WORLD ISSUES CH 14 & 15

15.1 Modern Africa• UN Charter- all colonial

people have right to self-determination.

• (indepedence)• Many white Africans resisted

giving up their privileged status.

• independence led to rule by indigenous leaders

• 1960-65, 28 African countries gained independence!

White Board

• 1. what were some European nations that had African colonies?

• 2. What were the only independent African nations prior to this era

Ghana• Gold Coast ->Ghana in

1957 • first former British

African colony to gain independence

• Kwame Nkrumah leader • Nkrumah preferred

socialism to put ownership of country’s wealth into hands of society.

Algeria• France kept control of Algeria, – one million French settlers.

• nationalists formed National Liberation Front (F.L.N.) & started a guerrilla war for independence.

• Charles DeGaulle eventually granted Algerian independence in 1962.

Kenyan Independence• Jomo Kenyatta founded the Kenya African

National Union- gain independence from Britain.

• imprisoned on charges of supporting Mau Mau terrorists.– Mau Mau attacked British and whites in

Kwenya• After his release, Kenyatta led Kenya to

independence in 1963 and served as its president from 1964 until his death in 1978.

• He encouraged development of Western-style capitalism.

White Board• From the 3 nations we discussed what is one

similarity and one differnce?

South Africa• Blacks formed the African National Congress (A.N.C.) against

white rule.• Afrikaners (Dutch settlers, “Boers”) became more repressive -

apartheid (“apartness.”)• 1960, white police opened fire on blacks engaged in a peaceful

protest in Sharpeville, killing 69 protestors• 1962 A.N.C. leader Nelson Mandela was arrested.

– A.N.C. called for armed resistance vs. white govt.

Mandela & Tutu

• Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison for his work in ANC

• Desmond Tutu worked nonviolently to free Mandela & end South African apartheid.

• Won Nobel Peace Prize

End OF Apartheid

• Mandela’s unjust imprisonment gained world attention

• 1990, president F.W. DeKlerk released Mandela and agreed to hold democraticelections for all races.

New S Africa• Mandela was elected first black

president of South Africa in 1994.

• In spirit of reconciliation Mandela said, “We shall build a society in which all South Africans, both black andwhite, will be able to walk tall… assured of their inalienable right to human dignity…”

• Both Mandela & De Klerk were awarded Nobel Peace Prize!

• Today S Africa still struggles with poverty and crime but are slowly improving.

Pan-Africanism

• was supported by many new African leaders.• All 53 African nations have joined the African

Union formed in 2002.• The A.U. promotes democracy &economic growth.• Most African economies depend upon a single

cash-crop or resource export.• import most of technology and manufactured

goods from the West (results in a poor balance oftrade.)

Africa II Current Problems in AfricaRwanda Civil War

• -Hutus- majority- little power in the country• -Tutsis-Minority- Control of countries

government

White Board

• What are some Current Issues in Africa you have heard or read about?

Genocide of Tutsis • 1994 Hutu leaders told their

people to kill Tutsis and people supported them– 800,000 Tutsis and

their Hutu supporters killed– Civil war spread to the Congo

• Fighting continued past 2000. United Nations came in to bring Peace

• approx 3 ½ million people had been killed by violence, hunger & disease.

White Board

• What other events are like this?

Crisis in Darfur country of Sudan

• Sudan is an Arab controlled country

Darfur south Sudan- Non- Arabs live• 2003 Government said to

support Janjaweed militia to kill and kick non Arabs and drive them out the country

• Killed 450,000 and burned down entire villages

• 2.7 Million kicked out of their country live refugee camps

AIDS is an epidemic• 2/3 of AIDS victims worldwide

live in Africa, south of the Sahara.• Many children have become

orphans. Traditional support from extended families has broken down.

• Many countries do not have money needed for health & education facilities or to purchase medicine.

• Uganda has engaged in an impressive campaign to fight AIDS with support from local &international authorities, to provide health & sex education.

