Slide 1
World Religions
Part 7: Islam
Session 1: Origins
Dirk’s Contact Info
Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers
Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner
Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com
Slide 2
This Session
1 Preliminary Considerations2 The Prophet Muhammad3 The Quran
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Slide 3
1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
Part 7.1: Islam – Origins
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Slide 4
Islam Worldwide
~1.6 billion, 23% of the world population
Image & Data Source: http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-muslim/
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Slide 5
A Quote from the Quran
“True Religion, in God’s eyes, is islam: [devotion to Him alone].”
Quran 3:19
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Slide 6
An Islamic Scholar’s View
“And yet we cannot tell you exactly what Islam is. There is no single religious authority, and it is too broad and deep to be captured in mere concepts and words.”
“There is today a struggle for the meaning of Islam: who will speak for it, what it stands for, and what its essential values are.”
Hassaballa, Hesham A.; Helminski, Kabir (2007-12-18). The Beliefnet Guide to Islam (Beliefnet Guides) (p. 9-10). Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. Kindle Edition.
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Slide 7
Another Helpful Comment
“The central theme of this book is that the image of Islam (particularly in the West) is very different from the lived reality of over a billion adherents
around the globe. While Islam is often imagined as a static and monolithic tradition, the reality is quite
different. Like other world religions, it is fluid, dynamic, and characterized by enormous diversity.”
(2013-01-02). An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century (p. 4). Wiley. Kindle Edition.
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Slide 8
Challenges to Understanding
Multiple Islamic traditions Cultural and religious dimensions of Islam Long and diverse history of Jewish, Christian,
Muslim interaction Recent terrorist activityTranslation of the Quran
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Slide 9
The Translation Used in this Course
Haleem, M. A. S. Abdel (2005-05-12). The Qur'an (Oxford World's Classics) Oxford University Press.
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Slide 10
2 THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD
Part 7.1: Islam – Origins
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Slide 11
Mecca – Birthplace of Muhammad
Image Source: By Zakaryaamr at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6949467
The Qa’abah (Kaaba)Center of Arabian tribal
worship prior to MuhammadBelieved to be built by
Adam; destroyed by the Flood and then rebuilt by Abraham and Ishmael
Then filled with over 300 images of various tribal gods, until Muhammad later cleanses it of images
Now a center for Muslim pilgrimage known as the Hajj
Contains the “Black Stone” which is believed to have dropped from heaven as a sign to Adam and Eve where to build their altar
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Slide 12
The Prophet Muhammad
Image Source: Bluemangoa2z at Malayalam Wikipedia - Transferred from ml.wikipedia to Commons by Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12304557
Mausoleum of Muhammad in Medina
c. 570 – 632 Born in Mecca (now in Saudi
Arabia) Born into the Quraysh line,
custodians of the Qa’abah Father, Abdullah, died before
his birth; mother, Amina, died when he was 6
Raised by grandfather, Abdul-Mutalib, and uncle, Abu Talib
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Slide 13
The Prophet Muhammad
Image Source: http://www.almowaten.net/?p=41538, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29756608
Mausoleum Khadija, Mecca, before its destruction in 1925
Married Khadija at age 25; 12 additional wives after Khadijah’s death
3 sons and 4 daughters (all except 1 son born by Khadija; Shia recognize only 1 daughter, Fatima)
Only Fatima outlives him
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Slide 14
First Revelation Mt Hira, 610
Image Source: Nacizane - originally posted to Flickr as CEBEL-İ NUR HİRA, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6309363
Entrance to the traditional site of the Cave of Hira
“Read! In the name of your Lord who created: He created man from a clinging form. Read! Your Lord is the Most Bountiful One who taught by the pen, who taught man what he did not know.”
Quran 96:1-5
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Slide 15
First Believers
Image Source: Juzer (vector image: Gothika)This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. - en:Image:92110.jpg uploaded by
en:user:Juzer on 19:59, 8 August 2007, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5111734
Ambigram depicting Muhammad (right) and Ali (left) written in a single word. The 180 degree inverted
form shows both words.
