World History 1500 to Present Notes: World Empires and Religions circa 1500 AD; Renaissance, Reformation and Scientific Revolution Intro SOLs: 1 a-e; 2 a-d; 3 a-c; 6 a-c; 14 a,b
Transcript
World History 1500 to Present
Notes World Empires and Religions circa 1500 AD Renaissance Reformation and Scientific
Hieroglyphicsbull bull deciphered with the Rosetta Stone
Stone Seals had some form of writingndash cannot be decipheredbull
Calligraphybull clay tablet
and a wedge shaped stylus
records
Papyrus
(Hieroglyphics Greek ampDemonic)
marked ownership
3000 characters
Public Works Art and ArchitectureM E I C
Zigguratmdash Pyramidsndash
temples for their gods with Stairs
Irrigation systems
tombs for their Pharaohs
Irrigation systems
Sewage system beneath the twin cities
Irrigation systems
Irrigation systems
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Hieroglyphicsbull bull deciphered with the Rosetta Stone
Stone Seals had some form of writingndash cannot be decipheredbull
Calligraphybull clay tablet
and a wedge shaped stylus
records
Papyrus
(Hieroglyphics Greek ampDemonic)
marked ownership
3000 characters
Public Works Art and ArchitectureM E I C
Zigguratmdash Pyramidsndash
temples for their gods with Stairs
Irrigation systems
tombs for their Pharaohs
Irrigation systems
Sewage system beneath the twin cities
Irrigation systems
Irrigation systems
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Characteristics of Civilization
bull Citiesbull Organized
Governmentbull Complex
Religionbull Job
Specialization
bull Social Classesbull Art amp
Architecturebull Public Worksbull Writing System
Tigris-Euphrates River Valley
Nile River Valley
Indus River Valley
Huang He River Valley
Ancient Civilizations
bull (Iraq)bull Middle Eastbull Mesopotamia
bull Nile flows bull Silt- Soilbull (Egypt)bull N Africa
bull (Pakistan)bull South Asiabull Ancient India
bull (Yellow River)bull Loess-soilbull (China)bull East Asia
CitiesM E I C
bullAncient cities (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro)
bull Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent) divided into (City-States) self sufficient units bull ldquoLand between the riverrdquobull Sumer-1st Civilization
bull Cities found all along the Nile River
bull Cities built with standardized brickmdash rectangular shaped
bull Cities found along the Huang He River
GovernmentsMesopotamia Ancient Egypt Ancient India Ancient China
Each city-state
PHARAOH
Viziers
Well Planned
Cities
Shang Dynasty
Feudalismbullhad its own king to rule
bullHammurabi of Babylon wrote the first CODE of LAWS
Hieroglyphicsbull bull deciphered with the Rosetta Stone
Stone Seals had some form of writingndash cannot be decipheredbull
Calligraphybull clay tablet
and a wedge shaped stylus
records
Papyrus
(Hieroglyphics Greek ampDemonic)
marked ownership
3000 characters
Public Works Art and ArchitectureM E I C
Zigguratmdash Pyramidsndash
temples for their gods with Stairs
Irrigation systems
tombs for their Pharaohs
Irrigation systems
Sewage system beneath the twin cities
Irrigation systems
Irrigation systems
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Tigris-Euphrates River Valley
Nile River Valley
Indus River Valley
Huang He River Valley
Ancient Civilizations
bull (Iraq)bull Middle Eastbull Mesopotamia
bull Nile flows bull Silt- Soilbull (Egypt)bull N Africa
bull (Pakistan)bull South Asiabull Ancient India
bull (Yellow River)bull Loess-soilbull (China)bull East Asia
CitiesM E I C
bullAncient cities (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro)
bull Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent) divided into (City-States) self sufficient units bull ldquoLand between the riverrdquobull Sumer-1st Civilization
bull Cities found all along the Nile River
bull Cities built with standardized brickmdash rectangular shaped
bull Cities found along the Huang He River
GovernmentsMesopotamia Ancient Egypt Ancient India Ancient China
Each city-state
PHARAOH
Viziers
Well Planned
Cities
Shang Dynasty
Feudalismbullhad its own king to rule
bullHammurabi of Babylon wrote the first CODE of LAWS
Hieroglyphicsbull bull deciphered with the Rosetta Stone
Stone Seals had some form of writingndash cannot be decipheredbull
Calligraphybull clay tablet
and a wedge shaped stylus
records
Papyrus
(Hieroglyphics Greek ampDemonic)
marked ownership
3000 characters
Public Works Art and ArchitectureM E I C
Zigguratmdash Pyramidsndash
temples for their gods with Stairs
Irrigation systems
tombs for their Pharaohs
Irrigation systems
Sewage system beneath the twin cities
Irrigation systems
Irrigation systems
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
CitiesM E I C
bullAncient cities (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro)
bull Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent) divided into (City-States) self sufficient units bull ldquoLand between the riverrdquobull Sumer-1st Civilization
bull Cities found all along the Nile River
bull Cities built with standardized brickmdash rectangular shaped
bull Cities found along the Huang He River
GovernmentsMesopotamia Ancient Egypt Ancient India Ancient China
Each city-state
PHARAOH
Viziers
Well Planned
Cities
Shang Dynasty
Feudalismbullhad its own king to rule
bullHammurabi of Babylon wrote the first CODE of LAWS
Hieroglyphicsbull bull deciphered with the Rosetta Stone
Stone Seals had some form of writingndash cannot be decipheredbull
Calligraphybull clay tablet
and a wedge shaped stylus
records
Papyrus
(Hieroglyphics Greek ampDemonic)
marked ownership
3000 characters
Public Works Art and ArchitectureM E I C
Zigguratmdash Pyramidsndash
temples for their gods with Stairs
Irrigation systems
tombs for their Pharaohs
Irrigation systems
Sewage system beneath the twin cities
Irrigation systems
Irrigation systems
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
GovernmentsMesopotamia Ancient Egypt Ancient India Ancient China
Each city-state
PHARAOH
Viziers
Well Planned
Cities
Shang Dynasty
Feudalismbullhad its own king to rule
bullHammurabi of Babylon wrote the first CODE of LAWS
Hieroglyphicsbull bull deciphered with the Rosetta Stone
Stone Seals had some form of writingndash cannot be decipheredbull
Calligraphybull clay tablet
and a wedge shaped stylus
records
Papyrus
(Hieroglyphics Greek ampDemonic)
marked ownership
3000 characters
Public Works Art and ArchitectureM E I C
Zigguratmdash Pyramidsndash
temples for their gods with Stairs
Irrigation systems
tombs for their Pharaohs
Irrigation systems
Sewage system beneath the twin cities
Irrigation systems
Irrigation systems
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
ReligionM E I C
bull Polytheismmdash
bull Polytheism
bull
bull Mummification
bull Polytheism---
bull Polytheism---bull (many Gods and
Goddesses)dealing with nature
Belief in an afterlife
(many Gods and Goddesses)
(many Gods and Goddesses)dealing with nature
Ancestor worship
Writing
M E I C
Cuneiform bull
bullScribes--
Hieroglyphicsbull bull deciphered with the Rosetta Stone
Stone Seals had some form of writingndash cannot be decipheredbull
Calligraphybull clay tablet
and a wedge shaped stylus
records
Papyrus
(Hieroglyphics Greek ampDemonic)
marked ownership
3000 characters
Public Works Art and ArchitectureM E I C
Zigguratmdash Pyramidsndash
temples for their gods with Stairs
Irrigation systems
tombs for their Pharaohs
Irrigation systems
