the Project wero bired by uril? toassist in the evalmation work.
6. Iraluation of the Pilot Village DevelopmentProject
This was an on-going evaluation conducted in three (3)core barangaas to "asseo p rforaane. Results were fodback to Mr. Bornio Woods of the World Bank Missioan
The composition of the X & B Unit consistod of theMonitoring and Nvauation Officer who was detailed to theProject, five (5) contraotual oyaluaatio Officezr, a clork-typist, a driver, and three (3) to four (4) casual gnu-aerators.
Those staff were trained on statistics, researchaethodolog and technical report writing. They alsoobserved the oporations of the Input-Output MonitoringProject of SU in MuAosa, Nuev b ija.
Saah Uvaluatiea Offieor wa assigned to maiter oneor two components. fThoo office"r prepared situationreports on component status for project manag_ment. Casual
onmerators who wero trained on data gathering and pre-cossing assistod the valmlation Officers La preparing thereports.
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Details of-the 1 & I Accoplisbaents we shown onTable 1.
Table I. - K & I Perfomance
Activity Tsgoet Acca.pliehent % Accon.
1. Baseline survey 1 1 100
2. Periodic surveys 12 12 100
3. Iontbly reportY 30 28 93
4. eai-mnwal reports C 6 100
5. vltuatioa of P"D 1 1 100
6. Pinal *valuatioa 1 1 100
t/ Sarted in July 1983
In. IMMN ATION PR0BLo
Probleas met in implementation wore mostly tochsicalin nature. Thoso problem wee the followings
1. The Unit's attempt on data computerization waraet successful. In 1983, the Units' consultant in sta-tistics from -PL left for abroad loaving behind the un-processed survey data. This was repeatod in 1984, when thekired proraers at CT wer not able to finish theirwork due to personl problems. As a r"ult, the submissionof the report was delayed a wel as feedback to thefieldsOn and supervisors since manual processing took toomuch time.
To rbedy this, Project anagemen t tried to devlopcapabilities within the unit on computer programing tosolve delays in 1ma data pro ceeig. Howwor, due tothe tine constraint and presswu of work, the IvaluationOfficers failed to devolop a suitable computer program.
2. The h & I Unit staff were not oriented en howthe I & I system should beo ialementoed They instaledmd operationalized the o & I systm through their ini-*iativeo Ioreever, the staff were not trained on monaitorixg and evalnation in the early stage of projoct imple-ment ationo
3. The conduct of a trimestral survey at the end ofevery coppig season mad the proparstiom of a *ma_yreport of the thre surveys we" quite heavy for the I & I
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staff considering that they were also preparing otherroports. Ioroever, the Bvaliatiou Offlcers weroe soetimesgivea special "sigaents by tho Proj,eot Manaezr.
IT. nDIma
1. ?he o"patioaliaation of the N & I sstm of theProject ws generally sooth insplte of sone hitahes intm em_ntati@oU Project Eanagement ws supportive andtho unt wam able to cope with the aumerous surveys andreport writing noeded.
2. Information gonerated from periodic monitoring ofthe progress of project implementation providod projctsamagement with the basis to redirect Implementation ifnecessaz7 in areas which needed oorrective actions.
3. Efficinenc of field technicians sad supervisorslikewise imprr,vod silnce their activities wer regularlymonitored and evaluated.
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CHTR 11PROJECT PREPARATION COMPONENT
I. BACKGROUND
A. Componcnt Dcscription/Rationalc
Thc projcct prcparation componcnt is cnvisioncd togencratc proposals for thc identification and devclopmcntof rainfed agriculturc in suitablc arcas in Mindanao. Likc-wisc, thc componcnt is cxpcctcd to providc the mcans forstrcngthcning thc planning and project prcparation offcasibility studics for the proposcd watcr impounding pro-jects nationwidc.
B. Componcnt Objectivcs
1. Fcasibility studics
a. to strcngthcn the planning and projcct preparationcapability for watcr impounding projects of thcBurcau of Soils.
b. to prcparc feasibility studics of at lcast 36 watcrimpounding projccts nationwidc.
Rcviscd objectivcs
Thcsc component objectives wcrc subscqucntlymodificd to covcr the inclusion of altcrnativc watcrrcsourccs developmcnt projects of the Burcau ofSoiis (BS) and the regional offices of the Ministryof Agriculturc and Food (MAF). This slight modifi-cation was an offshoot of the dccision to rcsort tochcaper altcrnatives such as small divcrsion damsand ground watcr/surfacc watcr pumping plants.
2. Rainfed Mindanao
a. to gencratc a suitablc proposal for the cventualpromotion of rainfed tcchnologics in seven pro-vinces (Zamboanga del Sur, Agusan del Sur,Misamis Oricntal, Bukidnon, Davao dcl Sur, Northand South Cotabato) of Mindanao.
