World History 2 SOL review 3

Scientific Revolution-Culture in the 1800s

Scientific Revolution

• Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature

• Formulation of the scientific method• Expansion of scientific knowledge

Scientists• Copernicus-heliocentric theory• Kepler- Planetary motion (planets revolve

around the sun in elliptical orbits)• Galileo- Used telescope to support scientific

theory• Newton-discovered the laws of gravity• Harvey- circulation of blood

Absolutism

• Definition- a monarch who has complete control over the country and people (centralization of power) + divine right(power to rule comes from God)

• Peter the Great- westernization of Russia• Louis XIV- Palace of Versailles (symbol of royal

power)/Sun king• Fredrick the Great- military power

Enlightenment

• Definition- Applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world

• Results- Stimulated religious tolerance + fueled democratic revolutions around the world (American Revolution, French Revolution, Latin American Revolution)

Thomas Hobbes

• Wrote Leviathan• State of nature- People are evil• Social contract- people give up nature and

form governments to control them ( absolute monarchs)

John Locke

• Wrote Two Treatises on Government• Power to rule comes from the people• Monarchs are not chosen by God• Social Contract- people form governments to

protect their rights ( life liberty, and property)

Montesquieu

• Wrote The Spirit of the Laws• Separation of powers• Checks and Balances

Rousseau

• Wrote The Social Contract• Government is a contact between people and

rulers

Voltaire

• Separation of church and state • Freedom of Speech

English Civil War

• English kings wanted to be absolute monarchs• Parliament prevented kings from being absolute

monarchs ( Parliaments controlled money)• Charles I forced to sign Petition of Right- King

cannot raise taxes without parliaments consent and king cannot imprison anyone without just cause

• 1649- Charles I led troops into parliament- Civil War• 1649- Charles I executed

Commonwealth

• Oliver Cromwell ruled England after the execution of Charles I

Glorious Revolution

• James II- too Catholic for England

• 1688- Parliament forced James II to flee and invite William and Mary (James's II daughter) to rule England if they accepted the English Bill of Rights

• England – limited monarch and a powerful Parliament

French Revolution

• Causes- Influence of Enlightenment ideas + American Revolution + Old Regime

• Events- Storming the Bastille + Reign of Terror (executed over 40,000 people with the guillotine)

• Outcomes- End of absolute monarchy of Louis XVI + Rise of Napoleon

Impact of French Revolution

• French and American revolutions influenced revolutions in Central/South America

• Haiti, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Brazil get independence– Touissant L’Ouverture- Haiti’s independence– Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin- liberated South

America• Monroe Doctrine-American declaration that if the

Europeans get in the way of Latin American Independence, the Americans will declare war

Artists, Philosophers, and Writers + new Technologies

• Bach- Baroque composer• Mozart- Classical composer • Delacroix- Romantic Painter• Cervantes- Novelist – Don Quixote• New forms of Art and literature- Paintings depicted

classical subjects, public events, and living people ( portraits) + novel

Technologies- All weather roads (year round transportation) + new farm tools + improved ship designs

Congress of Vienna- Legacy of Napoleon

• Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French Domination

• Napoleonic Code• Awakened feelings of

national pride and growth of nationalism

Congress of Vienna- Legacy of Congress of Vienna

• Balance of power- no country should dominate Europe

• Restoration of monarchs-legitimacy• New Political Map- New boundaries• New Philosophies- Conservatives and liberals

Rise of Nationalism

• National Pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism

• Congress of Vienna- led to discontent in Europe( did not include nationalists and liberals)

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

• Liberal- Change government• National- homeland• France 1830- constitutional monarch (liberal

revolution) • Belgium 1830- gained indepencence

Italy

• Cavour- prime minister of Sardinia( organized unification of Italy)

• Garibaldi- Leader of the red shirts + conquered Kingdom of the Two sicillies

• Papal states- last to join Italy

Germany

• Bismarck- prime minister of Prussia (responsible for the unification of Germany)

• Realpolitiks- do whatever it takes to get and hold power

• Franco- Prussia War led to the unification of Germany and italy