Discuss

• What things in the US help control the number of aids cases?

• What can African nations or the world do to help the situation

Problems

• Some new states spent their money on military equipment or went few rich– Did not industrialize.

• Corruption & bribery became common.• High population & drought led to malnutrition, famine &

disease.• Political unrest & civil war have made farming and distribution

of food very difficult.• Poverty is worst in rural areas, in which 75% of Africans live. • Cities grow looking for work

– leading to: overcrowding, slums, poor sanitation & traffic jams.• Polarized-Millions have no running water or electricity. while

wabenzi enjoy lavish lifestyles.

Disunity in Africa

• After independence, many hoped for development of stable, democratic African govts., but many became military regimes & one-party states.

• Cold War created problems as superpowers competed for influence.

• Concept of nationhood undermined by warring ethnic groups (tribalism.) Most national borders arbitrarily drawn by European colonists.

Women's Rights• Women are allowed to vote,

but few hold public office. • Women dominate some

professions such as teaching& secretarial work, but

do not have access to higher paying professions.

• Most females work at home, in low-paid farm & factory jobs or as house servants.

• In rural areas, husbands are chosen for women by their families.

15.2The Middle East

• May 14, 1948 in Tel Aviv, David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the state of Israel. “The land of Israel was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and national identity was formed. In their exile… the Jews remained faithful to it… never ceasing to hope and pray for the restoration of

their national freedom…”

Zionsim-The Creation of Israel

• Both Jews & Muslim Arabs claimed Palestine.

• During 1920s & 30s many Jews moved to Palestine, fleeing from Nazi persecution.

• 1948 U.N. resolution divided Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state. – Israel & Palestine

White Board

• What event in the 1940’s caused the world want to give the Jewish people a homeland?

Arab Israeli Conflict• 1st Arab Israeli War• Arab nations saw this as a betrayal and launched a failed

invasion of Israel, – But still refused to recognized Israel’s right to exist.

• Many Palestinian Arabs fled to neighboring Muslim countries as refugees.

• This has contributed to terrorist attacks & violent retaliations.

Egypt takes the Suez

Suez War• Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser seized

the Suez Canal from British and French in 1956. – Britain, France & Israel launched a joint

attack on Egypt. – Americans & Soviets supported Egypt and forced

the three attacking nations to withdraw.

Six Day War• 1967 Nasser blockaded Israeli ships from using

the Gulf of Aqaba.• Israeli warplanes responded by destroying

nearly entire Egyptian air force. • Israeli armies broke blockade and occupied

the Sinai Peninsula, West Bank, Jerusalem & Golan Heights.

• A million more Arabs lived under Israeli control.

White BoardBased on the map what areas did Israel take

after the 6 day war?

October war• 1973 Arab forces led by

Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat launched a new attack on Israel. A cease-fire agreement was reached by the U.N.

• During this war, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (O.P.E.C.) announced price hikes & lower production, causing oil shortages in West.

• Forced Israel to fear the threat of an Egyptian Attack

Camp David Accords 1978• U.S. President Jimmy Carter invited Egyptian

president Sadat & Israeli prime minister Menachim Begin to Camp David, Maryland to for first peace treaty between an Arab country (Egypt) & Israel.

• E- recognizes IsrealAnd will no longer attack• I- will return Sinai

Discuss

• Will Sadat be seen as a hero or a villain by other Arab nations?

Sadat later assassinated• by Muslim fanatics in Egypt who felt that he

had betrayed them by making peace w. Israel.

Palestinian Liberation Organization (P.L.O.)• believed only Palestinian Arabs should have nation in

Palestine.• P.L.O. leader Yasir Arafat led terrorist attacks vs. Israel

starting in 1960s.• failure to achieve self-rule P.L.O. supporters living in

Israel began militant movement in1980sknown as the intifada.

• A second intifada started in 2000.