Sewage system beneath the twin cities
Irrigation systems
Irrigation systems
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Writing
M E I C
Cuneiform bull
bullScribes--
Hieroglyphicsbull bull deciphered with the Rosetta Stone
Stone Seals had some form of writingndash cannot be decipheredbull
Calligraphybull clay tablet
and a wedge shaped stylus
records
Papyrus
(Hieroglyphics Greek ampDemonic)
marked ownership
3000 characters
Public Works Art and ArchitectureM E I C
Zigguratmdash Pyramidsndash
temples for their gods with Stairs
Irrigation systems
tombs for their Pharaohs
Irrigation systems
Sewage system beneath the twin cities
Irrigation systems
Irrigation systems
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Public Works Art and ArchitectureM E I C
Zigguratmdash Pyramidsndash
temples for their gods with Stairs
Irrigation systems
tombs for their Pharaohs
Irrigation systems
Sewage system beneath the twin cities
Irrigation systems
Irrigation systems
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Social Ranking
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
bull bull Priestbull Artisans and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Pharaohsbull bull Noblesbull Artisans Scribes and Merchantsbull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Priestbull
bull Peasants Farmers
bull Kingbull Soldiersbull Artisans and Merchantsbull
KingPriest
Artisans and Merchants
Peasants Farmers
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Contributions and Technologies
Mesopotamia(Sumer)
Egypt India China
Wheel
Epic of Gilgamesh
studies in astronomy mathematics (units of 60) and medicine
Form of Geometry used to makeaccurate calculations to build the pyramids
Calender-365 daysmdashto predict the floods
Copper andbronzeSculptures
WeightsAndMeasures
Bronze working
Silk
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
World ReligionsEssential Information
httpwwwmapsofwarcomimagesReligionswf
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Essential QuestionsbullWhat is ldquoreligionrdquobullldquocommitment or devotion to an organized system of beliefs ceremonies and practicesrdquobullWhat is the PURPOSE of religion
ndashHelp people seek answers to enduring questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review of World Religions
bull Psychologists deny that there is a ldquoreligiousrdquo instinct
bull Social environmentbull Upbringingconditioningbull Search for valuemeaning in
lifebull (both intellectual and
emotional)
bull Religion is linked to morality
bull Morals vary from society to society
bull ldquolearning aboutrdquo and ldquopracticingrdquo are two different thingshellipPractice what you will but you are expected to ldquolearnrdquo about them all
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
bull Dreams amp Visionsbull Fears Magic
superstitionhelliprdquothe little voice of right and wrongrdquo
bull Burying the dead with care andor ceremony
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Physical Geography
bull Natural barriers will delay the spread of some religionsideas traditions
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
bullSource of light heat ldquoliferdquo
bullSymbols of the sun associated with powerroyalty
bullKnowledge of the heavens (astronomy) meant some scholars could let rulers know when solar events would occur
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull Early man paid attention to the sky and to nature
bull The ldquocelestial bodiesrdquo and forces of nature were mysteries
bull Powerfulbull Predictable (at least the sun moon
and seasons)bull ldquoAwesomerdquo to contemplatehellip
therefore
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Astronomy was part of many early
religions
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
bull Everything has a spirit bull Nature offered many ldquogodsrdquo and
ldquogoddessesrdquo for early man to worship and respect
bull Modern people refer to these non-organized religious practices as ldquoPaganrdquo religions
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
bull Earthnature based religion traced to Neolithic times through Middle Ages
bull Earliest civilizations in Sumer Greece and Rome would be classified as ldquopaganrdquo religions
bull Druids and ldquogoddessrdquo or ldquoMother Earthrdquo worshippers
bull ldquopolytheisticrdquo by definitionhellipbull httplibrarythinkquestorg28111
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
bull The study of religionsbull Related to the church or clergybull Related to worldly thingsbull Beliefs of a religionbull Ceremonial rites of a religionbull Any kind of god or goddessbull Subset of an organized religionbull Implies the group broke away from a religion
bull Believes humans can not know whether God exists
bull Does not believe God exists at all
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquobull POLYTHEISM
ndashThe belief in many gods
ndashMany ancient religions were ldquopolytheisticrdquo
ndashMany tribal societies worship nature gods
bull MONOTHEISMndashThe belief in only
ONE godndashHebrews (Jews)
were the first monotheistic group in ancient times
ndashChristians were next
ndashMuslims were next
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Hinduism Images and Symbols1 2
3 4
5
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
1 ldquoOmrdquo 2 ldquoBindirdquo
3 ldquoLotusrdquo 4 ldquoSwastikardquo
5 ldquoTrishulardquo
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Hinduism
bull I Oldest ldquolivingrdquo religion
A Origins 4000 years ago in earliest cities of India
ndashNo single foundershaped by thousands of years of different peoples and cultures
ndashA way of lifendashldquopolytheisticrdquo BUT ldquoBrahmanrdquo is 1
spiritual force represented through many gods
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Hinduism
B Basic Beliefsbull Reincarnation- rebirth of the soul into another form
based on behavior of present life
bull Karma- actions of life that will affect fate in the next life
bull Dharma-religious and moral duties
bull Caste System-rigid social rankingbull 3 Major Gods- BRAHMA (the Creator)
VISHNU (the Preserver)
SHIVA (the Destroyer)
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
In the Hindu Trinity of Brahma Vishnu and Shiva the Hindu god Vishnu is the preserver and protector of creation
(Vishnu is the embodiment of mercy and goodness and represents the omnipresent power that preserves the universe and maintains the cosmic order)
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Hinduism
C Sacred Texts VEDAS and Upanishads contain the central Hindu teachings
Bhagavad-Gita has ethical ideas central to Hinduism
D Customs ndash Ahisma (nonviolence) all living things are aspects
of brahman and deserve respectndash Caste system rigid social ranking outlawed but
still ldquothererdquo ndash Ganges River sacred river ldquoRiver= SoulrdquondashCow sacred animalndash Dietary restrictions Hindus do not eat beefcow
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Hinduism
bull E SpreadInfluence ndashMostly India and a
few other Asian nations
ndash Influenced Buddhism (founder was a Hindu prince)
ndashSymbols part of popular culture
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Symbols and Images of Buddhism1
2
3
4
5
