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WORLD HISTORYTHE GLOBAL AGECHAPTER 15 AND 16
The Age of Exploration and Trade Chapter 15
EUROPE LOOKS OUTWARD SECTION I
Learning Objectives Section I What were the 6 reasons for European
exploration? What new technology aided exploration? What are the 3 G’s? Why was religion important to
exploration?
Exploration…Why Now? Six Major Reasons
1. The Renaissance Spirit, why would that lead to exploration? Curiosity, desire for adventure and
fame! Within man the answers can be found
to conquer anything!
2. An increasing competition among European monarchs to be the “super nation”
3. Riches in Spices, Silk & Porcelain
– Pepper, cinnamon, & nutmeg.– Used to preserve & flavor meat. – Spices used in cosmetics, Perfumes,
and medicine.– Taste for these came from the
Crusades and the Silk Route
4. Europeans wanted to find direct access to Asia & India
Europeans wanted to find direct access to Asia & India;
– Cut out Muslim & Italian middlemen– Need to bypass Mediterranean
5. New Navigation Technology
1. Better Maps- Ptolemy’s more
accurate maps -More durable
maps made of sheep skin
Cartographer- a person who makes maps
2. The compass
•3. The astrolabe measured
latitude using angles of sun and stars on the horizon
not accurate in rough seas
4. Ships
The caravel (also spelled carvel)
is a light sailing ship that was developed by the Portuguese in the late 1400's,
could sail very fast and also sail well into the wind.
Caravels were broad-beamed ships that had 2 or 3 masts with square sails and a triangular sail
They were up to about 65 feet long and could carry roughly 130 tons of cargo.
The Ultimate Reasons to Explore
6. The Three G’s
Gold God Glory
Gold
1. New Nation of England, France Portugal & Spain desire power and a
need to fill their treasuries2. Needed money to pay for their
expanding governments & standing armies
3.“Second Sons” Inheritance Problems
God1. A strong desire
to spread Christianity and halt the spread of Islam
2. Eventually a race between Catholics &
Protestants for New World souls
Glory
1. Increases the power of the rising monarchs Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands and England all wanted be the super power of the era!
2. A chance for a country and an individual to become great!
3. The conquistadors, or the conquerors emerge for all three reasons.
Religion connection to Exploration
Spreading Christianity to the Dark side of the globe
Turning heathens to Christians Gaining allies and power
Video
Section 1 Questions
What new tools did sailors have for exploring?
Why was the Caravel a good ship for long distance travel?
Why did European rulers want to spread Christianity?
CHAPTER 15 SECTION 2
Portugal leads the way
Learning Objectives section II1. What accomplishments is Prince Henry
known for?2. Why was Portugal the leader in
exploration?3. What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?4. Why did Spain and Portugal agree to the
Treaty of Tordesillas?5. What is a Trading company?6. How are the trading companies
constructed?
Prince Henry the Navigator
Superstar of the maritime history
He financed many voyages to gain territory and spread Christianity
Explored the western coast of Africa
His greatest contribution:
1. First School for Oceanic Navigation 1418 an astronomical observatory Portugal.
2. Sailors were trained in navigation, map-making, and astronomy
3. From this school come two greats:
Diaz and da Gama
Beyond Darkest Africa
Bartholomew Dias
A fierce, 13 day storm blew his ship off course rounding the tip of Africa. He only realized how far he had gone when the skies cleared.
Made it around the horn of Good Hope. Africa.
Vasco da Gama
his first voyage, da Gama managed to reach Calicut in India (his goal) and sail home.
The ruler of Calicut, welcomed da Gama:
“The devil take ye!” was scornful da Gama had not brought valuable presents.
Da Gama’s Second Trip
Da Gama left better prepared the second time, with 14 well armed ships instead of four. Priests and religious processions sent him off with blessings. But he didn’t bring gifts.
He demanded surrender of all valuables from a ship filled with 380 Muslim pilgrims. When they delayed he took the valuables—then burned the ship and everyone on it.
Da Gama continued…..
At Calicut, he seized fishermen and traders in the harbor, hanged them, cut up their bodies, and sent the hands, feet, and heads to the haughty Indian Ruler.
