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World scholarly publications in Ayurveda: A quantitative

analysis of 2001-2010

Mukhtiar Singh

Library Officer,

CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology,

Palampur (HP) - 176061, India, E-mail: [email protected]

Nabi Hasan Deputy Librarian,

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi - 110016, India

E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The paper attempts to evaluate the trend of world literature on Ayurveda in terms of the output of

research publications as indexed in the Science Citation Index during the period from 2001 to 2010. A

total of 983 papers were published by the authors in the field of Ayurveda during the period under study.

The average number of papers published per year was 98.3 publications. The highest number of papers,

i.e. 173 were published during the year 2009. Countries involved in producing publications were 48.

India is the top producing country with 703 (71.52%) publications followed by USA with 144 (14.65%)

and Japan managed to secure third position with 46 (4.68%) publications. The study may be useful to

subject specialists, analysts, researchers, students and policy makers to look into the trends and make

effective policies on the basis of inferences drawn in this paper.

KEYWORDS: Ayurveda; Science Citation Index; Web of Science; Research output; Scholarly output;

Scientometric analysis; Mapping research

1. INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is an intricate medical system that originated in India thousands of years ago. It is widely

regarded as the oldest form of healthcare in the world. It is a system which uses the inherent principles

of nature, to help maintain health in a person by keeping the individual's body, mind and spirit in

perfect equilibrium with nature. The fundamentals of Ayurveda can be found in Hindu scriptures called

the Vedas - the ancient Indian books of wisdom. The Rig Veda, which was written over 6,000 years

ago, contains a series of prescriptions that can help humans overcome various ailments. The aim of this

system is to prevent illness, heal the sick and preserve life. This can be summed up as follows: to

protect health and prolong life ("Swasthyas swasthya rakshanam") and to eliminate diseases and

dysfunctions of the body ("Aturasya vikar prashamanamcha")1.




2. OBJECTIVES

The main objective of this study was to quantify the growth of world literature on Ayurveda and to

make the quantitative assessment of the status of research by way of analyzing the following features of

research output:

i) Trend of research publication productivity.

ii) Geographical distribution of publications.

iii) Language-wise distribution of publications.

iv) Publication types.

v) Collaboration pattern.

vi) Authorship pattern and prolific authors.

vii) Organizational distribution.

viii) Highly preferred journals for publications and their Impact Factor.

ix) Subject dispersion of publications

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ayurveda data was collected from the online Web of Science (WOS)-Science Citation Index Expanded

(SCI-Expanded) from 2001-2010. This database was chosen as it is most reputed and very

comprehensive covering all aspects of subject under study. It facilitates quick, powerful access to the

bibliographic and citation information on world scientific literature. Records were searched and

retrieved by using suitable search strategy (TI=ayurveda*) in basic index by limiting the period 2001-

2010. A total of 983 records were downloaded and analysed keeping in view the objectives of the

study.

Documents were selected by using Title Search (TI) with search term “ayurveda” to retrieve

publications on Ayurveda with limitation of articles, proceeding papers, review papers, books/book

chapter as indexed during 2001-2010. The data retrieved from the WOS was retained as Note pad files

on computer and developed in to a database by importing the Note pad files through Fangorn utility

into CDS-ISIS for Windows software of the UNESCO. Data retained was scanned to facilitate

chronological analysis, author analysis, country of origin, contributing institutions, subject-wise

classification and sources preferred for publication of papers, etc. Further analyses was done with the

help of Microsoft’s Excel and inferences were drawn.

As every field has its own limits, so this study also has its limitations. The study has been confined to

the specific subject papers on medicinal plants. Papers published during 2001 to 2010 were considered

for the data collection and analysis. The WOS was preferred because it has quality in selection of

resources for coverage of the subject and is the world’s leading citation database which provides

authoritative, multi-disciplinary coverage from more than 10,000 high impact research journals

worldwide, including open access journals (http://apps.webofknowledge.com)2.




4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Annual output of publications on Ayurveda

Figure 1 depicts that during 2001-2010, a total of 983 papers were published on “Ayurveda” by various

countries. The average number of papers produced per year was 98.3 publications. The highest number

of publications 173 (17.60 %) were produced in 2009. Figure 1 shows annual trend of publication

output in Ayurveda. In general, upward growth trend was observed from 2001 to 2007 (except 2004)

and a slight downward in 2008 and 2010.

Figure 1: Trend of research publication productivity in the field of Ayurveda during 2001-2010

4.2 Geographical distribution of publications

Data shows that a total of 48 countries carried out research in the field of Ayurveda and produced 983

research papers. The below Table 1 lists 10 countries whose share in the research output is more than 1

percent of the total output. There is a steady growth of publication output by all the major countries in

this field during the period under study. India is the top producing country with 703 (71.52%) of the

total output, followed by USA with 144 (14.65%), Japan with 46 (4.68%), UK with 38 (3.87%),

Australia & Sri Lanka with 21 (2.14%) and Germany at sixth position by producing 20 (2.04%)

research publications on Ayurveda. It is evident from the Table 1 that out of top ten countries, 72.98%

research papers were contributed by the Asian countries.




Table 1: Publication Output, Share and Rank of top 10 countries in Ayurveda, 2001-10

Country No. of publications % age of share Rank

India 703 71.52 1

USA 144 14.65 2

Japan 46 4.68 3

UK 38 3.87 4

Australia 21 2.14 5

Sri Lanka 21 2.14 5

Germany 20 2.04 6

Italy 15 1.53 7

Canada 14 1.42 8

China 14 1.42 8

4.3 Language-wise distribution of publications

Web of science indexes journals published in 52 languages with unspecified and multi-language papers

as well. Table 2 shows the number of papers in different languages. English found place at top and out

of a total 983 papers, 968 (98.47%) were in English. There were 5 (0.51%) papers in German language

followed by French with 3 (0.31%), Japanese and Portuguese shared fourth position with 2 (0.20%)

papers each.