Khadija
Ali ibn Abi Talib (10 year old cousin)
Abu Bakr (close friend)
Zayd ibn Haritha (later Zayda ibn Muhammad, after he is adopted by the Prophet)
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Slide 16
Beginning of Public Ministry, 613
Image Source: Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15330578
The last ayah from the sura An-Najm in the Quran
“It was not the jinn who brought down this Qur’an: it is neither in their interests nor in their power, indeed they are prevented from overhearing it. So [Prophet] do not invoke any gods beside God, or you will incur torment. Warn your nearest kinsfolk and lower your wing tenderly over the believers who follow you.”
Quran 26:210-214
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Slide 17
Early Opposition in Mecca
Image Source: Erisedstar30259 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42022476.
The name "Sumayyah" in arabiccalligraphy
Sumayyah bint Khabbab, first Muslim Martyr, female slave killed by her master
Bilal, Muslim slave, heavy rock placed on his chest to force his conversion
Boycott called against Muhammad’s protector, BanuHashim
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Slide 18
Muslim Flight to Abyssinia, 615
Image Source: ExploreTheMed - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15509707
Map showing this migration and Muhammad’s later Hijra to Yathrib/Medina
For protection, Muhammad sends small group of early Muslims to the Christian Kingdom of Aksum (now, Ethiopia and Eritrea)
Sometimes called the First Hijra Story recorded in Ibn Ishaq’s 8th century
biography Ja'far ibn Abi Talib defends the group
before King Negus by quoting a passage from the Quran regarding Jesus and the Virgin Birth
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Slide 19
“Satanic Verses”? Incident alleged to have occurred in 615; most Muslims
reject its historicity Also known as the “Story of the Crane”, a mistranslation
of one the Arabic words in the text First legends preserved 200 years after the fact Alleges that Muhammad, for political purposes, uttered
a Quranic phrase affirming three goddesses worshipped in Mecca; later Gabriel tells him that these verses were actually spoken by “Satan”.
Became the subject of the highly controversial work by Salman Rushdie in 1988; which triggered a fatwā calling for his death issued by Ayatollah Khomeini
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Slide 20
The Year of Sorrows, 619
His wife, Khadija dies His uncle Abu Talib
dies
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Slide 21
Isra and Mi'raj, c. 620
Image Source: David Shankbone - David Shankbone, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3333978.
The Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem
Image Source: jonathan jacobi - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4946817.
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
Muhammad’s “Night Journey” to “the farthest mosque” and to “the seventh heaven”
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Slide 22
Dome of the Rock
Image Source: By Godot13 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30066572
First constructed in 691 Shares a holy site with the
Western Wall of Judaism and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Christianity
Houses the “Foundation Stone”, traditional Muslim site where Abraham laid Ishmael upon an altar of sacrifice
Also the spot from which Muhammad is believed to have departed on his journey into the heavens
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Slide 23
The Hijrah, 622
Image Source: jonathan jacobi - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4946817.
Map of the Hijrah and the earlier Muslim migration to Abyssinia
Muhammad’s Move from Mecca to Yathrib/Medina
Invited by a delegation of some 75 Muslims who now lived in Medina
About ~200 miles; 26 daysJoined by Abu BakrMedina simply means “city”,
shortened from “city of the Prophet”)
Traditional beginning of the Muslim Calendar, (AH)
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Slide 24
The “Constitution” of Medina
“(This shall be a pact) between the Muslims of Quraysh, the people of Yathrib (the Citizens of Madina) and those who shall follow them and
become attached to them (politically) and fight along with them. (All these communities shall be the
constitutional subjects of the state.) The aforementioned communities shall formulate a
Constitutional Unity as distinct from (other) people.”
Source: http://www.constitutionofmadina.com/blog/2012/02/22/constitution-of-medina-in-63-articles/, accessed 3/30/2016
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Slide 25
A Change in Direction, 624? “Foolish people will say, ‘What has turned them away from the prayer direction they used to face?’”
“Many a time We have seen you [Prophet] turn your face towards Heaven, so We are turning you towards a prayer direction that pleases you. Turn your face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque….”
Quran 2:142
Quran 2:145
“Jews and the people of the scriptures used to be pleased to see the Prophet facing Jerusalem in prayers but when he changed his direction towards the Ka'ba, during the prayers, they disapproved of it.”