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull The Dharma Wheel (wheel of life) has eight spokes signifying each of the steps in the Eightfold path
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
II BuddhismA Origins Siddharta Gautama ldquothe enlightened
onerdquo (Buddha) founded it in Indiandash It spread to China Tibet Koreahellipnot popular in India
B Basic Beliefs ndash Life is a cycle of death and rebirthndash NIRVANA state of blissescape from cycle of rebirthndash Religion does NOT stress the belief in a supreme being
or in powerful godsndash personal enlightenment is the goal and it comes from
WITHIN each person
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
BuddhismC Sacred Texts Tripitaka is the Buddhist holy
book with the core beliefs of the Buddhahellip
Four Noble Truths
1 ldquoAll living holds sufferingrdquo
2 ldquoSuffering is related tocaused by GREEDrdquo
3 ldquoSuffering ends when GREED stopsrdquo
4 ldquoStop Greed by living a proper liferdquohelliphellipby following the eightfold path
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
bull Right viewsbull Right aspirationsbull Right speechbull Right conductbull Right livelihoodbull Right effortbull Right mindfulnessbull Right contemplation
bull ldquoUnderstand the 4 noble truthsrdquo and ldquocommit to he 8 fold pathrdquo
bull ldquoLive a moral life avoid evil words and actionsrdquo
bull ldquoMeditate to achieve enlightenmentrdquo
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
BuddhismD Customs
ndash No formal places of worshipndash Individual religionndash More ldquoopenrdquo and accepting of all humans
regardless of social positionndash equal opportunity religion because it is really
a quest for ldquoself-understandingrdquo
E InfluenceSpread of Buddhism China Tibet Korea and Japan
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Judaism
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
III JudaismAOrigins Hebrews were first people to worship a single all powerful god (MONOTHEISM)
ndashJudaism began 4000 years agondashFounder was Abraham around 1300 BC
B Basic Beliefsbull One Godbull Covenant promise between God and Hebrews
that God would love and protect Hebrews if they obeyed his laws
bull LAWFULNESS God established moral laws and agrees to be fair to those who obey them
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
III JudaismHistory idea that God is changing the world
and leading humanity to a better life
Sabbath special day of rest and prayerndash Jews observe it from dusk on Friday
through Saturday
C Sacred Text Torahndash A group of ancient writings called the Old
Testament that tells the story
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Christianity
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefsndash Monotheistic faith based on Judaismndash Certain basic beliefs shared with Judaism
bull Only one God (MONOTHEISM)bull Live after Deathbull People are equal before Godbull History is in Old Testament
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Christianity
bull Basic Beliefs Unique to Christianityndash That the prophet Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of
Godndash That the birth life death and resurrection of Jesus
was a sacrifice for the forgiveness of human sinndash Jesusrsquo message was that people should love each
other as God loves them all
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Christianity
bull Sacred Text Holy Bible ndash Consists of the Hebrew Old Testamentndash And the New Testament (66 books and gospels)ndash Controversial history of eliminating other
books from the ldquofinal draftrdquo of the Biblendash Many councils met to codify (write down)
official Christian doctrine and eliminate alternative teachings
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Christianity
bull Spread and Influencendash After years of persecution and executions of
Christians it becomes the official religion of the Roman Empire and spreads through Europe
ndash Becomes a global religion with over a billion people belonging to any of the many Christian Churches
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Parish priests bishops cardinals hellipPOPE
Head of the church Patriarch
members of the clergy could not marry
Priest can marry
Latin -- language of the Church amp learning
Liturgy delivered in Greek
Excommunication those who chose to ignore the orders of the Church would be ldquokicked outrdquo
Use of Icons debated
Split within Christianity
Catholic Eastern Orthodox
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Islam
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Islam
Originsbull Followers are called Muslimsbull The prophet Muhammad founded it in the
holy city of Mecca (Saudi Arabia) in 610 ADbull Message of Allah (GOD) revealed to
Mohammad by the Angel Gabriel
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Islam
Basic Beliefsbull Monotheisticbull Accept the revelations of earlier prophets
Abraham Moses and Jesusbull Muhammad is the last and greatest of the
prophetsbull All people are equal before God (not
racist)bull All Muslims must follow the 5 pillars
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Islam 5 pillars or beliefsbullBelief in ONE true God (Allah)bull Pray 5 times a daybullAlms (charity) to the poorbullFast (no food or drink) from dawn to dusk during the month of RamadanbullMake a hajj (sacred visitpilgrimage) to Mecca
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
IslamSacred Text is the Koran (Quran)bull The sound of the Koran being called from
a tower is the first and last thing a Muslim hears everyday of their lives
bull Koran provides an outline for creating a JUST life worship laws family behaviors work business practices economic systems etc
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Islam
Customsbull traditional toleration for both Jews and
Christians as ldquopeople of the bookrdquobull Ceremony in Mecca is walking around the
Kaaba (shrine with a sacred black stone)bull No special day of rest but Fridays all
males must attend prayers at a mosque
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Islambull Customs
ndash Art does not picture man or God but lots of geometric shapes and patterns
ndash Religion is LIFEno separation of religion and government or law bull Called ldquoShariardquo or divine law by strict Islamic states
ndash Dietary Restrictions no pork alcohol or drugsndash Life and property of all citizens in an Islamic
country are sacred whether the person is Muslim or not
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
IslambullSpreadInfluence of Islam
bullApprox 1 billion Muslims (more NON-ARAB muslims than Arab)bullDuring 7th and 12th centuries Muslims had great economic and political power as Islam spread in major trade zones from Africa to AsiabullLinked by Arabic language currency and faith
bullldquoHistory of religious conflict with Jews and Christians marked by cooperation and conflictrdquo
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Shintoism
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
ShintoismbullAncient (500 BC) religion unique to JapanbullMixture of nature worship fertility cults divination techniques hero worship and shamanismbullComes from Chinese words ldquoShin Taordquo or ldquoThe way of the GodsrdquobullShinto has no real founder no written scriptures no body of religious law and only a very loosely-organized priesthood