Table 2: Language-wise distribution of research papers in Ayurveda

Language No. of publications % age Rank

English 968 98.47 1

German 5 0.51 2

French 3 0.31 3

Japanese 2 0.20 4

Portuguese 2 0.20 4

Spanish 1 0.10 5

Unspecified 2 0.20 NA

4.4 Publication types

In web of science, indexed references have 38 different categories. Present study has covered only three

types of publications, i.e. articles, reviews and proceeding papers because of the significance of the

categories. Table 3 indicates that 85.55% papers are from journal articles followed by reviews with

11.60% and proceeding papers with 2.85%.




Table 3: Form-wise distribution of publications

Sr.No. Category No. of publications % age

1 Journal Articles 841 85.55

2 Reviews 114 11.60

3 Proceeding papers 28 2.85

4.5 Collaboration pattern

Table 4 provides a view of India’s international collaboration in Ayurveda research. It was evident that

experts in the field of Ayurveda are realizing the importance of collaborative research to deal with

many problems as happening in other scientific fields. Indian authors collaborated with international

community in 96 (13.66%) papers during ten years. Highest collaborations reported from USA in 38

(5.41%) papers out of total 703 papers, followed by UK in 14 (1.99%), Malaysia in 6 (0.85%) and

Japan in 5 (0.71%).

Table 5 provides a view of international collaboration in Ayurveda research of top five countries.

Highest collaborations reported from Australia 24 (114.29%) out of 21 papers, more than two

collaboration for single paper, UK in 27 (71.05%) papers out of total 38 papers, followed by Japan in

29 (63.04%) out 46 papers, USA in 78 (54.17) out of total 144 papers and India has collaborations in 96

(13.66%) with other countries out of total 703 papers.

Table 4: Status of Indian international collaborations

Sr. No. Country No. of collaborations % age

1 USA 38 5.41

2 UK 14 1.99

3 Malaysia 6 0.85

4 Japan 5 0.71

5 Australia 4 0.57

6 South Korea 3 0.43

7 Canada 2 0.28

8 France 2 0.28

9 Sri Lanka 2 0.28

10 United Arab Emirates 2 0.28

11 Others 18 2.56

Table 5: Status of top five contributing countries in international collaboration

Sr. No. Country No. of publications No. of collaborations % age

1 India 703 96 13.66

2 USA 144 78 54.17

3 UK 38 27 71.05

4 Japan 46 29 63.04

5 Australia 21 24 114.29




Table 6 presents comparisons of top five countries contributed research papers on Ayurveda during

2001-2010. This table shows that research paper output from India has effect on the global output of

research papers on Ayurveda. It is clear that where India’s output increased the world output also

increased and decreased when decrease reported in output from India. However, other countries’

contribution behaved differently.

Table 6: Year-wise world output and comparison of top five countries contributed research papers on

Ayurveda during 2001-2010

Year World

Output

Country Country Country Country Country

India US Japan UK Australia

No. of

papers

%

age

No. of

papers

%

age

No. of

papers

%

age

No. of

papers

%

age

No. of

papers

%

age

No. of

papers

%

age

2010 166 16.89 120 17.07 22 15.28 8 17.39 2 5.26 2 9.52

2009 173 17.6 132 18.78 16 11.11 7 15.22 3 7.9 1 4.76

2008 147 14.95 105 14.94 20 13.89 14 30.44 7 18.43 6 28.59

2007 148 15.06 113 16.07 22 15.28 7 15.22 9 23.68 2 9.52

2006 95 9.66 63 8.96 17 11.81 2 4.35 6 15.79 7 33.33

2005 72 7.33 53 7.54 15 10.42 1 2.17 5 13.16 1 4.76

2004 55 5.6 36 5.12 10 6.94 3 6.52 1 2.63 0 0.00

2003 60 6.1 37 5.26 14 9.72 0 0 2 5.26 1 4.76

2002 42 4.27 29 4.13 5 3.47 3 6.52 1 2.63 0 0.00

2001 25 2.54 15 2.13 3 2.08 1 2.17 2 5.26 1 4.76

Total 983 100 703 100 144 100 46 100 38 100 21 100

4.6 Authorship pattern

Table 7 shows that a large proportion of publications (7.83%) were single authored, followed by two

authored (21.16%), three and four number of authored accounted for 19.63% each and five authored for

10.17% publications. One to five number of authored papers have the highest share that is 78.42% and

19.93% papers have six to ten number of authors, 1.22% papers have 11 to 14 number of authors and

0.41% papers have no authors.




Table 7: Authorship pattern in research papers in Ayurveda

No. of authors No. of papers % age

1 77 7.83

2 208 21.16

3 193 19.63

4 193 19.63

5 100 10.17

6 99 10.07

7 49 4.98

8 26 2.64

9 16 1.63

10 6 0.63

11 2 0.20

12 1 0.10

13 5 0.51

14 4 0.41

Nil 4 0.41

4.6.1 Most prolific authors

Table 8 shows that top position was jointly shared by Patwardan B, Pune University and Rawat AKS of

National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow followed by Mehrotra S again from National Botanical

Research Institute, Lucknow, third position was managed by Aggarwal BB of University of Texas. The

table includes authors contributed ten or more research papers.