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C. Accom_ ishnc nts Vs brlirs
1. Nationwide Feasibility Studies
The following are the accomplishments of thcBureau of Soils:
1. Number of fcasi-bility studicscomplcted 115 36 319
2. Number of regionalWIP feasibilitystudics packagcd 12 12 100
3. Number of pcrsonncltrai.ncd/attcndcd (WIPoricntation seminar) 68 58 117
4. Dam dcsign and hydro-logy workshops 55 36 153
5. Economic analysisworkshops 13 12 108
6. Scminar on const-ruct-ion supervision andquality control 12 12 100
7. Number of guidc-lincs prepared 8 8 100
As of 1983
2. Rainfed Mindanao Project
The following survecys/studics werc conducted forthe Rainfed Mindanao Project by the APPU:
a. Socio-Economic Production and Markcting Study ofRainfed Farms in Mindanao - conducted by theSpecial Studics Division, MAF
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II. COMPONENT IMPLMWATIOC
A. Overall Strategies
1. National Feasibiity Studies
Thc following activitics are covcred in thc prep-aration of the feasibility studics:
a . formation of a National Core Tcam (Manila-based)and a Regional Water Impounding Task Forcc inRcgions 1 to 12 of the MAF to work jointly in theimplementation of thc studics:
b. conduct of trainings/scminar workshops to upgradethe capability of the BS Corc Team and MAF RegionalTask Forcc in planning and designing water impound-ing projects and alternative water rcsourccs develop-ment structurcs;
c. hiring of consultants to train personncl ard provideconsultancy scrvicc in planning, dcsign and prcp-aration of feasibility studies of WIP's and otheralternativc water rcsources devclopment structurcs.
2. Rainfed Mindanao Project
a. provision of consultancy and support scrvices inthe preparation of proposals for Rainfcd Mindanao,i.c., technical assistance in the conduct of socio-economic and credit surveys for the Rainfcd Min-danao Research project; soil mapping, farm andmarkct surveys, and personncl training.
b. provision of funds to generate for future projectsprcparation in other rainfed areas.
B. Implementation Akrrangements
The Agricultural Projects Preparation Unit (APPU) ofthe Department of Agriculture is responsible for engagingand supervising consultanOs for the prcaration of devcl-opmcnt propcsals for Western Mindanao. The Burcau ofSoils, on the other hand, is in chargc of the preparationof water impounding fcasibility studics.
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b. Soil Survey, Suitability Classification andFcrtility Evaluation of Rainfed Mindanao Project -
conducted by thc Bureau of Soils, MA F
c. Credit Survey - conducted by Urban IntegratcdConsultants, Inc.
d. Project Preparation Annexcs Vol. I and II
Thc APPU was not ablc to procurc vchiclcsand cquipmcnt, build laboratory and offices, andmakc usc of thc training originally reflccted in theappraisal rcport.
Moreover, while the APPU was working on thcRainfed Mindanao Projcct (APPU started the prep-aration in 1979), thc MAF and thc Philippinc CoconutAuthority launchcd the Maisagana Program and thcNational Multiplc Cropping Projcct. With this prcmisc,the FAO-World Bank Coopcrativc Programmc Missionthcn sent by thc WB to prcparc the project commcntcdthat the Rainfed Mindanao Project woid somchow dupli-catc the Maisagana and PCA project and WB fundingwould no longer bc neccssery as originally conccivcd.Thc 4PPU was asked instcad to direct attention onrainfed upland arcas wherc the problems rcally lic.
Mcanwhilc, it was lcarned that the NationalCouncil on Integrated Arca Dcvelopment has programmcdfor 1983-1987 seven arcas in Mindanao for assistancein the preparation of an integrated arca developmcntplan as part of its planning and project developmcntactivitics. In August 1984, the APPU staff was in-formcd by the NACIAD of the activitics being con-ductcd by the council in the preparation of theMindanao Dcvelopmcnt Program. Therc was asuggestion from the World Bank (Tclex sent to theMAF Ministcr dated Scptember 12, 1984) to cndorscthe project to NACIAD by providing them withcopics of the survcys/studios completed and totransfcr the balance of $158,000. (Notc: since1982, the APPU no longer reccived rclcases fromthe OBM).
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III. ISSUES/CCNSTRkINTS
A. National Feasibility Studics
1. Financial - releases and procuremcnt activitics weredclayed.
2. Manpower- frequent changc of task forcc mcmbers;periodic inability of thc RTF membcrs towork full-time bccausc of othcr commit-ments.
B. Tcchnical
Although the BS has the nccessary cxpcrt.isc in plan-ning and dcsigning thc watcr impounding projects, it stillnccds to upgradc its capability in planning and dcsigningaltcrnativc watcr rcsourccs devclopmcnt structurcs (i.c.,small divcrsion dams, grounds watcr/surfacc watcr pump-ing schcmes).