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
ShintoismbullldquoKamirdquo are gods that created the Japanese IslandsbullShinto gods are not like the God of monotheistic religions they are related to naturefoodwaterbullAlso are abstract and creative energiesbullBelieved that the imperial rulers of Japan were descended from these godsbullMost Shinto believers are followers of Confuciansim
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
bull Buddhism + Taoism = ZEN Buddhismbull Hinduism + Sufism = Sikhismbull Roman Catholicism + traditional African
religions (Yoruba in Nigeria)= Santeria
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Contributions ofAncient Greece and Rome
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritagebull ldquoClassicalrdquo for Western people almost always
means ldquoGreek amp Romanrdquo heritage of literature art architecture or ideals
bull ldquoClassical ___X___rdquo hellipChina India Islamic Maya etc simply refers to the age when the traditional features of those cultures emerge
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
bull DEMOCRACY Demos + Kratosbull (political power in the hands of the peoplehellip
who ldquomatterrdquo)bull Ideas about government and society Socrates
Plato amp Aristotlebull Value of Education
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Art bullWhat VALUES are evident in the sculpture that represent GREEK art and architecturebullDescribe the manbullWhat is he doingbullWhy is what he is doing important to the ancient Greeks
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Architecture
bull What Greek Values do you see in these columnsndash Doricndash Ionicndash Corinthian
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elicit ldquoClassicalrdquo memories of great ideas about balance harmony and sound government
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
bull Early laws like in Twelve Tables develop into a body of Roman civil law that only applied to Roman CITIZENS
bull Later they expanded law to deal with non-citizens and ldquoothersrdquo (Law of Nations)
bull Established standards for justice we still recognize today
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
bull Heritage of Government amp Law
bull Classical Ruins to remind people of past Greatness
bull LATINbull Roman Catholic
Church
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
African Kingdoms and trade
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull Under Roman rule (Christianity roads dams aqueducts and cities grew across the region)
bull Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara
bull In the 600s Arab armies replaced Christianity with Islam and Arabic became the primary language of business (lingua franca)
North AfricaNorth AfricaldquoWarfare and Trade brought about Cultural Diffusionrdquo
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
African EmpiresAfrican Empires
Nubia
Axum
Ghana
Mali
Songhai
GreatZimbabwe
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna
bull Salt which people need in their diet to prevent dehydration in the Savanna
bull West Africans traded gold to North Africa and for salt (weight)
Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
ldquoShips of the Desertrdquo
Camels
>
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
African Trade
bull Problem In ancient times the Egyptians engaged in just a trickle of commercial trade with west Africa even though West Africa was rich in gold precious metals ivory salt and other resources
bull Why The reason for this was the imposing barrier of the Sahara which in Arabic simply means The Desert
bullSolution The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa) where the wheel had already been established The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Why Camels Characteristics- Keep their footing in sliding sand- Go a long time without water - Patient beasts - Run very fast - Carry unbelievably heavy loads for
impossibly long distances
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Characteristics continued
- They have a thick coat that aids them in desert-like conditions
- They have large stores of fat which provide energy
- Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground
- Their mouth is very sturdy able to chew thorny desert plants
- Long eyelashes and ear hairs together with sealable nostrils form a barrier against sand
- The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at retaining water
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
A Growing Economy
Trade has played an important role in the economy of West Africa since very early times As early as 300 AD camel caravans carried salt from mines in the Sahara Desert to trading centers along the Niger River in present-day Mali
Their mission was to exchange the salt for the gold that was mined in forests near the headwaters of the Niger
West Africas first kingdom Ghana became wealthy and powerful because it controlled the trade routes and commercial activities in its region
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The Spread of Religion The spread of Islam across North Africa in the 7th
century dramatically increased trans-Saharan trade As the market expanded strategically sited towns became major centers of commerce welcoming merchants from distant lands
Merchants transported more than valuable commodities along the trans-Saharan routes Just as Buddhism reached the Chinese Empire via Indian merchants travelling the Silk Road Islam reached black West Africa through Arab Merchants on Saharan caravan routes
During the Ghana Mali and Songhay empires Arab merchants brought the Koran and the written language Arabic to the traditionally oral cultures each empire encompassed
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Trade Routes The Saharan Trade extended from the Sub-
Saharan West African kingdoms across the Sahara desert to Europe The Saharan Trade linked such African empires as Ghana Mali and Songhay to the European world
Merchants established a second major gold-salt trade route northeast across the Sahara that passed through Tunis and Cairo and ended in Egypts interior This route complimented the traditional Western Sudan--Maghreb--Europe trade route As the second trade route grew in popularity Egypts influence on the Western Sudan grew as well
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Trade Route
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Contributions of Empires of India and China
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Government-- Religion--
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled northern China-- 1100 BC to 256 BC
Zhou Dynasty-- (pronounced Joew)
Feudal State --(Emperor Lords Warriors Peasants) Mandate of Heaven - right to rule
Polytheism
DaoismTaoism - live in harmony
Expert silk makers and iron working
Confucius was born during the Zhou Dynasty
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Government-- Religion --
Accomplishments-- Education--
Ruled part of modern China into Korea (202 BC - 220AD)
Han Dynasty
Liu Bang and Wudi ruled according to Confucianism Civil Service Test
Polytheism
Buddhism enters China
Silk Road Paper Porcelain Fishing Reel and Stirrups
Advances in Zoology Botany Chemistry Anesthetics and Acupuncture