Table 8: Most prolific authors

Author Institution Publications % age Rank

Patwardhan B University of Pune 17 1.73% 1

Rawat AKS National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 17 1.73% 1

Mehrotra S National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 15 1.53% 2

Aggarwal BB University of Texas, USA 13 1.32% 3

Yoshikawa M Kinki University, Japan 12 1.22% 4

Bhutani KK NIPER, Mohali 11 1.12% 5

Govindarajan R National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 11 1.12% 5

Khatoon S National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 10 1.02% 6

Tripathi YB Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 10 1.02% 6

4.7 Organizational distribution

Table 9 shows position of top ten institutions as per their research productivity in Ayurveda. The

institutions from India performed excellent and secured top nine positions and tenth position was

shared by three organizations, Dr. Hari Singh Gaur Vishawavidhyalaya, Sagar; NIPER, Mohali, and




Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan. It is important to note that one institution is from foreign

origin in top ten positions and India is leading in ayurvedic research as claimed by the Indians.

Table 9: Prolific institutions

Name of Institution No. of publications % age Rank

Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu 38 3.87 1

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 33 3.36 2

National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 31 3.15 3

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 21 2.14 4

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 20 2.04 5

University of Pune, Maharashtra 19 1.93 6

Indian Institute of Technology (IITs) 18 1.83 7

University of Madras, Tamil Nadu 16 1.63 8

Kasturba Medical College, Karnataka 13 1.32 9

Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar 11 1.12 10

Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan 11 1.12 10

NIPER, Mohali 11 1.12 10

4.8 Preference of journals for publications

Table 10 provides distribution of articles in journals having published 10 or more papers during ten

year period 2001-2010. It depicts that out of total 710 journals, the leading journals preferred by the

scientists were; Journal of Ethnopharmacology with 81 (8.24%) followed by Phytotherapy Research

with 50 (5.09%), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge with 47 (4.78) and Journal of Alternative

and Complementary Medicine with 31 (3.15) papers.

Table 10: Prime Journals, with impact factor, preferred for publications

Sr.

No.

Name of Journal/ Impact Factor-2012 No. of

papers

% age

1 Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2.755) 81 8.24

2 Phytotherapy Research (2.068) 50 5.09

3 Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge (0.492) 47 4.78

4 Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (1.464) 31 3.15

5 Pharmaceutical Biology (1.206) 25 2.54

6 Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

(1.722)

24 2.44

7 Asian Journal of Chemistry (0.253) 19 1.93

8 Phytomedicine (2.972) 17 1.73

9 Current Science (0.905) 16 1.63

10 Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (0.338) 15 1.53

4.9 Subject dispersion of publications




Table 11 shows that subject category is one of the best scientometric indicators to understand and grasp

instantly the thought content of the papers and to find out the growth of the subject field. By analyzing

the categories assigned by the indexer or the author himself helps in knowing in which direction the

knowledge grows. The high frequency keywords enables to understand all the aspects of Ayurveda

which have been studied. The Pharmacology pharmacy was at top with 386 (39.27%), followed by

Plant sciences with 221 (22.48%), Integrative complementary medicine with 190 (19.33%) and

Chemistry with 138 (14.04%).

Table 11: Top 20 subject areas

Sr. No. Subject area No. of papers % age

1 Pharmacology pharmacy 386 39.27

2 Plant sciences 221 22.48

3 Integrative complementary medicine 190 19.33

4 Chemistry 138 14.04

5 Biochemistry molecular biology 57 5.80

6 Food science technology 51 5.19

7 Toxicology 43 4.37

8 Oncology 37 3.76

9 Science technology other topics 29 2.95

10 General internal medicine 28 2.85

11 Medical laboratory technology 27 2.75

12 Nutrition dietetics 26 2.65

13 Life sciences biomedicine other topics 25 2.54

14 Neurosciences neurology 24 2.44

15 Agriculture 21 2.14

16 Biotechnology applied microbiology 18 1.83

17 Research experimental medicine 17 1.73

18 Engineering 16 1.63

19 Environmental sciences ecology 16 1.63

20 Public environmental occupational health 15 1.53

5. CONCLUSION

During the decade under study, growth of research papers was found to be considerable. Evaluation of

research performance in terms of research publications is considered as an integral part of science, and

important in the scientific community in the field of Ayurveda. The present paper has carried out an

evaluation of publications in Ayurveda of a decade and the important findings though already

elaborated in the analysis part above; some of them have been highlighted below as conclusion:

(i) A total number of 983 papers on Ayurveda were published in 710 different scientific journals

from 48 countries during the ten years 2001-2010. India dominated the publication scenario with

71.52% (703) contributions, followed by USA with 144 (14.65%), Japan with 46 (4.68%), UK




with 38 (3.87%), Australia & Sri Lanka with 21 (2.14%) and Germany at sixth position by

producing 20 (2.04%) research publications on Ayurveda.

(ii) A total of 98.47% papers were published in English language, 0.51% in German and 1.02% in

rest of the languages.

(iii) Highest collaborations reported from USA in 38 (5.41%) papers out of total 703 papers. Top

position was jointly shared by Patwardan B, Pune University and Rawat AKS of National

Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow followed by Mehrotra S again from National Botanical

Research Institute, Lucknow.

(iv) Educational institution i.e. Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu topped by contributing 38 (3.87%)

research papers.

(v) It was reported that 841 (85.55%) of the publications were published as journal articles followed

by reviews with 114 (11.60%).

(vi) Journal of Ethnopharmacology was preferred journal which published 81 (8.24%) research

papers.

(vii) Highly preferred area of research was Pharmacology pharmacy with 386 (39.27%) research

papers followed by Plant sciences with 221 (22.48%) papers.

(viii) The study provides a base for researchers, institutions and policy makers to initiate new research

projects or studies in the area. It also makes researchers aware regarding the growth of quality

research literature of their interest in Ayurveda.

(ix) It helps in identifying highly productive countries and researchers in the area. The study provides

details of institutions and researchers working in specific subject areas in the field of Ayurveda.