C. Organizational
With thc rcorganization of thc MAF, the Burcau ofSoils has no dircct control ovcr thc Rcgional Task Forccscrcatcd. This rcsultcd to coordination difficultics.
D. Policy
Upon completion of the project, thc scrviccs of thccontractual cmployccs hired for the purpobc will also bctcrminated. The component fccls that appointments shouldnot bc co-tcrminus with the project to cnablc the hiredstaff to mcet thc incrcased demand of tcchnical assistanccfor small water impounding projects planning, constructionand maintenancc.
E. Institutional
Somc identified sites werc canccllcd duc to the rcfusalof the farmcrs in the dam and rcscrvoir arcas to donate/allow the construction of the small watcr impounding projects.
2. tcchnical - neccssary training and workshops wereconductcd cspccially for the Task Forcc
mcmbers
3. institutional - dialogucs and negotiations wcrc con-ductcd to convincc farmers of thebenefits of the proposcd structures.
B. Adaptivc - none
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CHAPIT 12PRWJ ET MWN .4 GEMEN T
I. INTRODUCTION
The proj.ct managment structure of the Rainfed .4gri-cultural Development (Iloilo) Project or KABSAKA has threelevels:
a) an inter-agency coordinating committee at thenational level which acts as the policy-makingbody for the project;
b) a management committee that serves as theguiding and coordinating body at the regionallevel; and
c) a project management office in Iloilc that over-sees the day-to-day implementation of the projcct.
During negotiations for th_ project in Washington D.C.,Terms of Rcferences (TORs), which dofined and delineatedthe functions of the national and regional committees weredrafted and approved by the negotiating panels.
A. The Inter-agency Project Coordinating Committee
The Inter-agency Project Coordinating Committee(IPCC) is thc highest policy-making body based inthe Ministry of Agriculture in Manila. It has thefollowing composition:
Chairman: .4sst. Minister Nelia T. GonzalezMinistry of Agriculture
Vice-Chairman: Governor Conrado J. NoradaProvince of Iloilo
Members: Raymundo Tomas, Sr.Office of Budget and Management
Lourdes SumabatMinistry of Health
Cesar de VegaNational Food Authority
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Manuel SolivenPhilippinc National Bank
Isidro DigalNational Irrigation Administration
Vcnido AticnzaFarm Systems Dcvclopmcnt
Corporation
Josc D. Dr,IonPhilippinc Council for Agricultural
Rcsourccs Rcscarch
Romco V. AquinoKABSAKIA Managcmcnt Committcc
Abcr Canlas, Dcputy MinistcrMinistry of Public Works and
Highways
The IPCC is mandated to issuc policy guid^lincsfor the projcct, coordinatc activitics of thc implcmcntingagencics at thc highcst lcvel. assurc timcly preparationof budgct rcqucsts for thc projcct, recommcnd forappointmcnt by thc chairman, mcmbers of thc KABSAKAManagemcnt Committcc, and conduct formal projcctrevicw based on the annual report of thc KMC at Icastoncc a year.
A small secrctariat is attached to the IPCC forcoordinating activitics at the national level and promviding administrativc support.
B. The KABSAKA Managemcnt Committee
The KABSAKA Managemcnt Committee (KMC) wasformcd through Special Order No. 113, issued byMinister EE. Tanco, Jr. on April 8, 1980.
1. issuing guidelincs for and supervising implemcntationof the projcct;
2. rcsolving issucs and problems brought bcforc it bythc Project Manager and as dclcgated by IPCC;
3. recommcnding the staffing of the Project ManagemcntOfficc;
4. rcviewing the tcrms of rcfcrcncc, specifications, andother bid documcnts prior to submission to World Bankor publication;
5. cvaluating and approving the hiring of consultants,procuremcnt of vehicles, cquipmcnt and supplics, andawarding of contracts as recommcnded by thc implc-mcnting agencics operating in Iloilo; and
6. the cffcctive utilization of project funds.
C. The Project Mar.agcmcnt Office (PMO)
The project managemcnt office in Iloilo is hcaded bya project manager undcr contract with MA and reportsdirectly to the Rcgional Director. Under the project
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managcr is an cxccutivc assistant and threc units: theadministrativc, monitoring and cvaluation, and trainingunits.
The PMO coordinates the implcmcntation of thc projectthrough the project coordinators: a) an agriculturalcoordinator who superviscs thc sccd production andmarkcting componcnt, livcstock dcvelopmcnt componcnt,crops cxtcnsion component, adaptive trials and rcscarchcomponent and thc watcr impounding component; b) anutrition coordinator; c) a markcting coordinator, andd) a pilot villagc dcvclopmcnt coordinator.
Anncx A shows the organizational structurc of the RADIPmanagcmcnt structurc.
II. IMPLEMENTATION
Projcct Managemcnt was the first componcnt of the project totakc off. Prior to implemcntation, special orders crcating thc IPCCand KMC wcrc issucd by the Minister of Agriculturc dcsignating anAssistant Ministcr of MA as chairman of the KMC.