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull Chinarsquos most influential philosopher
bull Concerned with social order and good government
bull
bull Honest hard work and concern for others it important
bull
bull The best ruler and was a virtuous man who led by example
bull Filial Pietyndash
bullThe Analects--
Chinese Philosophies
Confucius
Confucianism
People accept their place in society
Belief that people were naturally good
Respect for onersquos parent was put above all
other duties
Confucius sayings written down
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull Laozi was the founder
bull bull Focused on the Dao -the way of the universe
bull bull bull Daoism turned into a popular religion with gods
goddesses and magical practices
DaoismTaoism
Chinese Religion
Wanted everyone to live in harmony with nature
Rejected the world of conflict
Viewed government as unnatural
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
TANG DYNASTY SONG DYNASTY
REUNITED CHINAFORCED KOREA VIETNAM amp TIBET TO BECOME TRIBUTARY STATES
FARMING SHIFTED TO RICE NEW STRAIN --2 HARVESTSYEARGROWTH IN COMMERCE AND ARTS (GOLDEN AGE)
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
KUBLAI KHAN MONGOL LEADER
CONQUERED CHINA KOREA TIBET VIETNAM
CHINESE HATED MONGOLIAN GOVERNMENT
TRIED TO KEEP MONGOLS FROM BEING ABSORBED ndash (CHINESE CIVILIZATION)
ONLY MONGOLS IN MILITARYONLY MONGOLS IN HIGH GOVERNMENT JOBS
WORLDrsquoS LARGEST EVER EMPIREYUAN DYNASTY
MARCO POLO
bull VENETIAN TRADER (from Venics Italy)ndash gone 17 YEARSndash WROTE A BOOK WHEN HE RETURNED TO
VENICEndash BROUGHT BACK GUNPOWDER
PORCELAIN PLAYING CARDS
MING DYNASTY
bull OVERTHREW YUAN DYNASTYbull RESTORED CIVIL SERVICE TEST amp CONFUCIAN
LEARNINGbull ECONOMIC REVIVAL --LARGE CROPS DUE TO
BETTER TECHNOLOGYbull LITERATURE POETRY NOVELS DETECTIVE
STORIESbull FORBIDDEN CITY
JAPANSEAS PROTECTED AND ISOLATED JAPAN ARCHIPELAGO -CHAIN OF ISLANDS
SHINTOndash STATE RELIGIONndash UNIQUE TO JAPANndash IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL
FEATURES FORCES OF NATURE ANCESTORS amp EMPEROR
ndash COEXISTS WITH BUDDHISM
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
bull EMPERORndash POWERLESS BUT REVERED
bull SHOGUNndash SUPREME MILITARY COMMANDER
bull DAIMYOndash LARGE LANDOWNERS WARRIOR LORDS
bull SAMURAIndash WARRIORS
Japanrsquos Culture
bull BUSHIDOndash CODE OF VALUESndash HONOR BRAVERY ABSOLUTE
LOYALTY
bull KAMIKAZE MONGOLS TRIED TO CONQUER JAPAN TWICE
BOTH TIMES SHIPS WERE DESTROYED BY TYPHOONS ldquoDIVINE WINDrdquo
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Rome Divided (Diocletian)
Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Falls to Barbarians - Germanic Tribes
Thrives for another 900 yrs
Germanic Tribes Invade
Constantinople
Western Roman Empire
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
MARCO POLO
bull VENETIAN TRADER (from Venics Italy)ndash gone 17 YEARSndash WROTE A BOOK WHEN HE RETURNED TO
VENICEndash BROUGHT BACK GUNPOWDER
PORCELAIN PLAYING CARDS
MING DYNASTY
bull OVERTHREW YUAN DYNASTYbull RESTORED CIVIL SERVICE TEST amp CONFUCIAN
LEARNINGbull ECONOMIC REVIVAL --LARGE CROPS DUE TO
BETTER TECHNOLOGYbull LITERATURE POETRY NOVELS DETECTIVE
STORIESbull FORBIDDEN CITY
JAPANSEAS PROTECTED AND ISOLATED JAPAN ARCHIPELAGO -CHAIN OF ISLANDS
SHINTOndash STATE RELIGIONndash UNIQUE TO JAPANndash IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL
FEATURES FORCES OF NATURE ANCESTORS amp EMPEROR
ndash COEXISTS WITH BUDDHISM
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
bull EMPERORndash POWERLESS BUT REVERED
bull SHOGUNndash SUPREME MILITARY COMMANDER
bull DAIMYOndash LARGE LANDOWNERS WARRIOR LORDS
bull SAMURAIndash WARRIORS
Japanrsquos Culture
bull BUSHIDOndash CODE OF VALUESndash HONOR BRAVERY ABSOLUTE
LOYALTY
bull KAMIKAZE MONGOLS TRIED TO CONQUER JAPAN TWICE
BOTH TIMES SHIPS WERE DESTROYED BY TYPHOONS ldquoDIVINE WINDrdquo
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Rome Divided (Diocletian)
Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Falls to Barbarians - Germanic Tribes
Thrives for another 900 yrs
Germanic Tribes Invade
Constantinople
Western Roman Empire
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
MING DYNASTY
bull OVERTHREW YUAN DYNASTYbull RESTORED CIVIL SERVICE TEST amp CONFUCIAN
LEARNINGbull ECONOMIC REVIVAL --LARGE CROPS DUE TO
BETTER TECHNOLOGYbull LITERATURE POETRY NOVELS DETECTIVE
STORIESbull FORBIDDEN CITY
JAPANSEAS PROTECTED AND ISOLATED JAPAN ARCHIPELAGO -CHAIN OF ISLANDS
SHINTOndash STATE RELIGIONndash UNIQUE TO JAPANndash IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL
FEATURES FORCES OF NATURE ANCESTORS amp EMPEROR
ndash COEXISTS WITH BUDDHISM
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
bull EMPERORndash POWERLESS BUT REVERED
bull SHOGUNndash SUPREME MILITARY COMMANDER
bull DAIMYOndash LARGE LANDOWNERS WARRIOR LORDS
bull SAMURAIndash WARRIORS
Japanrsquos Culture
bull BUSHIDOndash CODE OF VALUESndash HONOR BRAVERY ABSOLUTE
LOYALTY
bull KAMIKAZE MONGOLS TRIED TO CONQUER JAPAN TWICE
BOTH TIMES SHIPS WERE DESTROYED BY TYPHOONS ldquoDIVINE WINDrdquo
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Rome Divided (Diocletian)
Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Falls to Barbarians - Germanic Tribes
Thrives for another 900 yrs
Germanic Tribes Invade
Constantinople
Western Roman Empire
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
JAPANSEAS PROTECTED AND ISOLATED JAPAN ARCHIPELAGO -CHAIN OF ISLANDS
SHINTOndash STATE RELIGIONndash UNIQUE TO JAPANndash IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL
FEATURES FORCES OF NATURE ANCESTORS amp EMPEROR
ndash COEXISTS WITH BUDDHISM
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
bull EMPERORndash POWERLESS BUT REVERED
bull SHOGUNndash SUPREME MILITARY COMMANDER
bull DAIMYOndash LARGE LANDOWNERS WARRIOR LORDS
bull SAMURAIndash WARRIORS
Japanrsquos Culture
bull BUSHIDOndash CODE OF VALUESndash HONOR BRAVERY ABSOLUTE
LOYALTY
bull KAMIKAZE MONGOLS TRIED TO CONQUER JAPAN TWICE
BOTH TIMES SHIPS WERE DESTROYED BY TYPHOONS ldquoDIVINE WINDrdquo
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Rome Divided (Diocletian)
Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Falls to Barbarians - Germanic Tribes
Thrives for another 900 yrs
Germanic Tribes Invade
Constantinople
Western Roman Empire
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
bull EMPERORndash POWERLESS BUT REVERED
bull SHOGUNndash SUPREME MILITARY COMMANDER
bull DAIMYOndash LARGE LANDOWNERS WARRIOR LORDS
bull SAMURAIndash WARRIORS
Japanrsquos Culture
bull BUSHIDOndash CODE OF VALUESndash HONOR BRAVERY ABSOLUTE
LOYALTY
bull KAMIKAZE MONGOLS TRIED TO CONQUER JAPAN TWICE
BOTH TIMES SHIPS WERE DESTROYED BY TYPHOONS ldquoDIVINE WINDrdquo
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Rome Divided (Diocletian)
Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Falls to Barbarians - Germanic Tribes
Thrives for another 900 yrs
Germanic Tribes Invade
Constantinople
Western Roman Empire
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Japanrsquos Culture
bull BUSHIDOndash CODE OF VALUESndash HONOR BRAVERY ABSOLUTE
LOYALTY
bull KAMIKAZE MONGOLS TRIED TO CONQUER JAPAN TWICE
BOTH TIMES SHIPS WERE DESTROYED BY TYPHOONS ldquoDIVINE WINDrdquo
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Rome Divided (Diocletian)
Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Falls to Barbarians - Germanic Tribes
