World HistoryChapter 14A

Church Reform and the Crusades

Age of Faith

• The Church revival of this period began the “Age of Faith” (about 1000A.D.)

• Three problems of the Church:

1. Priests were marrying

2. Simony-selling Church positions

3. Lay Investiture

Early Church Reforms

• Church reform begins at Cluny (910)• The Pope, is advised in this reform by the Curia

(Counsel)• The Curia are advisors and acted as a court• The Pope extends his power throughout Europe by

sending out diplomats• The Church provides social services such as caring for

the poor and sick• The Church operated hospitals. This activity gains the

trust and loyalty of the masses

Cluny

Friars

• Dominicans-Founded by Dominic (Spanish priest), they emphasize the importance of study

• Franciscans-Founded by St. Francis of Assisi (Italian). He treated all creatures as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters

Friars

Religious Orders for Women

Women joined the Dominicans and Poor Clare's (Franciscan order for women)

Women are not allowed to travel from place to place preaching

Cathedrals

• Romanesque Style-Round arches and a heavy roof held up thick walls and pillars. They had tiny windows that let in little light

• Gothic Style-Named after a Germanic tribe. Gothic cathedrals thrust upward as if reaching toward heaven. Light streamed in through huge stained-glass windows

Romanesque Style

Gothic Style

The Crusades

• Pope Urban II called for a crusade or “Holy War”

• Their goal was to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks

Pope Urban II

Causes

• Opportunity to get rid of quarrel-some knights who fought each other

• Merchants profited by making cash loans to finance the Crusades

• Merchants hoped to win control of key trade routes

• Those who died were granted forgiveness of their sins and assured a place in heaven

The Four Crusades

1. First Crusade-Jerusalem is captured

2. Second Crusade-Jerusalem is lost

3. Third Crusades-Jerusalem stays in Muslim control but Pilgrims are allowed to freely visit the city’s Holy Places

4. Fourth Crusade-Jerusalem stays in Muslim hands and Christians loot Constantinople

Men to Know

• Louis IX-King of France that will lead the first crusade. He will be made a saint after his death by the Catholic Church

• Frederick I (Barbarossa)-German King that will drown on the way to the Crusades

• Richard the Lion-Hearted-English King that will fight the Muslim leader Saladin to a standstill and make a treaty to open Jerusalem to pilgrims (Third Crusade)

• Saladin-Muslim leader of the 1100s

Louis IX

Frederick I (Barbarossa)

Richard the Lion-Hearted

Saladin

Continued

• Later Crusades will be fought in North Africa and Spain

• Reconquista-Granada is taken in 1492 and the Inquisition begins. Jews and Muslims are driven out of Spain

Effects of the Crusades

• Byzantine Empire is weakened• Pope’s power declines• Power of feudal nobles weakens• Kings become stronger• Religious intolerance grows• Italian cities expand trade and grow rich• Muslims increasingly distrust Christians• Trade grows between Europe and the Middle East• European technology improves as Crusaders learn from

Muslims

TA14B

Read Pages 387-392

Copy & Define Terms on Page 392

Copy & Answer Questions 11, 12, & 13 on Page 404