(x) Overall, the study may be useful to subject specialists, analysts and policy makers to look into the

trends and make effective policies on the basis of inferences drawn in this paper.

REFERENCES

1. Das, Subhamoy (2013), “What is Ayurveda”, available at:

http://hinduism.about.com/od/ayurveda/p/ayurveda.htm (accessed 25 August 2013).

2. Web of Science database (2013), available at: http://apps.webofknowledge.com (accessed 25 August

2013).

3. Gupta, B.M. and Kaur, Har (2013), “World glaucoma research: a quantitative analysis of research

output during 2002-11”, Annals of Library and Information Studies, Vol. 60, pp. 98-106.

4. Gupta, B.M., Kumbar, B.D. and Sangam, S.L. (2013), “Contribution and impact of Karnataka

university publications during 1999-2008: a comparative study with three other universities of

Karnataka”, International Research: Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.

401-418.

5. Mahesh, G. and Wadhwa, N.K. (2013), “Web of Science based ranking of Indian library and

information science journals”, Collnet Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management,

Online first, available at:

http://www.tarupublications.com/journals/cjsim/FullText/new%20pdf/05_CJSIM6-2.pdf (accessed

29 August 2013).

6. Singh, M. and Hasan, N. (2013), “Intellectual Property: a scientometric study of scholarly output”,

Journal of Knowledge and Communication Management, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 13-28.



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A STUDY ON USES OF PUBLIC LIBRARY/

COMMUNITY INFORMATION CENTERS BY THE

FARMERS IN MADHYA PRADESH

DR. ASHISH KUMAR SHARMA

Assistant Librarian

Central Library, Gurukulkangri University Haridwar (U.K.)India

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Public library could be a very potential appliance for social change and development of rural

India. It plays an important role in social development via providing information, educational

and entertainment facilities necessary for society. Questionnaire based survey was used to collect

data for the present study. There was no public library available for most of the farmers in their

own locality. Library facility was available only for 137 (34.25%) farmers whereas 263 (65.75%)

were deprived of such a facility. The present study showed the relevance of community

information center and public library to avail the necessary information regarding agricultural

practices by farmers and diffusion mode of new technology and methodology developed in

research lab to farmers with importance communicator between agricultural laboratory and

farmer`s field.

Keywords: Public library, Community Information Canters (CICs), Farmer, User study.

INTRODUCTION

Information play an essential role, an essential input like other agricultural inputs for farmers to

uses current technology and methodology. Knowledge is not only essential for progress of

agriculture but also for a higher national agriculture output. It is apparent that the genuine and

precise information is a key to resolve the various problems faced by farmers at different stages

in agricultural practices. It is necessary to locate the source of such agricultural information and

better communication to overcome their problems. Relevant information plays an important role

for the rural community more specially to the rural farmers not only in the field of agriculture but

also in other fields like, social, economic and cultural development, policymaking and decision

making.




Today mode of agriculture, poultry farming, dairy farming, horticulture has been rapidly

changed. Modern agriculture such as medicinal plant production, mushroom production, etc. are

more profitable than conventional agriculture. By applying new agricultural methods and

techniques, farmers can progress themselves and whole nation.

Community Information Center is library or information center which assists in providing and

solving daily problem to the individual and groups participating in democratic process.1

Public

library/Community information Center plays an important role in social development via

providing information, educational and entertainment facilities necessary for society. Library

structure of Sagar district is quite well. In addition to the libraries attached to schools, colleges

and Universities. There are so many public libraries, along with one Govt. District public library.

Besides these there are many trusty Libraries called 'Trusty Jan Pustkalaya' in Sagar, which is

quite in well condition. According to CEO of District Panchayat Shri Pradhhumna Sharma,

There are about 1777 rural libraries and cultural centers running in the District. Several steps are

being taken in this field to improve the public libraries and their structures within the District.

OBJECTIVE

The following are the core objectives of the study which aim at:

1. To ascertain the awareness and satisfaction of the farmers in regard to the availability of the

existing agricultural information services and programmes.

2. To assess the role of existing public libraries and Community Information Centers (CICs) in

providing agricultural information to the farmers

3. To identify the barriers, if any, in the free flow of agricultural information from the point of

generation to the point of use.

METHODOLOGY

The present study is based on survey method. A questionnaire was designed for the study. It was

administered to draw information from a wide spectrum of respondents belonging to different

cross sections. The questionnaire was designed in the local language of Hindi so that the literate

farmers could be able to respond themselves, but for the illiterate ones, the surveyor had to meet




them personally to collect data. However, interview was made with the respondents as and when

necessary so as to avoid mismatch of the data collected through questionnaire.

Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh was chosen purposively for the study because of its rural cum

tribal characteristics. Out of a total population of 20,21,783, the rural folk are 14,30,421. The

district has 11 blocks and only two blocks namely Sagar and Rahatgarh were selected on random

sampling basis. The sample has a total population of 7,99,324 comprising 6,93,691 for Sagar

Block and 1,05,633 for Rahatgarh. A sample of 400 farmers (200 from each block ) was drawn

again by random sampling for the study. The sample size has been decided as per the formula of

Krejcie and Daryle2

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Educational Background of the Farmers

The farmers are grouped under three main categories basing on their educational background.

First group from the Illiterate farmers second group holds the farmers who are educated upto

High School and third group contains the farmers who are educated above High School. The data

are tabulated in Table. 1

Table 1 : Categorisation of Farmers According to their Educational

Background

Group Education Response Percentage

Illiterate 44 11

Upto High School Primary education

High School

123

215

92

30.75

53.75

23.00

Above High

School

Intermediate

Graduate

Post Graduate

58

54 141

29

14.5

13.5 35.25

7.25

Total 400 100




Table 1 and Fig.1 reveals that 215 (53.75%) out of 400 farmers are educated upto High School.