Thrives for another 900 yrs
Germanic Tribes Invade
Constantinople
Western Roman Empire
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Rome Divided (Diocletian)
Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Falls to Barbarians - Germanic Tribes
Thrives for another 900 yrs
Germanic Tribes Invade
Constantinople
Western Roman Empire
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Rome Divided (Diocletian)
Western Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Falls to Barbarians - Germanic Tribes
Thrives for another 900 yrs
Germanic Tribes Invade
Constantinople
Western Roman Empire
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Germanic Tribes Invade
Constantinople
Western Roman Empire
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Old Greek Seaport _________________mdashconnectingmdashBlack Sea and the Mediterranean
Controlled trade route between_______________
Constantine renamed Byzantium to ____________
Constantinople (rich beautiful and majestic-The City)--known an _________today
Byzantine Empire
Bosporus Strait
Europe and Asia
Constantinople
Istanbul
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Justinian
bull Almost destroyed Rome--regain controlbull _______________________(Roman Laws) ldquoCorpus Juris Civilisrdquo-- _____________ ___________________________________ bull Hagia Sophia (______________) --Church
Justinian Code of Laws
Body of Civil Law Influenced Western EuropeHoly Wisdom
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Hagia Sophiandash ___________________Iconsndash religious pictures (______)Mosaicsndash ________________
arched dome cathedral
Jesusmarbles tiles
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
INFLUENCE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ON RUSSIA
bull Adopted 1 2 Byzantine Art amp Architecture
bull St Cyril -- Greek monk3 Created alphabet for Slavs --
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
bull Made sacrificesbull _______________ _______________
Religion Polytheism
bull Made sacrifices to their godsbull ________________
Religion Polytheism
bull Sapa Incas (emperor ndash descended from the___________)
Chichen Itza amp Tikal
King
Pyramid like Temples
Emperor
Tenochtitlan
Settled (myth)
Emperor
Governors
Sun God
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Maya Aztec Inca
Achievements
bull form of___________ writing bull number system based upon the concept of_______bull created a calendar with _____days
Achievements
bull form of ______________ writing bull number system based upon units of ________ bull calendar for agriculture and religious rites
Achievements
bull __________were complex color- coded bunches of knotted strings used to keep an accurate account of goods and the workforce bull constructed nearly 12000 _____________
hieroglyphic
zero
365
hieroglyphic
ten
quipu
miles of roads
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Crusades 1096ndash12043
Holy Land
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Spread of the Black Death
bull By 1347 the _________________had spread to Europebull Over a 3 year period _____of the population in Europe was wiped out bull Cause - Rats from Asia ___________________carry the disease through trade and ships to Europe
5
bubonic plague13
infested with fleas
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
bull _______________bull punished (God)bull end inevitable
(Enjoy)bull Normal life broke
downbull___________________
___________________
bull production bull Fewer workers
higher wages
_____________ bull Landowners
abandoned farming
(villagers - towns) bull peasants_________
Social Effects Economic Effects
5
witchcraft
Christians blamed and persecuted Jews
(Inflation)
revolted
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The Renaissance
bull Circa 1300 to 1600 ADCE
bull Period of creativity and changendash Economicndash Politicalndash Socialndash cultural
bull Features ndash Greek and Roman
culture is revived and appreciated
ndash Focus shift from GOD to MAN
ndash ldquoHUMANISMrdquondash ldquoREAL-ISMrdquo in
general
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The Renaissance
bull People saw themselves and their world differently ndash (more like the
GreeksRomans)ndash Life NOW is as important
as the life AFTER DEATHndash ldquoMulti-talentsrdquo are
encouraged and valued
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The Renaissancebull Why did it begin in
Italyndash Geography =sea
accessndash Economic activity in
cities bull Capitalism increases
demand for skilled labor
ndash Roman past
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
What Was the Renaissancebull Renaissance thinkers explored the human
experience in the________________ They emphasized_____________________________
bull The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many fields (da Vinci)
bull At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism
bull Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
1
here and nowindividual achievement
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
_______________________________bull Had access to trade routes connecting
____________________________marketsbull Served as trading centers for the
distribution of goods to ______________bull Were initially independent ___________
governed as republics
1
Florence Venice and Genoa
Europe with Middle Eastern
northern Europecity-states
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Machiavelli New view of Politics
bull Fear is more powerful than love
bull The end justifies the means
bull Do good when possible but do not avoid evil
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Machiavellirsquos -____________
bull An early modern treatise on____________
bull Supported _________________of the ruler
bull Maintains that ldquothe end justifies the meansrdquo
bull Advises that one should do good if possible
but ___________________________
government
The Prince
absolute power
do evil when necessary
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Wrote sonnets in Italian and Latinmdash14-line poems
Talented sculptor engineer painter architect and poet
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of David
Painted huge mural to decorate the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
Studied botany anatomy optics music architecture and engineering
Made sketches for flying machines and undersea boats
PetrarchMICHELANGELODaVinci
1
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Leonardo Da Vincibull The Last Supper
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoMona Lisardquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Leonardo Da Vincibull ldquoVitruvian Manrdquo
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Leonardo Da Vincibull Popular 21st century
references
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Michelangelobull ldquoDavidrdquo
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Michelangelobull Sistine Chapel ceiling
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Botticellibull ldquoBirth of Venusrdquo
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Botticellibull ldquoPrimaverardquo
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull ldquoYouthrdquo
Botticelli
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Erasmus
bull Northern humanistbull In Praise of Folly