As carly as Apzil, 1980, key personnel from implemcntingagencics werc given detail orders to thc project to staff projectmanagemcnt. Bucgetary rcquircmcnts for the 5-year operationwerc prepared and submitted to the Offic.: of Budget and Managc-mcnt as basis for annual fund rclcascs. Rcqucsts for obligationaland disbursemcnt authoritics werc prepared annually bcforc theonset of the fiscal year (January to Dccember). Rcvisions on thebudgctary requiremcnts werc taken up during the annual con-sultativc mctings conducted by the OBM for foreign-assistedprojects.
A training for financial officcrs of the diffcrent implemcntingagencics was conducted to familiarizc thcm with the operation ofthe financial system design which incorporates both the Philippincgovcrnmcnt and World Bank requiremcnts. To acccleratc loanwithdrawals, financial officcrs of implemcnting agencics werc alsohoned on thc rudimcnts of the rcimburscmcnt procedures.
Onc of the problems that besct managemcnt and affccted thewholc project was the delayed rcleasc of funds from the OBM andthe central officcs. To minimizc delay, the project administrativc/budget officcr had to go to Manila periodically to foUow-up papers.
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A. IPCC
From start up to project termination, IPCC has sctup guidelincs for usc and repayment of infrastructuresand equipment, acted on bid proposas rclated to theproject, and approved annual budgctary requiremcntsof implemcnting agencies.
It has addrcssed policy issucs involving thcconstruction of warchouscs, (Notc: funds were origin-ally intended for a rcsidential livc-in training facility)as well as the distribution of vehicles. The issuC onKFC warchouses was clevated by the project managc-ment officc to the IPCC, whilc the vehiclc issuc wasinitiated by IPCC itsclf.
IPCC also focused on the coordination of activitiesat the national level and on the monitoring of projectprogrcss.
It has bccn noted, howevcr, that most of the problemtaken up during the IPCC mctings affccted singlc agcncics,pnost often on confiicts betwecn central offices and regionaloffices.
IPCC wis not ablc to act on the policy issucs callingfor action rclated to MA dutics. As a result, policicsrcsolved by the commibtcc apparcntly werc not mcaningful.
In the coursc of project implemcntation, it becamcnecessary to cxpand the Sccrctariat's functions duc tothe folowing rcasons:
a) dual rolc of the Asst. Ministcr as IPCC chairmanand signatory for loan withdrawals;
b) ICBs can best bc donc in Manila as it is morcaccessiblc to a larger number of prospectivcbidders; and
c) there are componcnts that can bc bettcr monitoredin Manila than from Iloilo, such as, Project Prcp-aration and Rainfed Agricultural DcvelopmcntOutreach Sites components.
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Thc cnlarged responsibilities of the Sccretariatcovcred:
a) follow-up of documents for signature and action;
b) monitoring of project status for Project Preparationand RA DC components;
c) assistanec during IPCC meetings;
d) coordinating vehicles and cquipment procurcmcntthrough ICB; and
c) rcvicwing, numbering and dispatching applicationsfor loan withdrawals.
B. KMC
The 19-mcmbor composition of thc KMC was felt toobig and unwicldy. It was difficult for thc KMC to mcctrcgularly, have fruitful discussions and resolvc problcmsand issucs confronting thc projcct, so that an cxecutivccommittcc within the KMC was crcated and its mcmbcrswerc sclected by thc consensus of thc body. Thc EXCOMmembers consisted of thc foUowing:
Chairman: Dir. Romco V. Aquino, MA RcgionVI
Vicc-Chairman: Gov. Conrado J. Norada. Provinceof Iloilo
Mcmbcrs : Dr. Clcto Cordero, Provincial HcalthOfficcr
The EXCOM was formcd to function as a guidc for theKMC body. Since its crcation. the KMC had four mctings.whilc the EXCOM had fourtcen. At two other times, jointIPCC-KMC mctings werc held.
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C. PMO
The project managemcnt office superviscd theactivitics of thc implementing agcncies, providcdadministrative support services, coordinated activ-ities at the local lcevcl monitored and cvaluatcdprojcct status, and conducted meetings to discusssolutions to operating problems.
1. Administrativc Unit
The unit handlcd all accounting, budgcting,cashicring, and procuremcnt functions of thcproject at the regional level under the super-vision of the administrative/budget officer. Ithad good rapport with other supporting agencicslikc the OBM. the Commission on Audit, andthe Civil Servicc Commission. It was, howevcr,handicapped with an acute lack of personncl tosufficicntly rcspond to thc necds of thc compo-nents.
Although coordination with other national officeswas a mandated function of the IPCC-Sccrctariat,thcrc wcrc occasions whcn thc PMO had to intcractand coordinatc with various agencics directly parti-cularly with thc OBM. This was prompted by thcneed to facilitate action on the budgct rcqucsts.
III. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
Tablc 1 rcflccts thc financial pcrformancc of projectmanagemcnt from July 1, 1980 to Dcccmbcr 31, 1985.
A comparison betwcen original projections (StaffAppraisal Estimates) and actual financial results arc shownbelow. All figurcs arc in thousand pcsos.
Actual OvcrrunsCatcgory Estimates Expcnditures (Undcrruns)
Thc projcct managemcnt offico, in utilizing Ihfunds cnvisioned for a rcsidentia livc-in trainingfacility which would otherwisc becomc a white clophant,was ablc to construct thirty-seven (37) multi-purposeon-farm warchouscs to meet the demand of projectbeneficiaries for post harvest facilities.
Thcrc was under utilization of funds undcr-Catcgory II duc to thc issuatnce of OBM Circular No.5-82 which mandated that direct paymcnt applicationshould bc covcrcd by advicc of allotmcnt or obligationalauthority. Aproval was vcry circuitous, involving thefollowing steps:
1. Preparation of budgct requcsts by implemcntingagcncics (rcgional lcvcl).
2. Approval of requcsts by IPCC.
3. Endorscmcnt of requcsts by ccntral officcs to OBM.
4. Evaluation by OBM through its Budgct TcchnicalScrviccs and Managcmcnt Officc divisions.
5. Prcparation by OBM of the advicc of allotmcnt (AA)for signaturc of thc Ministcr of the Budget.
6. Rclcasc of the AAs to thc ccntral offices.
7 Transmittal of sub-AAs to the regional offices.
The procuremcnt procedurc from advcrtisemcnt todelivcry and final paymcnt cntailcd additional delay, somuch so that supplicrs werc hcsitant to participatc inbiddings, cspccially for small orders, and schedulc ofbiddings werc often rcset for lack of offcrs.
The ovcrruns under Category III werc primarilyduc to the incrcasc in forcign cxchangc ratc. At thetimc of appraisal, the cstimatc was P7.40 to a dollar.At implemcntation, forcign cxchangc rate rosc to P20.00per dollar.
Project managemcnt cngaged the scrvices of con-sultants for the basclinc survey, design of the monitoringand cvaluation system, design of a suitablc agricultural
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credit scklmc on thc contcxt of prcscnt programs, policicsand proccdures of participating financial institutions, andthc projcct impact cvaluation. It was ablc also to scndninc of its staff for ovcrscas trainings and internatior.alworkshops.
The dctail of implemcnting agcncics' personncl to thcproject managcmcnt officc and providing them with additionalcompcnsation in form of honoraria at half thcir monthlysalary rates, reduccd cxpcnditurcs under Category IV.
A sizcablc portion of projcct managcmcnt's cxpcnditurcswas on incligiblc items (Category VI). This consisted ofcxpcnscs for local travels which wcrc ncccssary for pro-jcct implcmcntation and supervision and othcr opcrationalcxpcnscs.
IV. ISSUES/PROBLEMS
The cxisting managcmcnt structurc was well providcdwith a coordinativc mcchanism which would cnsurc succcssof thc projcct. Agency commitmcnts werc strongly rcin-forced to achicvc the ovcrall project objective and bringabout thc desired projcct impact.
Howcvcr.. the cxistcncc of two (2) committces (IPCC/KMC) with closcly rclated functions created ovcrlaps andmisunderstanding. Policy and day-to-day dccisions wercso interrelated that onc committec could bc casily carricdaway to cross the jurisdiction of the other. Whilc theTORS reflected the gencral arcas of jurisdiction, thercwerc no detailcd implemcnting guidelincs to draw distinctarcas of rcsponsibility at all levels of the project managc-mcnt structurc.
Another drawback was the lack of adequate control onthe disbursemcnt of funds and the implementation of ccrtainproject activitics. This was caused by sevcral factors suchas: a) loopholes in the direct payment procedure prior tothe issuancc of OBM Circular No. 5-82; b) changes ofstaff handling procurcrrcnt tasks and the high turnovcrof IPCC secrctariat chief (3 chiefs in 5 years); c) lackof standard operating guidelincs; d) the signing of loanwithdrawal applications without the knowlcdgc of the PMO;and c) lack of continuity/delay on implemcnting activiticsduc to the irregular attendancc of committtc mcmbers.
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Likewise, policy issues were not adequately addrcssed.Policy-making for both national and project policies, issupposed to be a main function of thc IPCC. Howevcr,there was inadequate appreciation of issues by t he repre-sentatives of the committee, inasmuch as they tcndcd tobc intcrcsted only in issucs affccting their own agcncics.
The PMO has wcak control ovcr day-to-day implc-mcntation of the projcct. It was presumcd that mcmbcr-ship in thc committccs by the implemcnting agencieswould bind the agencies to commitments madc duringcommittcc mcctings. Howevcr, since funds werc dircctlyrelcased to the agcncics, they could still do what thcywant regardless of their reprcsentativc commitmcnts.