Discuss

• What do the Palestinians want and do you feel they have a reason to be upset?

Israel & the P.L.O. reached an agreement

• autonomy for Palestinian Authority (led by Arafat) in return P.L.O. official recognition of the state of Israel.

• There is no fully free Palestinian state.• Jewish extremists want to continue building

Jewish homes in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.

• Tensions exist to this day

Iran• Oil revenue helped Iran become rich

& the shah was an ally of the U.S.• Devout Muslims believed modernizing

influences (greed & materialism) corrupted Iranian culture.

• Ayatollah (Shiite Muslim holy man) Khomeini denounced Westernizing policies,– mass protests vs. shah, who fled in

1979. – Shah’s supporters either fled or were

executed.

Iranian revolution led to Islamic republic

• (theocracy) led by Khomeini. • Anti-American sentiment erupted in Nov.

1979 when militants seized 52 U.S. hostages from embassy.

Iran(Shiite) Iraq(Sunni) War 1980-1988

• Iraq fought over religion &territory (strategic Strait of Hormuz.) from 1980-1988.

• Saddam Hussein attacked in 1980. • used children to clear minefields, poison gas

used vs. civilians• Brutal against Kurds, northern ethnic minority

who want their own state.• Ceasefire in 1988,

Khomeini died in 1989,

• new govt. under Pres Hashemi Rafsanjani loosened some control over society.

Criticisms on Iran

• youth wanted more freedoms and to an end to power of conservative clerics.

• official corruption and high inflation sparked new wave of govt. repression.

• Current president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has anti-Israel position

• aggressive development of nuclear power & human rights violations.

15.3 Terrorism

• Terrorists commit horrible acts of violence vs. innocent victims to intimidate states & get publicity for their “cause.” Some believe they’re fulfilling “God’s will” & willing (& eager) to die!

Terrorist acts have greatly increased in the later 20th century.

• Foreign Terrorist Organizations include: guerrillas in Latin America, militants to liberate Palestine, Islamic militants fighting Westerninfluence in Middle East & separatists seeking independent states.

Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.)• used terrorism to push Great Britain to give up

Northern Ireland, • Northern Irish ruled mostly by Protestants and

the I. R. A. is Catholic.

State-sponsored terrorism

• militant govts. such as: Iraq, Iran, Syria, Libya & N. Korea have trained,

• financed & protected terrorists who have same views

Christians & Muslims

• Many have viewed each other w. hostility since the time of the Muslim Jihads & theChristian Crusades.

• Extremists stir up resentment vs. wealthy West and recruit terrorists among the poor.

Terrorist anger at the West

• Westerners are often the targets of terrorism in Muslim world (Islamic vs. modern cultures.)

• Offensive western values: materialism, women’s rights, freedom of speech, freedom of religion, separation of church & state, freedom to choose own lifestyle, vices of extramarital sex and recreational drug use, influence of Western movies, music, immorality, etc.

Arab-Israeli conflict- base of conflict• 2004 head of P.L.O. Yasir Arafat died.

Mahmoud Abbas elected new president of West Bank PalestinianAuthority in 2005.

US influence in the Middle East

• 1920s U.S. began investing in Middle East oil industry.

• wealth to ruling families but most citizens remain poor.– Anger at U.S. for supporting these

families.• Some Muslims feared that U.S.

business would weaken their religion & culture.

• US support of Israel angers many Middle East and has made U.S. a terrorist target.

“pure” Islamic society.

• After Iranian Islamic revolution of 1979, “religious police” enforced strict, conservative clothing styles, social values & legal system.

• This practice has spread to other Muslim countries.

Islam and Women

• In Muhammad’s time Muslim women had political and social rights. Restrictions on women came later.

• 19th & 20th centuries, some Muslim scholars debated restrictions on women.