Hadith, Sahih Bukhari, 2, No 40, Narrated by Al-Bara bin Azib
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Slide 26
Battle of Badr, 624
Image Source: Lütfi Abdullah -http://www.eslam.de/arab/bildergalerien/s/siyer_i_nebi_bildergalerie.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24715665.
16th century depiction of the Battle
Muhammad’s defeats the Meccans
Muslims outnumbered but victorious
Viewed as confirmation of their new faith
Followed by a Muslim defeat at the Battle of Uhud, 625
Muslims defend against a siege of Medina in the Battle of the Trench, 627.
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Slide 27
Jews Banished from Medina, 624-627
Image Source: http://www.islamiclandmarks.com/madinah-other/site-of-banu-qaynuqah
Remains of a BanuQaynuqa fort, a Jewish tribe banished from Medina for breaking the Constitution of Medina
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Slide 28
Muslims Take Mecca, 630
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12046955
16th century depiction of the taking of Mecca
Meccans breached the truce of Hudaybiyyah negotiated at the end of the Battle of the Trench
10,000 Muslims marched on MeccaTaken with minimal casualtiesMany conversions to IslamCleared the Qa’abah of imagesTradition the Muhammad
personally kept paintings of Jesus and Mary from being destroyed.
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Slide 29
Battles of Hunayn and Tabuk (630-631)
Image Source: Adapted; By No machine-readable author provided. NormanEinstein assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims)., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=760261
Surrounding Tribes suppressed, brought under Muslim control
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Slide 30
Final Pilgrimage and Farewell Sermon, 632
Image Source: Md iet at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18219383
Mt Arafat, Traditional Site of the Farewell Sermon
First Hajj to MeccaVarious traditions
from the hadith regarding the text of this sermon
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Slide 31
A Few Quotes from the Final Sermon
“God has decreed that there will be no usury”
“You have [the right] that [your wives] should not cause anyone of whom you dislike to tread on your beds; and that they should not commit any open indecency (fāḥishah). If they do, then God permits you to shut them in separate rooms and to beat/chastise them, but not severely.”
“Know for certain that every Muslim is a brother of another Muslim, and that all Muslims are brethren.”
I. K. Poonawala in The History of al-Tabari, vol. IX: The Last Years of the Prophet (1990), pp. 112–114, available in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Sermon, accessed
4/13/2016
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Slide 32
Death of the Prophet, 632
Image Source: By Ahmed Medineli - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12047080
"The Prophet's mosque" in Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Slide 33
3 THE QURAN
Part 7.1: Islam – Origins
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Slide 34
The Quran“The Recitation”Viewed as a copy of the
heavenly QuranRevelations given to
Muhammad during his lifetime, beginning in 610
Given in Arabic; translations are at best regarded as interpretations
Rules govern its handling
Image Source: By Unknown - Online Collection of Brooklyn Museum; Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 1992.230_SL1.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10967360
114 surahs, longest to shortest (except for the first surah) Scholars distinguish Mecca from Medina revelations
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Slide 35
The Uthman QuranUthman, 3rd
CaliphIn 651,
Commissioned 5 copies of the Quran to be distributed to various locations
Became an authoritative edition of the Quran
Image Source: By Wiggum - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1196148
Samarkand Kufic Quran, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, which some believe to be one of the Uthman Qurans
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Slide 36
A Few Quotes from the Quran
“God has sent down the most beautiful of all teachings: a Scripture that is consistent and draws comparisons; that causes the skins of those in awe of their Lord to shiver. Then their skins and their hearts soften at the mention of God: such is God’s guidance.”
About Itself
Quran 39:23
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Slide 37
A Few Quotes from the QuranAbout Itself
Quran 41:41-43
“Those who reject the Qur’an when it comes to them—though it is an unassailable Scripture which falsehood cannot touch from any angle, a Revelation sent down from the Wise One, Worthy of All Praise— [should remember that] you [Prophet] are not told anything that the previous messengers were not told: your Lord is a Lord of forgiveness, but also of painful punishment.”