He left 5 ships of soldiers to secure the trading city
Considered a national Hero to Portugal
Power shift in the East
Spain made conquests in the Americas and in Asia
Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas Land to the west of Brazil belonged to
Spain East of Brazil belonged to Portugal
•So why aren’t the people speaking mostly Portuguese in the Western Hemisphere? •Because Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their claims in America and they agreed to call on the Pope for help•BUT It backfires on Portugal, OOPS!!
Portuguese Explorers: Took the lead in finding routes and new lands
Who’s Land Was It?
• In 1494 Pope Alexander VI draws an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean line from the North Pole to the South Pole called the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas
• Spain to control west
territories Portugal to control
east territories.
Trading Companies
Portuguese English Dutch French Setup to conduct trade with the East
Government gives trading rights
Government gets new markets and or money
Shareholders get goods and/or money
Trading company makes tradesand receives goods
and /or money
Shareholders give money for trade
Video
Section 2 Questions
1. What accomplishments is Prince Henry known for?
2. What new commodity did the Portuguese trade at their first trading post?
3. Why was Da Gama’s explorations significant?
CHAPTER 16
EUROPE EXPANDS OVERSEAS
Learning Objectives section 1 What were the results of the first
encounters between the Spanish and Native Americans?
What long term impact did Columbus’s voyages have on Europe?
Why was Ferdinand Magellan’s discovery
important. Explain the importance of Mercantilism
and balance of trade.
Section 1Conquests in the Americans
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies, in the Caribbean.
Seized gold and forced the natives to convert to Christianity and made them slaves.
Smallpox, measles and influenza wiped out native villages.
Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance, to such diseases
Long term Impact
Lead to contact between Europe and the Americas
Mapped parts of the coastline of north and south America
Colonization of interior of the Americas Discovery of natural resources Slavery of indigenous people
Alvarez Cabral Amerigo Vespucci Representing Portugal
– found Brazil
Representing Spain Found Venezuela
Representing Portugal Found Argentina Convinced that these
and were not Asia but a new unknown land
North and South America were named after him.
Boldest Undertaking of the Age!
Ferdinand Magellan
Sponsored by Spain
Portuguese explorer set out find a western route to India
First Circumnavigator of the Globe Ferdinand Magellan
Charted a narrow waterway named Strait of Magellan
which enabled sailors to cross to Pacific Ocean.
Although the voyage is attributed to Magellan, he did not succeed in the circumnavigating globe. He was killed in the Philippine islands of the Pacific ocean.
The growth of Mercantilism
Circumnavigation lead to material gain. Mercantilism
Governments tried to increase national wealth by selling more goods to other countries than they brought.
Balance of trade The difference between a county’s imports
and their exports
CHAPTER 16 SECTION 2
Spanish and Portuguese colonies
Section 2 Learning Objectives How did Spanish conquistadors conquer
the Aztec and Incan empires? Why were the Spanish victorious? How did Spain set up the social classes in
it’s American colonies? What were the chief features of colonial
society and culture?
Were the Spanish Victorious? Why The Spanish had superior military
technology muskets, cannons, and armor.
They used horses, which frightened some Indians, who had never seen such animals.
The Spanish were able to take advantage of division and discontent among the Indians. In fact, Indians provided the Spanish with much of their fighting power.
Disease brought by the Europeans weakened the Aztecs and Incas.
Hernan Cortés
landed on the Mexican coast in 1519.
Cortés arranged alliances with discontented peoples who hated their Aztec overlords.
The Aztec emperor, Montezuma, thought Cortés might be a god.
When relations grew strained and Cortes conquered the Aztecs.
Francisco Pizarro
arrived in Peru in 1532
Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured and overran the Incan heartland.
Gain gold and other resources
Governing the colonies
Council of the Indies Law making body for the colonies
Viceroys Representatives of the monarch Principal governors of the American colonies Chosen among Spanish noble families Required to report to the Council of the Indies Collected royal taxes, enforced laws,
nominated officials, oversaw conversion and protection of native Americans
Granted encomiendas
Encomiendas Land grant system Included the land and the native people Was a form of slavery
serfdom
The Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of plants, animals, and culture
Impact Change of diet for
European and Natives
Cash crops- grown for cash instead of food
Cotton was introduced
Sugar cane Slavery
Role of Missionaries
Convert the natives to the Catholic faith Train natives for varies trades To change the encomiendas system Change of thought
Natives were destined to be enslaved Brought in Africans to work
Spain’s influence on Colonial society
Sought to blend Spanish and indigenous cultures
Spanish preferred to live in cities Structure the same as back home
Social classes of colonies
PeninsularesBorn in Spain
Creoles- American born descendants
of Peninsulares_____________________________________
Mestizos- a mix of Native American and Spanish
Mulattoes- of African and Spanish descent
___________________________________________________________Native American and Africans
The Portuguese Colony of Brazil Granted land grants Coastal and interior built up Too much competition from cash crops Grew sugar cane Developed cattle ranches Gold discovery- main export5
SECTION 3
Dutch, French, and English Colonies
Learning Objectives
How did Portugal and other European nations challenge Spanish power?
Why was New Netherland able to attract a variety of colonists?
Why did the French have trouble attracting colonist to New France?
What event happened in 1588 that opened the way for English colonization in North America?
How did the American colonies change the European economy?
Challenging Spanish PowerTo get around Spain’s strict control over
colonial trade, smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists.
Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on Spanish treasure ships. Some of these pirates, called privateers, even operated with the approval of European governments.
The French Settlements in the Americas
French ships harvested fish off Newfoundland. French did not build permanent settlements
until 1608. Samuel de Champlain established Quebec the 1st
permanent French colony in Canada
French explorers and fur traders traveled inland, claiming vast territory.
The government sought settlers to farm the land, but the harsh Canadian climate and unfriendly Indians attracted few French settlers.
Thus, the population of New France grew slowly.
The Dutch Colonies
Henry Hudson Found a new water route through north America to
Asia Instead found a river and called it the Hudson
River New Netherland Europe's strongest navel
power Interested more in making a profit than
religion Attracted people from many different
religions and countries
The English in North America Spain was going to attack England but a
big storm hit and England was able to defeat Spain.
John Cabot claimed much of North Atlantic coast
People colonized North America Freedom of religion To get rich To slow Spanish colonization
Early English Colonies
James town Virginia first successful colony
Many settlers died Mining instead of farming at first Started growing
Tobacco- rice- indigo- and cotton Enslaved the African
13 colonies
Were establish during 1600’s and 1700’s Developed different way of life because
of climate and geographical conditions Exported goods to other colonies and
back to England Used slave labor
The commercial revolution
The expansion of industry, trade and banking
Raising prices for goods (inflation) Capitalism- the investment of money for
profit Investors- people who put money into a
business
Joint-stock company Reduced rick of losing money Cost and profits can shared by many
investors
SECTION 4
Africa and the Atlantic slave trade
Learning objectives
Why did the Portuguese sailors explore the western coast of Africa?
Why did the Atlantic slave trade begin? What was the system known as
triangular trade. What is the middle passage? What is tight and loose pack?
Slavery in Africa
Slavery had always been around There are different forms of slavery
Prisoners of war For debts Not hereditary Sold for money ( daughters)
European saw slaves as property to be brought and sold
The Portuguese in Africa
Explored the western coast to find a route to India and to Asia
Main interest in trading for GOLD Built forts along the coast for protection
and trading Western Coast known as the GOLD
COAST
The Atlantic slave
Trade was started in the 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain’s American empire.
Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to work on tobacco and sugar plantations in the Americas.
Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to seize captives in the interior and bring them to coastal trade posts and fortresses.
The slave trade intensified as the demand for slaves increased in the Americas and the demand for luxury goods increased in Africa.
African slavery begins
Increase in trade competition Needed cheap labor None Christian None European More resistance to European diseases Unlimited supply
THE DOOR OF NO RETURN
Senegal's Gorée Island
On the slave ship
Tight pack loose pack
Slave lies on their side
Touching the person in font of them
Slave lies on their back or stomach
Touching the next person arms
Triangular trade route
Transatlantic trade formed a 3 way exchange of goods and people Europe------Africa------ Americas
Middle passage
The second leg of the triangular trade route.
Guns, cotton, goods were sold in Africa and slaves were brought to sell in the Americas
10-20% died on the trip Young men were sought after first then
young women who could bare children