Second position is occupied by the farmers educated above High School i.e.141 (35.25%) and 44

(11%)farmers belong to illiterate group. Thus, the number of educated farmers is much more

(89%) compared to illiterate ones. From the above analysis, it can be interpreted that the number

of educated farmers is much more (89%) than that of illiterate ones (11%).

Availability of Public Library in their Locality

In response to the question about the availability of public library in their village/locality, the

replies given by the farmers are listed in Table 2.

Table 2 : Availability of Public Library in their Locality

Reply Response Percentage

Yes 137 34.25

No 263 65.75

Total 400 100

44

123

92

58 54

29

0 11

30.75 23

14.5 13.5 7.25 0

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Illit

era

te

Pri

ma

ry

ed

uca

tio

n

Hig

h S

ch

oo

l

Inte

r M

ed

iate

Gra

du

ate

s

Po

st

Gra

du

ate

An

y O

the

r

Nu

mb

er

Education

Fig. 1 Categorisation of Farmers According to their Educational Background

Total

Percentage




Table 2 and Fig.2 reveals that for 137 (34.25%) farmers, there is a public library in their village

/locality. However, for 263 (65.75%) farmers, library facility is not available in their villages.

Thus, it is found that for most of the farmers, public library facility is not available in their own

village or locality to get day-to-day information relating to their agricultural problems.

Requirement of Library Services

The farmers were asked whether they are in need of library services for getting agricultural

information. The replies given by them are listed in Table 2.1

Table 2.1: Requirement of Library Services


Yes 263 65.75

No 137 34.25

Total 400 100

34.25

65.75

Fig. 2 Availability of Public Library in their Locality

Yes No

65.75

34.25

Fig. 2.1 Requirement of Library Service

Yes No




Table 2.1 and Fig.2.1 reveals that 263 (65.75%) farmers require library facility in their

village/locality. However, 137(34.25%) farmers do not require such service. It may so happen

that the respondents who do not require library service might not be aware how a library can help

them to get latest and valid information relating to their problem which they usually come across

in the process of cultivation and marketing of their produce. It is observed that about 137

(34.25%) farmers didn't feel the requirement of library service due to lack of awareness about

library's importance and its vital role in agricultural field. If the rural education increases,

definitely there shall be the use and importance of rural libraries among farmers. The educated

farmers are to use library facilities than illiterates.

Visit of Public Library

The farmers were asked about their visit to the library for collecting information. The reply given

by them are shown in Table 2.2

Table 2.2: Visit of Public Library


Yes 76 55.5

No 61 44.5

Total 137 100

55.5

44.5

Fig. 2.2 Visit of Public Library

Yes No




Out of 400 farmers under survey, only 76 farmers responded to this question positively i.e. they

do visit the libraries. Under Table 2.2 and Fig. 2.2 it is indicated that there is library facility for

only 137 farmers. It means that out of 137 farmers, 76 (55.5%) visit the library where as 61

(44.5%) do not though library facility is available for them.

Average Hours Spent in Library

When the information regarding the staying period of farmers in the library was collected form

the farmers, following data is obtained as given under Table 2.3

Table 2.3: Average Hours Spent in Library

Hours Response Percentage

Less than an hour 43 56.58

About one hour 28 36.84

Two hours 5 6.58

Three hours 0 0

More than three hours 0 0

Total 76 100

43

28

5 0 0

56.58

36.84

6.58 0 0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Less than an hours About one hours Two hours Three hours More than three hours

Nu

mb

er

Hours

Fig. 2.3 Average Hours Spent in Library

Response Percentage




Table 2.3 and Fig.2.3 shows that out of 76 farmers, 43 (56.58%) visit the library only for less

than an hour, 28 (36.84%) visit for about one hour and only five (6.58%) farmers spend two

hours in the library.From the above analysis, it is observed that the farmers visit the library for

less duration.

Usual Time of Library Visit

In response to the question about the usual time of library visit, following facts are obtained from

the respondents.

Table 2.4: Usual Time of Library Visit

Time Response Percentage

Morning 5 6.58

Day time 4 5.26

Evening 24 31.58

No fixed time 43 56.58

Total 76 100

It is clear from Table 2.4and Fig. 2.4 that 43 (56.58%) farmers have no fixed time of their visit to

library whereas 24 (31.58%) prefer to visit the library during evening time. Only 5(6.58%) visit

during morning hour and 4 (5.26%) come to the library during day time. Thus, it is observed that

5 4

24

43

6.58 5.26

31.58

56.58

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Morning Day time Evening No fixed time

Nu

mb

er

Time

Fig. 2.4 Usual Time of Library Visit

Response Percentage




the farmers prefer to use library during the evening hours , i.e. beyond their working hours. The

farmers who visit the library during morning or daytime might have engaged others in the field

during that time.

Purpose of Library Visit

When the information regarding the purpose of library visit by the farmers is sought through the

questionnaire, the responses given by them are tabulated in Table 2.5

Table 2.5: Purpose of Library Visit

Purpose Response Percentage

To borrow books 1 1.32

T o consult reference sources 00 00

To sit and read 45 58.75

To read newspapers 25 32.89

To observe different agricultural educative, cultural

programme conducted by the library

5 6.58

Total 76 100

Table 2.5 and Fig. 2.5 depicts that out of 76 farmers, 45(58.75%) visit the library for sit and read,

25 (32.89%) visit library for news paper reading and only 5 (6.58%) visit library to observe

1 0

45

25

5 1.32 0

58.75

32.89

6.58

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

To borrow books To consult reference source

To sit and read To read news paper To observe different agricultural educative, cultural programme Conducted by the

library

Nu

mb

er

Purpose

Fig. 2.5 Purpose of Library Visit

Response Percentage




different agricultural, educative, and cultural programmes conducted by the library and only

1(1.32%) visit to for borrow books. Thus, it is observed that maximum farmers visit the library

only to sit and read.