Correctivc and/or adaptive mcasurcs taken by thecommittces and the PMO to resolvc the issucs and problemsstated abovc werc:
1. conduct of joint IPCCIKMC mcctings;
2. discussion of the problems with the persons/agcncicsconccrncd and settlemcnt of issucs through compromiscs;
3. vcrbal agreemcnt betwcen PMO and IPCC secrctariatthat the PMO should bc notified on all loan withdrawalapplications;
4. clarificat in of rcporting arrangemcnts bctwecn IPCCs_crctariat and PMO and submission of rcgular rcportsby the Sccrctariat to the PMO;
5. raising of issucs individually with persons conccrncdand not necessarily through the committces;
6. preparation of issucs/position papcr. for the committccmcmbers prior to the mceting.
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
Thc KABSAKA cxpericnce with the concomittantprobiems and benefits has enriched the lives not only ofthc project beneficiarics but the implementors as well.
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From the lessons learned, the following recommend-ations arc being suggested to guide future replicationefforts in other areas:
1. Zblineatc and formalizc the respective areas ofjurisdiction of thc levels of management to provideclearer understanding of roles and responsibilitics;
2. Hold sessions for all members of the project manage-ment on the following arcas:
a. team building/group dynamicsb. self awarenessc. management by objectived. effective communicationc. motivation and behavioral change
3. Information flow and feedback system within the projectand within the implementing agencies should be strength-ened to minimize misconceptions and to clarify roles andexpectations as wcll. A regular exchange of informationbetwccn the ccntral offices and the rcgional offices ofimplemcnting agencies and bctwccn naOional and rcgionalpolicy-makers and implcmentors should be instituted.Provisions for capturing information on policy issucsthrough -thc projcct monitoring system and for clevatingthese policy issucs to the highest policy making bodyon timely basis should bc made.
4. Project policy-makers and implementors should dcvotcmore time to resolving problcms from a total projectapproach rather than from a single agency pcrspcctivc,and highlight the various component interrclationships,i. e., production needs to be linked to income, toconsumption, to nutrition, and other support serviecs.
5. More participation from farmers groups/associationsin decision making should be encouraged. Achievementof various agencics at the barangay level should beconsolidated for turnover to t hc organizations concernedto ensure continuity and to make sure that these areunderstood by the beneficiaries as theirs to improveupon.
6. Adequate time should be provided to insure institu-tionalization of the project activities into the regularactivities of the concerned agencies.
APS - Agricultural Production ServicesATR - Adaptivc Trials and ResearchCE - Crops ExtensionCOA - Commission on AuditFSDC - Farm Systems Developmcnt CorporationGOP - Govcrnmcnt of thc PhilippinesIBRD - Intcrnational Bank for Rcconstruction and
DevclopmcntIPCC - Intcr-agcncy Project Coordinating CommittecKABSAKA - Popular namc for RADIPKMC - KABSAKA Managemcnt CommittccLD - Livcstock DcvclopmcntMA - Ministry of AgriculturcM & E - Monitoring and EvaluationMECS - Ministry of Education, Culturc and SportsMLGCD - Ministry of Local Govcrnment and Community
DcvclopmcntMOH - Ministrv of HealthNFA - National Food AuthorittNIA - National Irrigation AuthorityNMPC - National Mcdia Pr6duction Ccntcr(BM - Officc of Budgct and ManagcmcntOBM Expcnsc Codcs:
!he lonoone in the for.lms *uhange rate 2bor ?740/U.. dollar atappxsal, to 20/U.. dollar at p'oeot teorinatioa hboald hwre jacked- a.tua oxpatuze by about 170%. Nowevur, the wasn no visible in-croase In the pro4eot'. 5-y.w 1penditox d, to the following obsozva-tiowL
A.
Of the forty (40) water izmondin dn scheduled for constzau-tioA for 2 o i ears,, only aixtoe (16) w* oo ontztotot dui to aohange la the plain. 2e WS supervisioa msion s n_a&bIli4ty ofthe finished rtzuotaas and stopped furtther ater impounding pro*ctrsunless tasageret ooold ome up with an altottiove dosl~ for. aual-lor func tivoal tpso. A task foroo oxeated by IPCC to evaluate thedams, recosaSed for the repair and rshbilitati*& of the e.iBt±ngaxLtem (16) dams before undertakin the constroction of am on".
he ± ZQ-fOrtitioat±on lab.o=tery for the utaitioA eoa_Pentwas Aot GonrntTuotd although there wA An Apzopz±ttoA provided byO0M. D, polic7naker. deided that thee vano need for its cont-stasuction.
The oonrtsuotion of oo_pAnity nodes for the pilot rillag, davelopment compoeAnt was also scMpode fte P teem utilized istoad,the ex.st±g failties LA the ploat bLvangaya as sessio placoes.