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Slide 38
A Few Quotes from the QuranAbout Prophets in the Bible
Quran 4:163-164
“We have sent revelation to you [Muhammad] as We did to Noah and the prophets after him, to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, to Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon— to David We gave the book [of Psalms]— to other messengers We have already mentioned to you, and also to some We have not. To Moses God spoke directly.”
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Slide 39
A Few Quotes from the QuranAbout Jesus
Quran 3:45-46
“The angels said, ‘Mary, God gives you news of a Word from Him, whose name will be the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, who will be held in honour in this world and the next, who will be one of those brought near to God. He will speak to people in his infancy and in his adulthood. He will be one of the righteous.’”
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Slide 40
A Few Quotes from the QuranAbout Jesus
Quran 4:171
“People of the Book, do not go to excess in your religion, and do not say anything about God except the truth: the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was nothing more than a messenger of God, His word, directed to Mary, a spirit from Him. So believe in God and His messengers and do not speak of a ‘Trinity’— stop [this], that is better for you— God is only one God, He is far above having a son, everything in the heavens and earth belongs to Him and He is the best one to trust.”
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Slide 41
A Few Quotes from the Quran
About Husbands and Wives
Quran 4:19
“You who believe, it is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will, b nor should you treat your wives harshly, hoping to take back some of the bride-gift you gave them, unless they are guilty of something clearly outrageous. Live with them in accordance with what is fair and kind: if you dislike them, it may well be that you dislike something in which God has put much good.”
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Slide 42
A Few Quotes from the Quran
About Husbands and Wives
Quran 4:34
“Husbands should take good care of their wives, with [the bounties] God has given to some more than others and with what they spend out of their own money. Righteous wives are devout and guard what God would have them guard in their husbands’ absence. If you fear high-handedness from your wives, remind them [of the teachings of God], then ignore them when you go to bed, then hit them. If they obey you, you have no right to act against them: God is most high and great.”
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Slide 43
A Few Quotes from the Quran
About Other Religions
Quran 2:256
“There is no compulsion in religion: true guidance has become distinct from error, so whoever rejects false gods and believes in God has grasped the firmest hand-hold, one that will never break. God is all hearing and all knowing.”
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Slide 44
A Few Quotes from the QuranAbout Other Religions
Quran 3:113-115
“But they are not all alike. There are some among the People of the Book who are upright, who recite God’s revelations during the night, who bow down in worship, who believe in God and the Last Day, who order what is right and forbid what is wrong, who are quick to do good deeds. These people are among the righteous and they will not be denied [the reward] for whatever good deeds they do: God knows exactly who is conscious of Him.”
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Slide 45
A Few Quotes from the QuranAbout Other Religions
Quran 2:190-193
“Fight in God’s cause against those who fight you, but do not overstep the limits: God does not love those who overstep the limits. Kill them wherever you encounter them, and drive them out from where they drove you out, for persecution is more serious than killing. Do not fight them at the Sacred Mosque unless they fight you there. If they do fight you, kill them— this is what such disbelievers deserve— but if they stop, then God is most forgiving and merciful. Fight them until there is no more persecution, and worship is devoted to God. If they cease hostilities, there can be no [further] hostility, except towards aggressors.”
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Slide 46
A Few Quotes from the QuranAbout Other Religions
Quran 9:5
“When the [four] forbidden months are over, whereverb you encounter the idolaters, kill them, seize them, besiege them, wait for them at every
lookout post; but if they repent, maintain the prayer, and pay the prescribed alms, let them go on their
way, for God is most forgiving and merciful.”
Translators note: “In this context, this definitely refers to the ones who broke the treaty. The article here is ahdiya (specific) referring to what has already been stated.”
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Slide 47
A Few Quotes from the Quran
About Other Religions
Quran 9:29
“Fight those of the People of the Book who do not [truly] believe in God and the Last Day, who do not
forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden, who do not obey the rule of justice, until they pay
the tax and agree to submit.”
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Slide 48
A Few Quotes from the Quran
About Other Religions
Quran 61:11-12
“Have faith in God and His Messenger and struggle for His cause with your possessions and your
persons— that is better for you, if only you knew—and He will forgive your sins, admit you into
Gardens graced with flowing streams, into pleasant dwellings in the Gardens of Eternity. That is the
supreme triumph.”
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