Reasons for not visiting the Library

On asking for the reasons not visiting the library, following reasons are given by the farmers.

Table 2.6: Reasons for not Visiting the Library

Reasons Responses Percentage

Library services are not satisfactory 25 7.72

Library collection is poor 9 2.78

Library is far from residence 49 15.12

Library hour is not suitable 21 6.48

No information about library, shortage of time,

Lack of interest

220

67.90

Total 324 100

25 9

49 21

220

7.72 2.78 15.12 6.48

67.9

0

50

100

150

200

250

Library service are not satisfactory

Library collection is poor

Library is to far from residence

Library house is not suitable

No information about library,

shortage of time, lack of interest

Nu

mb

er

Reasons

Fig. 2.6 Reasons for not Visiting the Library

Total Percentage




Table 2.6 and Fig. 2.6 describes that out of 324 farmers who do not visit library, 220 (67.9%)

farmers do not visit library because of their own reasons like no information about library,

shortage of time, lack of interest, and 49 (15.12%) do not visit because library is far from their

residence, 25 (7.72%) do not visit because library services are not satisfactory, for 21(6.48%),

library hour is not suitable. Only 9 (2.78%) do not visit library because of poor library collection.

Thus it is clear from above analysis that there are several reasons for not visiting the library by

the farmers, the major one being lack of awareness about library and its services.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Education greatly contributes to the development of the people. If farmers are educated, then,

they can apply new methods and techniques in agricultural sector and can increase their

prosperity. Today, form of agriculture has been changed rapidly. Modern agriculture such as

medicinal plant production, mushroom production, poultry farming, dairy farming,

horticulture etc. are more profitable than conventional agriculture. By applying new

agricultural methods and techniques, farmers can progress themselves and as well as help in

progress of the whole nation. The recorded responses in our study clearly indicated that the

number of educated farmers were more 356 (89%) than that of illiterate 44 (11%) which

showed that a bright future of farming in this district.

Public library plays an important role in social development as it provides information,

educational and entertainment facilities, which are very useful for the society. For most of the

farmers, there were no public libraries available in their own locality. It was available only

for 137 (34.25%) farmers whereas 263 (65.75%) were deprived of such a facility.

Library/Information Centre can provide vital and timely information like current market

prices, future market prices, disease/pest control, personal education etc. But it was seeing

that a total number of 137 (34.25%) farmers did not feel the requirement of library service. It

indicates that either they were not aware of the role of library in providing agricultural

information or they were no interest to use the library.




Library facility was available for only 137 (34.25%) out of 400 farmers. But only 76 (55.5%)

farmers were visiting the library whereas remaining 61 (44.5%) farmers perhaps did not

know about the availability of library facility. This indicates that a proper step has not been

taken by the libraries to attract the farmers.

It was noticed that farmers are engaged in their agricultural works from early morning till

late evening and do not get time for other activities. They visit public library very rarely. It

was found from the survey that out of 76 library visitors, most of the farmers (43, 56.58%)

were visiting the library for less than an hour. No farmer was used to sit in the library for 3 to

4 hours. It is concluded that maximum farmers (56.58%) did not have fixed time for their

library visit whereas (31.58%) farmers prefer to visit library during evening hours because

farmers were busy in their agricultural works during day time.

The main objective of public libraries/community information centers is to fulfill the

informational requirement of the society. For this purpose, they provided many services such

as book borrowing, reference service, reading facilities and agricultural, educative, cultural

programs. It was found that most of the farmers (45, 58.75%) visit the library to sit and read.

Farmers can greatly enhance their agricultural yield by implementing and utilizing

information related to agriculture that was available in the village library. But it was found

that 220 (67.9%) farmers did not visit library. The major reason for this is lack of awareness

about library and its services. Awareness programs about library and its importance can help

convert non-users to regular users of the library.

SUGESTIONS

Library facility should be provided to the entire farmer community for timely availability of

proper and appropriate agricultural information in order to achieve better output and profit in

farming.

Public library should be established in each village to provide information to the farmers at

local level.




Appropriate steps may be taken to attract the farmers towards the library facility. They

should be motivated to use the library and avail its benefit. The libraries should conduct

more extension type of services like celebration of library week, arrangement of agricultural

exhibitions, etc. should be conducted by the libraries.

Agricultural universities, KVKs and research centers should send current literature on

agriculture related subjects to the public libraries/Community Information Centers, regularly

and timely. This will help the public libraries to maintain an active collection. Libraries need

to be better equipped in terms of both collection and staff. Each library should have a

collection of at least 5000 books and a minimum staff of 3 i.e. one Prerak and 2 supporting

staff.

Reading material related to agriculture should be kept in rural public libraries.

Department of Agriculture should also send information regarding new techniques/methods

of agriculture from time to time.

Availability of library, its services and its role in development of society should be

publicized through mass media i.e. T. V., Radio and Newspapers. Help can also be taken

from local leaders and educated persons of the village in such publicity.

NGOs, leaders and progressive farmers at local level can also play an important role in

removing illiteracy and poverty among the farmers and making them aware of the

importance of library in their personal development as well as development of the society as

a whole through lectures, group meetings, etc.