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9. Catrr 2Most of the equipment bidded out iR the 1983 lCD Vere * t
delved becase, of the isums of tOM Circular o. 5-2 whichrequired for as obLigational authority beft" epipment oan bebidded. thwe was an att_Wt by the MM seoetarlat to film ares tor obligati onal sathrity tra ORE, ut tis was notpushed throug f. to the p'otmity ot tho Pz" et tn-
f. equipmant no.ded by the WLListry of Health we" nevepocured although thee W an outlay pp I t4 by ODE for the
urpos due to deleyed tiling ot the agency's request to 01.
tbe water pumps instalatioa tor the nutriion component wsshort of target by 60% du to ro-release of the equipment out-
for Imes*
Breeding steck procur.mmat for the livestock developmetcompo*ent was constrained b delaye atpoval at the repoqet tordibsument authority and limited weeding stock available atthe time of precuwemente lrthezi"n, It there we" stocksavailable, moat sapplier would pseter ask p.un"t which wasdifficult to meet undez'etiag gverment accountlig and andl-tinws rules.
Seed procuremet fund was made available to the proJect asa strategy for seed production and marketingo Nwever, only0.7 xIllion poeso were atilised beCause of distribution ar 4
Storage problem.
Consultaoy services hired were these for the project prepara-tion, projoct mgemet (1 & I sAd credt) . nutrition, traziig,water undigs, markeotin, and pilot vilage a4evelapant soo-ponents.
Actual costs for coaml taut.! seorices wore ver lw comparedto appraisal estimtes.
Out of the P target for overea fellowships, only fwere pushe thro dke to the rigid screening by the ScholarshipComodttee ot the NEU and the travel ban iposed by the govera-meat for tiavels abaoado
Ioca trainiag were given impetus Only frimg the later yearsof the project When the conmltant tor trainig (DCI) came up withthe trai&ing mater plA.
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D. imu.
?h. coat for incremental otaf salary mm redae4 with thedotail of implementin agencies' personnel to the projeot im.edAof hSring m persnel. !he pzojant emploed 82 contrctua and608 detailed peounol. !he detailed persoAnel wwo oOmpnstedwit honoraria not .. oding h&al of their onthly asela rat*.a
C. ategory 'i
Tare was no utilization of loaa allocation under Catogory5 inaomh a there was - need to.
Although thee ws no pevlision for this In the Loaa Agre-mnt, the Govorsunt of the PhilippAe provided fnds which weecategorized by proJect management as Category 6 to ,ad for ineli-gible it_m smo am local travls, eloffi splis and other mInutenao and operating sipas which are very nosesary for pro cotimplementation and su.rv!aion. fese expenditures are Ineligiblefor reimbrsement ad oanot be charged agagat the loan. mafundo utilized by IUC to f.naoce the procuremnt was taken fronthis and had it boo naceptablo fSr re±abra.msnt, it would haveincreasd loan availmet by U.2.$200Yj000.00.
table Z shows the actual loan availment compaed with theloan allocation by category for the five year period
.~~~~L 2 .Samt t[ II
Category Lean Agrement Actual LeA UndiabosiedAllocation Avail3mnt Balanoo
Loea withdrawal was s0t, low ̂ e to the following resmaa
1. D.La&md releae of fnds.
!ho pertlirof the ancl app *"roet forpersonal services wer net "rleasd by the OM at the Ineeptinof ths fiscal yer unlike the GOP pertiom. the robs of whiokwas atoatio. It the agemoy a mLt . Sa et nthe preeding yew, hem OM wle "elea portiom *o the leapreoeeds (I=) brift the first quarter of the fiasal year.
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To avail of the loan proceods advaned by the PhilppineGoOe1'lnt, the ageniess conceze4 would havS to propsa andfile thlr requests with 0M The earliest possible time theage4 ies could bays their requests appzeved would be thremth. later Most oftea asenoi.. who oculd not amt wlldesmeted reque"t on tlmeAd did nt have emeub reldburse-mAte to offset allotments goold not awvil the loa pmeedmowring the year.
he OM Would UmALly rsle1 thb.. Mid nal Mt*S1 tyfor equipamt, beLdinga, seeds, bwee.ng stock., anA othereaptal outlays at the last quart.r:, making It had for theaimo,s' to coondut bidding or eTe to nelotiate procurement.Eventually, the allotmants for them am reverted to the NationalTreasury and have to be sprog emd for aaiLment two year.
2. Devaluation of the prn.
no dvaluation. of the peso bas orrespondingly aatoedthe mont of lea availmont.
3. Judiciouc utilization of tdS.
Po S..t __ aem t et±ad the utmet OWN in analyzingad approving laplemeAti4 aganciea.J reqpsts vitbout saozf-aing the aoup"' heat of tho pro eat's overall objoetiveoonsid.zin that fading soure war loan amay and the Philip-pine govemfont is heavily idebteo
To assLre that funds awe applied ooonosdoallyg efMclnt34,*Ad effeotivelys project manaemnt at the regional leye oon-dicted quarterly assesmet sessions whwe tarpts, accompLish-mats and :4znd utiliation wer matohed and evaluated to datev-mine cses and effects of deviations.