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
Wrote self-help books to help ambitious men and women rise in the Renaissance world
Rejected Gothicstyle Adoptedcolumns domesand arches thathad been favoredby the Greeksand Romans
Developed realisticStyle Learned rulesof perspectiveUsed shading tomake objectslook round and realStudied humananatomyUsed live models
1
WRITERS ARCHITECTS PAINTERS
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Northern Renaissancebull Growing wealth in Northern Europe Supported
ndash____________mdash In Praise of Folly (1511)ndash___________________mdash Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
Sir Thomas More
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The Printing RevolutionA printing revolution took place whenbull In 1456 Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible
using the first printing press and printing inksbull Movable type was developed twenty years later
IMPACTbull Printed books were___________________________bull With books more readily available more people
learned to read in their own languages (____________)
bull Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and ideas
2
cheaper and easier to produce
vernacular
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull Usury practice of lending $$$ for interest
bull The Church considered USURY a SIN
bull Increasing merchant wealth changed the Church policy and more Christians became bankers
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull End of Religious Unity and Universality in the West
bull Attack on the medieval churchmdashbull Not the first attempt at reformbull Word ldquoProtestantrdquo is first used for dissenting
German princes who met at the Diet of Speyer in 1529
The Protestant Reformation
(1450-1565)
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
I The Churchrsquos Problems
bull Charges of greedbull Obvious
corruption bull Worldly (secular)
political power challenged
bull Growing human confidence vs ldquooriginal sinrdquo
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)bull The corruption of the
Renaissance Papacy
--Rodrigo Borgia(Alexander VI)
bull European population was increasingly anti-clerical
bull Absenteeism of church leaders
bull The controversy over the sale of indulgences
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Cultural aspectsbull Better educated people were
more critical of the Churchbull Monarchs resent growing
political power of the Church
bull Society was more humanistic and secular
bull Growing individualism
--John Wycliffe in England
--Jan Huss in Bohemia
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
bull John Wycliffendash England late 1300sndash Parliament vs Rome
over $$$$$$ndash ldquoChurch people should
be POORrdquondash Posthumously called a
hereticndash Bones were
burnedscattered
bull Jan Hussndash Bohemia early 1400sndash Great Schismpope
selectionndash Excommunicated for
insubordinationndash Burned at the stake in
1415
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Significance of the Printing Press
bull Invention of movable type was invented in 1450 by Johann Gutenberg
bull Manufacture of paper becomes easier and cheaper
bull Helped spread ideas before Catholics could squash them
bull Intensified intellectual criticism of the Church
bull Protestant ideals appealed to the urban and the literate
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Spiritual Aspectsbull Growing piety mysticism
and religious zeal among European masses
bull Dutch Christian humanist Erasmus inadvertently undermines the Church from within--In Praise of Folly (1510)
bull Call for a translation of the New Testament into Greek
bull Call for a return to the simplicity of the early Church
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The Holy Roman Empirebull Decentralized politicsbull Pope successfully challenged
the monarch herebull New HRE a Habsburg
Charles V is young politically insecure and attempting to govern a huge realm during the critical years of Lutherrsquos protest
bull Charles V faced outside attacks from France and the Turks
bull Circumstances favor Luther
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
A Germany (Northern)bull Luther troubled by the
sale of indulgencesbull Dominican friar Tetzel
was selling indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
bull Luther posts his 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31 1517
bull Some of Lutherrsquos complaints
bull Luther slowly but surely is drawn into a heated debate
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Germany (Northern)
bull Luther attacks the Pope and his bull of excommunication
bull Constraints against the spread of Lutherrsquos ideas
bull The Peace of Augsburg 1555
bull The Protestant Reformation further divided Germany
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Lutherrsquos Teachingsbull Salvation by Faith Alonebull Bible THE source of
religious authority--Lutherrsquos German Translation of the New Testament
bull The Priesthood (Equality) of All Believers--Peasant Revolt of 1525
bull Some latent (hiddenleftover) Catholicism
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Zurich Switzerlandbull Urban cosmopolitan
settingbull Zwingli also opposed
many Catholic ideas fasting during Lent purgatory clerical celibacy intercession of the saints and salvation by work
bull Fought with other Protestants groups
bull Killed cut up amp burned
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
John Calvin Backgroundbull More of a scholar than
Lutherbull More of a systematic
thinker than Lutherbull Calvinrsquos Institutes
(1536)bull Early legal trainingbull Clear-cut moral
directives for livingbull Relied on the Bible
for religious authority
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Backgroundbull Desire to return to the
primitive first-century Church
bull High standard of morality valued and pursued
bull Bitterly persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestants
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Teachingbull Free willmdashall can be savedbull Adult ldquobelieverrdquo baptismbull Social and economic equalitybull Pacifismbull Separation of Church and
State
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Teachingsbull Predestinationbull The right of rebellion
--English Civil Warbull More of a stress on
works than Lutherbull Government serves
the Churchbull ldquoJustrdquo war position
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
The CALVINIST Tradition
bull John Calvinrsquos leadership in Geneva from 1541-1564
bull PREDESTINATIONbull Stress on order and rigorous
adherence to Godrsquos lawbull faith revealed by living a
righteous life work ethicbull Set up a ldquotheocracyrdquobull Self-discipline and the
ldquoProtestant Work Ethicrdquobull Actions Expanded the
Protestant Movement
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Before Reformation in Englandbull Notion of the Renaissance
Princebull Recent War of the Roses
created a sense of political instability for the Tudor dynasty
--Henry VIIIbull The significance of a male heir
to the Tudors
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
England during Reign of Henry VIIIbull Henry VIIIrsquos marriage to
Catherine of Aragon (Spanish Catholic)
bull Henry seeks an annulmentbull Henry creates the