CONCLUSION

We can justify that Public Library/Community Information Centre could be a very potential

appliance for social change and versatile development of rural India. We find that >70% of rural

folk depends on farming and their major information needs are related to agriculture only. The

farmer needs various type of information at different stages of farming their crops. They may

consult different categories of persons like librarian of Community Information Centre, Rural

Agriculture Extension Officer (RAEO) or other persons having experience in the field of

agriculture3. Agriculture information is generally unable to reach precisely to the farmers in an




effective way. The farmers are also not aware of the value of latest information related to new

techniques and methods of farming an essential key for optimum production. Agricultural

universities, KVKs and Agricultural Research Centres should provide information about

developed research to the village information disseminating bodies earliest as possible so that

this information can reach the farmers in time. This in turn will lead to better agriculture

production to improved economic status of farmers and country.

REFERENCES

1. Visakhi, P. and Srivastava, S. S. 2002. .Agricultural Libraries Vis-a-Vis Community

Information Service(CIS) in Indian Context. IASLIC Bulletin. 47(3): 171-173.

2. Robert, K. V. and Morgan, D. W. 1970. Determining Sample Size for Research

Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement.30: 608.

3. Sharma, A. K. and Sahoo, K. C. 2008. Use of Information Sources by the Farmers of

Sagar District (M.P.): a survey. Journal of Library and Information Science, 33(1&2): 53-

62.




UTILIZATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN LIBRARY

AND INFORMATION CENTERS: A THEORETICAL

STUDY

Dr. Mishan S. Alotaibi Dean of Library Affairs

Taibah University, Al-Madina Al-Munnawara Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT

The “cloud computing” trend of replacing software traditionally installed on campus computers

(and the computers themselves) with applications delivered via the internet is driven by aims of

reducing universities’ IT complexity and cost. This study examines the Utilizations of Cloud

Computing in Library and Information Centers: a Theoretical Study. The present study

demonstrates and elaborates the various aspects of uses of cloud computing in libraries, model

of cloud computing, essential characteristics, pros and cons, benefits, how the trend of cloud

computing will be impact libraries and drawback of cloud computing. Areas for further studies

and conclusions of the theoretical study are given at the end of the article.

Keywords: Cloud computing, Web services, Theoretical studies, Libraries.

1. INTRODUCTION

Cloud computing, cloud, sometimes called electronic clouds concept and the term

modern spread recently in the literature network technologies and information services. This

concept refers to a new pattern to share electronic resources to produce and exchange

information over the Internet, providing the tools to process data and save them on your network,

and then return to it at any one of the websites that have arisen on this concept. Cloud computing

is a computing model, not a technology. In this model “customers” plug into the “cloud” to

access IT resources which are priced and provided “on-demand”. Essentially, IT resources are

rented and shared among multiple tenants much as office space, apartments, or storage spaces are

used by tenants. Delivered over an Internet connection, the “cloud” replaces the company data

center or server providing the same service.

Electronic cloud appeared as a practical solution and optimize after the infrastructure of

the Internet in various parts of the world, and became the "connect" command does not constitute

a barrier to contact with clouds, especially after the huge surge in the issuance of smart phones

that carry with them always properties of your Internet connection and the possibility of dealing

with various information and files on network mainly multimedia.




The definitions of the “Cloud Computing the practice of storing regularly used computer

data on multiple servers that can be accessed through the Internet” (Merriam Webster

Dictionary).An others way define “Cloud Computing is the paradigm in which information is

permanently stored in servers on the Internet and cached temporarily on clients that include

desktops, entertainment centers, table computers, notebooks, wall computers, handhelds, etc.”

(IEEE Computer Society).The National Institute of Standards and Technology, defines cloud

computing as “a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of

configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services)

that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider

interaction (Mitchell,2010).

However, Cloud Computing is a completely new IT technology and it is known as the

third revolution after PC and Internet in IT. To be more specific, Cloud Computing is the

improvement of Distributed Computing, Parallel Computing, Grid Computing and Distributed

Databases. And the basic principle of Cloud Computing is making tasks distributed in large

numbers of distributed computers but not in local computers or remote servers. In other words,

by collecting large quantities of information and resources stored in personal computers, mobile

phones and other equipment, Cloud Computing is capable of integrating them and putting them

on the public cloud for serving users (Sanchati and Kulkarni, 2011).

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Literature plays a very important role in research activities, as it forms the very first step

of a research pursuit. Review of literature happens to be an important segment of the concerned

topic. The literature review should be conducted in a systematic way to achieve optimum results.

In this study an attempt has been made to cover few works which have been undertaken in Saudi

Arabia and abroad (Hussain, 2013).

Espades (2013) discussed as regards cloud computing advantages for offering on demand

resources, there is still the need for certain automation when specific platforms are deployed and

scaled over virtualized environments. This is the case of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platforms

and their applications, where over and underutilization of resources occur due lower and higher

workload pikes and because the number of virtual machine instances deployed for scaling

applications are traditionally based on the maximum simultaneous users. In this matter, a tenant-

based model is presented to tackle over and underutilization when SaaS platforms are deployed

over cloud computing infrastructures.

Ghosh (2012) attempted to demystify the intricacies involved in cloud computing.

Models of cloud computing and its effective implementation for mid-sized organization is

emphasized. Lastly, it has been attempted to explore how cloud computing can extend Library

services for better sustainability.

Padhy and Mahapatra (2012) focused cloud computing entails the reduction of in-house

data centres and the delegation of a portion or all of the Information Technology infrastructure




capability to a third party. Universities and Colleges are the core of innovation through their

advanced research and development.

Subsequently, Higher Institutions may benefit greatly by harnessing the power of cloud

computing, including cost cutting as well as all the above types of cloud services. In this paper

we discuss problems faced with digital library and development efforts to overcome that

problem. Then it proposed to improve current user service model with Cloud Computing. This

paper explores the application of cloud computing in academic library in Orissa.