It in worthoile to say that the WB procedures for Loan withdzwal.,if only foreign-assisted proeots would implemet it aauiddwus., aouldhelp a lot in the effectiveutilizatio of loan Raey.
COMMENTS FROM THE BORROWER - 159 - ATTACHMENT
REPUBIC OF THE PHILIPPINESDEPARTMENT OF FINANCE
MANILA
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE GROUP
1- June 1989
Mr. Grana-. Donal=sonChief,Agric,uitture Infrastructure, and
Human ResOULrces DivisionOperat-.on- Evaluation DepartmentThe Wor'K Bank.Wash'ington, D.!r, 204 7
ni=~~~ t ¢ W~re~ -e'e n me-- -LI ' QE _ C_0~ --FDraft Frolect Ferformance Audit Report
Dear M6-. Duna;::son
Thi.E refers to you- letter of (9 hliay 198q requesting for cormmentEor tnE =;oVe Cdocument.
W,- ae cieasec tc transm:t the comments of th1e Deaprtment OtRgr.:i-_ krE, 1mpiemerztimg agency o; tie pro2ect. as sUOm-I-ted t hs
DepD -1-, r e r-. _
WE- --rUS te- thess comment=E sha:: ' prove nei pf U ti t h
pres-e E:. t ee ti e:a s 1.tl on occumert. L
3 ^s:N hz-. : !2s{;nEl~*Xn r:a Economi st
- 160 -
Comments of the RADIP Component Supervisorson the Final Draft of the Performance
Audit Report Loan 1815-PH
Page 3 (i) ILOILO PROJECT AREA
- Agricultural Production Services
1. Crops Extension2. Livestock Development3. Seed Production and Marketing4. Water Impounding Project5. Adaptive Trials and Research6. Marketing7. Nutrition - include parasitism control8. Project Management Unit
- Training- Pilot Village Development- Monitoring and Evaluation
Page 4 (III) PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
- The first six dams were completed by November1982, and another 10 dams were constructed in thedry season of 1983.
Page 5 AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT SERVICES
- 38 proposed vehicles - out of 23 purchasedvehicles, 5 reached the pro,ect
Page 7 PARAGRAPH 19
- The tr&nsplanted rice was practiced before, duringthe late 60's direct seeding (wet) was introducedt6 minimize labor costs. Direct seeding (dry)however, is an innovation.
Page 9 OTHER COMPONENTS
- The 37 farmer stores were built from fundsoriginally intended for training facility.
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Page 69 CHAPTER 5 WATER IMPOUNDING COMPONENT
- The component contracted the services of theTechnosphere Consultant Groups, Inc. (TCGI)-in thepreparation and actual construction of the dams.
Page 71 TABLE 1 PRESENTS THE TARGETS VS. ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THEWATER IMPOUNDING COMPONENTS AS OF DEC. 1986 (Seeattached sheet)
Page 89 AN ADDITIONAL PARAGRAPH UNDER IV ANTHROPOMETRY
Final evaluation report 1986-87 also showedsignificant increases in the Knowledge andPractice Scores of the mothers related to anemia,diarrhea, and parasitism management control.Likewise, a significantly higher hemoglobin levelor better iron nutrition was found among activefarmers and a 32% reduction of ascariasis wasobserved in the intervened areas. Improveddietary patterns as in higher frequency of eatingselected foods and increased food intake duringpregnancy and lactation was also noted.
-162-
71-
Table presents the targets vs accomplishments of the waterimpounding oomponent as of December 1986
h ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~P A N A Y I SL A N D ,SGIlds, M p ,> ~~~~~C A P Z r- S5OOt AKL N Is.t.3122-rA
B \t -__\->~~~A.N, /. .uu- .' U k. 'x :
NIG5 -s CrA PiZc A
A N T Q U E P/HLIPPINEStI Sn> 8 I PROVINCE OF ILOILO N"A °
_o<Jr>>;iw E \+ 0 /¢-llAo ~~Rainfed Agricultural Development ProjlecttZ 5 ~~~~~~~Ja~n uay Poer .
ggf * w /1 ^ r.o^w *X.*^s,0, -EE Prot;nci proov nil o.,5 upg,ad,.g 0r np,ovemenrX Mao5rg,;X=;;4f> S />lueso~~~ ------ Borangay roadls- no., upgrading or improvemenl
>g - | /%\\ < q j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~13 Proposed NGA facilities
S~ ~~~~I A Ps7 S uo g s; Eropose eBPPI IRRI outreach station, TbQngrz| \,^ ' + ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Livest;ock mo,ket e.ist,ng or uncdo, construction
