World English Diagram

8/3/2019 World English Diagram

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1 F ld H lf th t i d f f ld It h li ht l d



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• 1. Feldspar Half the crust is composed of feldspar. It has a light colour andits main constituents are silicon, oxygen, sodium, potassium, calcium,aluminium. It is of three types-orthoelase, plagioclase, microline.

• 2. Quartz It has two elements, silicon and oxygen. It has a hexagonalcrystalline structure. It is uncleavaged, white or colourless. It cracks like glassand is present in sand and granite. It is used in manufacture of radio andradar.

• 3. Pyroxene It is a mineral with green or dull black lustre. Calcium,aluminium, magnesium, iron, silica are its main constituents.

• 4. Amphibole A fibrous mineral with a hexagonal structure which has agreen or black glittering appearance. Its main constituents are calcium,magnesium, iron, aluminium, silica.

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5. Mica This is a layered, cleavaged, white, black or colourless mineral. It isused in electrical appliances. Its constituents are potassium, aluminium,magnesium, iron, silica.

• 6. Olivine Its components are magnesium, iron, silica etc. It is a glassy,green or yellow mineral with crystalline structure.

• 7. Apatite A complex compound containing calcium phosphate. It is red,brown, yellow or green in colour. Phosphorus and flourine are derived from it.

• 8. Barite It is barium sulphate and has a white or brown colour. It has acrystalline structure.





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Treppen Concept



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• Ridge Mountain ridges refer to mountains which originated as a result of localfolding and faulting. Generally, the slope of one side of the ridge is steep in

contrast tD the moderate slope an the other side, In some cases a ridge -mayhave a symmetrical slope on hoth sides.

• Mountain Range It refers to a series of ridges which originated in the sameage and underwent the same processes. The most prominent or char-acteristic feature of mountain ranges is their long and narrow extension.

• Mountain System A group of mountain ranges formed in a single period,similar in their form, structure and extension is termed a mountain system.

Examples are the Basin Range of Nevada (USA), the Rocky mountainsystem oFNorth America aitd the Appalachian*

• Mountain Cham It consists of mountain ranges which differ in sisee andperiods of formation.

• Mountain Group It refers to highlands composed of different types ofmountains viz., fold, block or volcanic mountains although there is a properarrangement of the mountains.

• Cordillera Cordillera refers to several mountain groups and systems.Cordillera is a community of mountains which includes ridges, ranges, moun-tain chains and mountain systems. The best example is the WesternCordillera in the western part of the USA and in British Columbia of Canada



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Horizontal distribution of temperature in the

Pacific Ocean (February).

Horizontal distribution of temperature in the

Pacific Ocean (August).



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Zone 1. Central Business District (C.B.D.);Zone 2. Transition zone; Zone 3. Zone of independence:Zone 4. Zone of better residence; Zone 5. Commuter zone

Internal structure of a city according tothe Concentric Zone Theory.



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MULTIPLE NUCLEI THEORY

Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman developed a theoryin 1945

SECTOR THEORY Homer Hoyt gave this theory in 1939



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Members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation



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•

Factors Influencing Soil Erosion • There are many factors which influence the process of soil erosion; these are discussed

below: • 1. Rainfall Precipitation is the most forceful factor causing erosion. Erosion is dependent

on the amount, duration, intensity and frequency of rainfall. By the action of dashing raindrops on soil, soil granules are loosened, detached and separated into fine particles.Erosion is greater where the rainfall is not only heavy, but concentrated over shortperiods.

• 2. Slope of Topography The slope accelerates erosion as it increases the velocity of theflowing water. 3 Vegetation The egetati e co er protects the soil from the beating and dispersing



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• 3. Vegetation The vegetative cover protects the soil from the beating and dispersingaction of the raindrops by forming a canopy over the soil surface. Vegetation also acts asa mechanical obstruction to flowing water, thus reducing its erosive potential. The plantroots help in building a better structure. They aid in opening the soil and therebyaccelerating water absorption and reducing surface run-off.

• 4. Tillage The infiltration and permeability of the soil is improved by the practice of propertillage and thereby reducing the chances of erosion. But excess tilling exposes the soil toerosion, especially by wind.

• 5. Nature of the Soil Erodability of the soil is influenced by the nature of the soil,particularly its texture, structure, organic matter, amounts and kinds of salts present,presence of hard pan in the soil and presence of high water table.

• 6. Soil Moisture The presence of high water table checks the infiltration and permeability,thus allowing more flow of water on the surface, and greater erosion. At the same time,

long continuous rainless periods cause loosening of soil and thus expose the soil toerosion by wind.

• 7. Wind Velocity Stronger winds have greater erosive potential, thus wind velocity isdirectly proportional to intensity of erosion.

• Types of Erosion by Water Following are the types of soil erosioncaused by water

• 1. Splash Erosion This type of erosion occurs when the fallingraindrops splash on the soil, and beat the bare soil into flowing mud.

• 2. Sheet Erosion This occurs when soil is removed uniformly in athin layer from the entire surface area. Movement of soil by splash

erosion is the primary cause of sheet erosion. • 3. Rill Erosion This type of erosion takes place when the run-off



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yp pwater, laden with soil flowing along the slopes, forms fingerlike chan-nels. Rill erosion is an intermediate stage between sheet erosion andgulley erosion.

• 4. Gully Erosion As the volume of concentrated run-off increases

and attains more velocity on slopes, it enlarges the rill into gullies. Atan advanced stage, gullies result in ravines, which are sometimes 50to 100 feet deep. In India ravines cover about 10 million hectares.

• 5. Slip Erosion Landslides cause slip erosion—big masses of soiland rock slip down, thus damaging the fields in the foothills anc1causing obstructions in communication. The effect of slip erosion is

localised. • 6. Stream Bank Erosion Streams and rivers change their courses by

cutting one bank and depositing the silt loads on the others.



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World English Diagram

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