• Women’s rights began to increase in nations such as Turkey & Iran (till 1979 )

The US War on Terror Afghanistan and Iraq

Afghanistan

• After WWII, king of Afghanistan developed close ties USSR

• New Communist leaders were opposed by Afghan rebels who wanted an Islamic state. 1979, Soviets launch an invasion

U.S. help Mujahedin“freedom fighters” vs. Soviets.

• Muslims headed to Afghanistan to fight Soviets, – Osama bin Laden (from wealthy Saudi Arabian family.)

• 1988 bin Laden founded al-Qaeda “the base” which recruited Muslims, sent money & arms to Afghanistan.

1989 soviet leave Afghanistan– Bin Laden convinced that

superpowers could be beaten.

• believed Western ideas have contaminated Muslim societies

• Angry Saudi leaders allowed U.S. troops to use Saudi Arabia as a base

Bin Laden Terrorist Leader• He used Taliban-controlled

Afghanistan for training al-Qaeda recruits.

• Taliban is an extremist- Muslim fundamentalist:

• Al Qaeda bombed U.S. embassies in Kenya & Tanzania,

killing 224.

Attacks on America• 2000, al-Qaeda suicide terrorists

crashed boat full of explosives into warship U.S.S. Cole, docked in Yemen

• September 11, 2001 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four airliners, demolished-N.Y.C. World Trade Center w. two jets, -one hit the Pentagon in Arlington, VA.

-crashed in Pennsylvania (diverted from Washington, D.C. by heroic passengers.)

US war on Terror

• 2001, President George W. Bush led coalition of nations, launching attacks vs. Taliban w. U.S. & N.A.T.O. air strikes.

• Afghan leaders, U.S. & its allies, created new govt., supported internationally by billions of dollars.

US Troops in Afghanistan

• Allied troops arrived as peacekeepers & to hunt for terrorists,

• Many Afghans rejoiced at Taliban’s defeat and enjoyed new freedoms for men, women & children.

• Fundamentalist were upset with American occupation

• New president Hamid Karzai faced ongoing problems of poverty & Taliban insurgents.

Bin Laden is Killed

• In May of 2011 Navy Seals Killed Osama Bin Laden in a large house in Pakistan

Iraq

• 1990, Iraq Kuwait. U.S. led international force that destroyed Iraq’s forces & freed Kuwait.– (Gulf War)

• 1991, U.N. inspectors found evidence biological weapons & working on nuclear bomb.

• U.N. Security Council resolutions told Iraq to disarm weapons programs, but Hussein violated resolutions.

Fear of WMD’s

• feared terrorists acquire weapons of mass destruction (W.M.D.’s.) from Iraq

• Bush accused Iraq, Iran & N. Korea of being “axis of evil.”

• 2002, Secretary of State Colin Powell urged Bush to get U.N. support for war vs. Iraq. U.S. Congress voted

to authorize Bush’s request to use force vs. Iraq.

US attacks Iraq II• U.N. ultimatum reveal

weapons programs, stop supporting terrorists & stop persecuting Hussein opponents.

• -US inspectors accused Iraq of hiding its weapons.

US needs Allies to Attack Iraq

• Bush asked U.N. for war, but France & Russia refused.– U.S., G B & some allies prepared for war.

• Antiwar protestors-Iraq not involved in 9-11 attacks & evidence of weapons was inconclusive.

2003 Hussein Defeated

• No W.M.D.’s found. U.S. flawed info.• Many Iraqis rejoiced at defeat of Hussein,– unhappy that US & GB troops stayed to set up an

interim (temporary) govt. • New Iraqi govt. had difficult challenges due to

differences between three major groups: Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims & Kurds.

Hussein captured-executed

• insurgents increasingly attacked coalition forces& Iraqi's who support gov– (Sunni & radicals who want strict Islamic republic)

2004, U.S. officially transferred sovereignty to Iraq

• Challenges lay ahead for Iraq: create a national consensus among three competing groups, insurgents, & rebuild infrastructure.

• 2012 All US combat forces left Iraq