PROTESTANT Church of England and establishes his own supremacy over it
bull A ldquopolitical reformationrdquo only at first
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Reformation in Englandbull Henry VIIIrdquos views
Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome
bull ACTIONSndash Divorced ndash broke with Rome ndash headed the national church in
England ndash Appropriated (took for
himself) lands and wealth of the Catholic churches in England
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Reformation in England (cont)bull The reign of ldquoBloodyrdquo
Mary I (kills Protestants)
bull Elizabeth I (Protestant) firmly establishes England as a PROTESTANT NATION
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Francebull King Francis I was
initially sympathetic to Luther as long as his Protestant ideas stayed in Germany
bull Protestantism was made illegal in France in 1534
bull Persecution of the Huguenots
bull St Bartholomewrsquos Day Massacre
bull King Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598)
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
E Other Parts of Western Europebull No Protestant inroads into
Spain or Italybull urban success and where
supported by the nobilitybull After 1540 no new Protestant
territories outside of the Netherlands
bull Most powerful European nations were Catholic
bull Protestants were feuding with each other
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
1Jesuit Order2Reform papacy3Council of Trent4hellipInquisition
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Elements of the Counter-Reformationbull The Society of Jesus
(Jesuits) established by Spanish nobleman Ignatius of Loyolandash Loyal to popendash Spread Catholicismndash Role back Protestantism
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bull Council of Trent (1545-1563) decrees reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachingsndash Faith AND good works were
necessary for salvationndash Seven sacramentsndash Catholic view of Eucharistndash Clerical celibacyndash Purgatory was REALndash Indulgences could be given
but not SOLD
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
bullldquoThe Inquisitionrdquo
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Results of the Reformationbull Germany was politically
weakened and fragmentedbull Peace of Augsburg 1555
ends 100 Years of Political Religious Warfare in Germany
bull Furthered feelings of individualism and secularism
bull Growing doubt and religious skepticism
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Results of Reformation (cont)bull Political stability valued over
religious truthbull Calvinism boosted the
commercial revolutionbull Focus on the individual
fostered ldquocapitalistic instinctsrdquo for hard work and risk taking
bull The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism
bull Witch craze swept Europe in the 1600rsquos--Between 1561-1670 MANY people were executed as witches
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
REVIEW
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman Empire
PersiaChina
Mughal India
Songhai Empire
Aztec Empire
Incan Empire
Mayan Empire
Important Areas of Concern
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
bull Be able to discuss the differences and similarities in the BELIEFS of Luther and Calvin
bull Be familiar with the termsndash Huguenotsndash Presbyteriansndash Puritans
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
Northern Renaissance
The Printing Revolution
Slide 144
Slide 145
I The Churchrsquos Problems
I The Churchrsquos Problems (cont)
Cultural aspects
Individuals BEFORE Martin Luther
Significance of the Printing Press
Spiritual Aspects
The Holy Roman Empire
A Germany (Northern)
Germany (Northern)
Lutherrsquos Teachings
Zurich Switzerland
John Calvin Background
Background
Teaching
Teachings
The CALVINIST Tradition
Before Reformation in England
England during Reign of Henry VIII
Reformation in England
Reformation in England (cont)
France
E Other Parts of Western Europe
Slide 168
V The Counter-Reformation The Catholic Response
Elements of the Counter-Reformation
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (2)
Elements of the Counter-Reformation (3)
Results of the Reformation
Results of Reformation (cont)
REVIEW
Slide 176
Slide 177
Vocab + GEOG
Vocab + GEOGbull Can you place every VOCAB term on the
mapbull Can you connect 3+ termsbull Can you locate major empires AND
determine the RELIGION at 1500 AND contemporary locations
bull Can you discuss all 10 Comps questions without notes
World History 1500 to Present
Slide 2
Characteristics of Civilization
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Cities
Governments
Religion
Writing
Public Works Art and Architecture
Social Ranking
Contributions and Technologies
World Religions
Essential Questions
Things to keep in mind before beginning a comprehensive review
When did man first exhibit ldquoreligious feelingsrdquo
Physical Geography
The Sky figured prominently in early religions
ldquoThe Sunrdquo was central to many early religions
Slide 21
The Moon and its phases did toohellip
Slide 23
Slide 24
The sun and moon were constanthellipnature changed
What is ldquoPaganismrdquo
Working Vocabulary for Our Study
Belief in ldquogodsrdquo versus ldquoGODrdquo
Hinduism Images and Symbols
Slide 30
Slide 31
Hinduism
Hinduism (2)
Slide 34
Hinduism (3)
Hinduism (4)
Symbols and Images of Buddhism
Slide 38
Slide 39
II Buddhism
Buddhism
One lives a proper life by following the 8 fold pathhelliphellip
Buddhism
Slide 44
Images and symbols of Judaism
Judaism
Slide 47
III Judaism
III Judaism (2)
Slide 50
Christianity
Christianity (2)
Christianity (3)
Christianity (4)
Christianity (5)
Slide 56
Slide 57
Slide 58
Islam
Islam (2)
Islam (3)
Islam 5 pillars or beliefs
Islam (4)
Islam (5)
Islam (6)
Islam (7)
Shintoism
Shintoism
Shintoism (2)
Slide 70
ldquoCultural Diffusionrdquo and religion
Slide 72
ldquoClassicalrdquo Heritage
CLASSICAL Philosophy and Government of the Greeks and Romans
Art
Architecture
Greek amp Roman Architecture styles are still used today to elici
Empire of Alexander the Great
Roman Heritage Builds on Greek Heritage
Slide 80
After the ldquoFALL of Romerdquo
African Kingdoms and trade
Slide 83
Slide 84
Slide 85
Camels
African Trade
Why Camels
Characteristics continued
A Growing Economy
The Spread of Religion
Trade Routes
Trade Route
Slide 94
Slide 95
Slide 96
Slide 97
Slide 98
Slide 99
Slide 100
MARCO POLO
MING DYNASTY
JAPAN
JAPANrsquoS FEUDAL AGE
Japanrsquos Culture
Medieval Europe Russia amp Ancient America
Slide 107
Germanic Tribes Invade
Slide 109
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Slide 114
Slide 115
Slide 116
ldquoFollow the Wealthrdquo
Crusades 1096ndash1204
Spread of the Black Death
The Black Death Caused Social and Economic Decline
The Renaissance
The Renaissance (2)
The Renaissance (3)
What Was the Renaissance
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy
Machiavelli New view of Politics
Machiavellirsquos -____________
Three Geniuses of The Italian Renaissance
Leonardo Da Vinci
Leonardo Da Vinci (2)
Leonardo Da Vinci (3)
Leonardo Da Vinci (4)
Leonardo Da Vinci (5)
Michelangelorsquos ldquoPietardquo
Michelangelo
Michelangelo (2)
Botticelli
Botticelli (2)
Botticelli (3)
Erasmus
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniq
