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Unit #7 Exploration and
Discovery
ReconquistaRetaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Christian
soldiers after 732 AD (Battle of Tours)Completed by Portugal – early 1400sCompleted by Spain – 1492Iberian Muslims – called “Moors”Christian Soldiers: Conquistadores
Used by Spain and Portugal to explore Africa and the New World for the “Glory of God”
Kings also needed to get them off the Iberian peninsula – they could cause trouble with no one left to fight
Reconquista Image
SpicesKey to wealth in the Renaissance worldHighly desired by Europeans in an age
before refrigerationGrown in what is today Indonesia Spice Trade was controlled by Muslims
(remember – Mecca had been a trading center before Islam came to Arabia – the trade flowed through Arabia and Egypt and into the Northern Italian City States)
Pepper – worth its weight in gold by 1492Cloves and Cinnamon
both very expensive – used for “medicine”
Modern Spice Market in Turkey
Prince Henry the NavigatorPortuguese prince – Son
of King John I (first king of Portugal)
Started a school of navigation in Portugal
Wanted to bring the Renaissance to Portugal – needed money to do so
spices = moneyDreamed of sailing around
Africa and reaching the Spice Islands of the Indies
Portuguese ExplorationsSeries of explorations
sent down the coast of Africa – looking for the route around it to India
Invented the Caravel to travel into the wind (tacking)
Ran into islands off the coast of Africa (Madeira and Azores)
Found the bight of Africa in the 1450s (before Henry’s death)
Map showing Spanish and Portuguese Explorations of Africa and the New World
Kingdom of GhanaPowerful and wealthy African coastal
kingdom found in the Bight of AfricaAccidently found by the Portuguese in the
1450sThree major trading items
Salt (used for preserving meat and milk)Gold (will fund Portuguese exploration)Slaves (minor trading item in the 1450s – not really important until the discovery of the New World and the establishment of sugar plantations)
Slavery out of Africa 12 million slaves taken: 1450-
1880 Portuguese ran the trade Middle Passage – from Africa
to Havana, Cuba Where did they all go?
1 million never reached land
3 million to Brazil 2.5 million to Caribbean 3 million to New Spain 2 million to Europe (various
places – many as domestic servants , coachmen and other house laborers)
500,000 to what is today the US South
Portugal and the Search for Spices After finding Ghana the
Portuguese continued down the coast of Africa
1498 – Vasco Da Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope and establishes trade with India and Indonesia
Portugal quickly became Europe’s spice traders
Huge money to be made by Portugal in trade (salt, slaves and spices)
Christopho ColumboFrom a common family in Genoa, Italy (a sea trading city
with connections to the Spice trade)went to Portugal early in the 1470sWorked for the Portuguese sailing from Lisbon to Iceland –
hears tale of the Vikings and western settlementsBelieved that the Vikings had actually settled north of Japan
on the east coast of AsiaHeavily influenced by the Journal of Marco Polo, an Italian
who traveled overland to China in the 13th centuryDeveloped a plan to sail west to reach the IndiesPitched his plan to the Portuguese crown – turned him down
(Portugal is already going around Africa and dealing with Ghana
1486 – Arrives in Spain – Reconquista is not finished – has to wait – Queen Isabella liked the idea, but would not fund it until the end of the Reconquista
World map from the 1490s
1492 – Two Worlds CollideJan 1492 – Granada surrenders –
Reconquista is over and the Spanish crown agrees to fund Columbus’ venture
Columbus was given three ships: Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria
October 12, 1492 – land sightedColumbus named the island “Hispaniola”
and claimed it for Spain (most experts believe he’s somewhere in the modern Bahamas)
He’s convinced that he’s somewhere off the east coast of China
Called the natives “Indians” – named after the Indies (where he believes he is)
Christopher Columbus:a critical assessmentCrazy? He saw Asians
in the CaribbeanVisionary? He opened
the way to the WestHeartbroken? He
sailed 4 times to the New World, yet always believed that he was just off the coast of Asia
Died Penniless in SpainDid he really “discover”
anything?Why is he so
important?
Nueva EspaňaSuper colony – stretched from today’s
Utah to the end of South AmericaCapital: Mexico CitySpanish really focused on the gold and
silver mines of central and south AmericaThree reasons to come to the new world
God: Christianize the American IndiansGold: gold found in Central Mexico (Aztecs) and silver found in Peru (Incas)
Glory: glory for the Conquistadores
Spanish MissionsThe Spanish used a series of missions to link the
parts of New Spain togetherMany of the cities of the American southwest
were originally missionsSan Diego, San Antonio, Santa Fe, Los Angeles,
Santa Barbara, San FranciscoMissions
1/3 Church1/3 fort1/3 school
Alamo (San Antonio)
Map of New Spain
North American ColonizationSix European Countries colonized North America – 3 were minor settlements
Russia – Alaska – fishing and whalingSweden – New Sweden (along the
Delaware River) – now southern parts of New Jersey
Netherlands (Dutch) – New Amsterdam – becomes New York in 1664
European Colonization of North America
Major European Settlements in North America
• Spanish – Nueva Espana – stretched to Utah – included Florida (has oldest city in the US)– This territory was not where Spain concentrated its
resources
• French – New France (along the St. Lawrence Seaway)– Louisiana (along the Mississippi River)– Mostly settled for trade with the Indians– French saw the Indians as allies and partners– Colonies run by Absolutism – governors had
complete control
Map of New France
English Settlements
Most were founded for religious choice
Puritans – wanted to clear the Anglican Church of its Catholicism
Quakers – went to Pennsylvania
Only Rhode Island founded for religious freedom
Gives America the idea of the “city on a hill” – we’re God’s chosen people
Generally founded for economic reasons
Cash cropsTobaccoIndigo (blue dye)RiceCotton (after 1793)
Heavily dependent on labor
Will turn to slavery by 1640 – it makes economic sense
Home of the “American Dream”
Northern Colonies(Massachusetts)
Southern Colonies(Virginia)
Map of the English Colonies before 1763
What purpose did the colonies serve? Why did they exist?
Mercantilism – economic system whereby colonies exist solely to serve the mother country in terms of providing raw materials and as a market for finished goods. The “needs” of the colony were secondary to the needs of the mother country.
Mercantilism and Triangle Trade
The Columbian ExchangeOld World to New World New World to Old World
People – colonists / slaves
Horses and other draft animals
Agricultural products – wheat
Religion – Christianity
Diseases – especially smallpox
Ideas behind government and culture
Agricultural products -- corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, potatoes
Diseases – syphilis