Jinga,Zhijiang and Suping 2012) discussed the Community library has been an effective

complement to the large public libraries. But a single community library is always facing some

difficulties in management, costs and resource. Through establishing the community libraries

alliance based on network, those problem can be solved effectively. In this article, the basic

characteristics of cloud computing technology are described, and the component and principle of

the community library alliance based on cloud computing and client-server model are analyzed

in detail. As a relatively new network model, cloud computing has obvious advantage compared

with the common client-server model.

Sultan (2010) conducted a study under the titled "cloud computing for education: a new

dawn". Cloud computing is an emerging computing paradigm which promises to provide

opportunities for delivering a variety of computing services in a way that has not been

experienced before. It was demonstrated in this article how organizations (both small and large)

are already taking advantage of the benefits which this technology is bringing, not only in terms

of cost but also efficiency and the environment. This computing approach relies on a number of

existing technologies, e.g., the Internet, virtualization, grid computing, Web services, etc. The

provision of this service in a pay-as-you-go way through (largely) the popular medium of the

Internet gives this service a new distinctiveness.

Buyya (2009) highlighted cloud computing is a new and promising paradigm delivering

IT services as computing utilities. As Clouds are designed to provide services to external users,

providers need to be compensated for sharing their resources and capabilities. In this paper,

authors have proposed architecture for market-oriented allocation of resources within Clouds.

They have also presented a vision for the creation of global Cloud exchange for trading services.

They have discussed some representative platforms for Cloud computing covering the state-of-

the-art. In particular, authors have presented various Cloud efforts in practice from the market

oriented perspective to reveal its emerging potential for the creation of third-party services to

enable the successful adoption of Cloud computing, such as meta-negotiation infrastructure for

global Cloud exchanges and provide high performance content delivery via `Storage Clouds'.

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main objectives of the study were: to explore the concept of cloud computing and

what it in relation to library and information centers and its services in institutions of higher

education with a main focus on academic libraries.




4. METHODOLOGY

The theoretical methods are used for data collections. In this paper represent few points

for the utilizations of Cloud Computing in library and Information centers. The author have

collect data and information from national as well as international esteemed research journal

library and information science and various recognized websites. The time period of the study

was from August to October 2013.

5. MODELS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

A. Cloud Service Models

There are three major types of cloud service models available:

(i)Software as a Service (SaaS): Applications or software is delivered as a service to the

customer who can access the program from any online device. Some of these Web-based

applications are free such as Hotmail, Google Apps, Skype, and many 2.0 applications, while

most business-oriented SaaS, such as Sales Force, is leased on a subscription basis. There is

usually little customization or control available with these applications. However, subscribers

benefit from low initial costs, have access to (usually 24/7) support services, and needn’t worry

about hosting, installing, upgrading, or maintaining the software.

(ii)Platform as a Service (PaaS): With PaaS, a computing platform is provided which supplies

tools and a development environment to help companies build, test, and deploy Web-based

applications. Businesses don't need to invest in the infrastructure required for building Web and

mobile applications but can rent the use of platforms such as Windows Azure, Google

AppEngine, and Force.com. Applications which are built using these provider’s services,

however, are usually locked into that one platform.

(iii)Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): This type of cloud computing is also sometimes referred

to as HaaS or Hardware as a Service and it involves both storage services and computing power.

Amazon’s Web Services, one of the major players in this area, offers two main products

including the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which provides computing resources, and Simple

Storage Service (S3) for data storage.

Companies are using Amazon's Web Services to host or backup their websites, for content

delivery, to run high performance computing simulations, to host media collections, and much

more. Most of these cloud services are available on a pay-per-usage basis, differing from the

SaaS subscription model, enabling customers to scale up or down depending on their need at any

given time and only pay for what they’ve used (Padhy and Mahapatra, 2012).




B. Cloud Deployment Models

Cloud Computing can be classified into 4 types of deployment model on the basis of

location where the cloud is hosted, these are Public, Private, Hybrid and Community Cloud.

(i) Public Cloud: Computing infrastructure is hosted at the Vendor/Provider location. The

Client/user has no visibility over the location of the cloud computing infrastructure. The

computing infrastructure is shared between organizations.

(ii) Private Cloud: Computing architecture is dedicated to the Client/customer and is not shared

with other organisations/clients. They are expensive but are more secure than Public Clouds.

Private clouds may be externally hosted ones as well as in premise hosted clouds.

(iii) Hybrid Cloud: Organizations host some critical, secure applications in private clouds and

other not so critical applications are hosted in the public cloud. The combination is known as

Hybrid Cloud. Another hybrid cloud is Cloud bursting. It is used to define a system where the

organisation uses its own infrastructure for normal usage, but cloud is used for peak loads.

(iv) Community Cloud: The Cloud infrastructure is shared between the organizations of the

same of community. For example, all the government agencies in a city can share the same cloud

but not the non-government agencies. All libraries in a city or country sharing the same cloud.

Fig.1 Types of Cloud Computing

6. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING




The essential characteristics of cloud computing is On demand self-services-computer

services such as email, applications, network or server service can be provided without requiring

human interaction with each service provider. Cloud service providers providing on demand self

services include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM and Salesforce.com.

New York Times and NASDAQ are examples of companies using AWS (NIST).

6.1 Broad network access: Cloud Capabilities are available over the network and accessed

through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms

such as mobile phones, laptops and PDAs.

6.2 Resource pooling: The provider’s computing resources are pooled together to serve multiple

consumers using multiple-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources

dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. The resources include

among others storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, virtual machines and email

services. The pooling together of the resource builds economies scale.

6.3 Rapid elasticity: Cloud services can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases

automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the

capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any

quantity at any time.

6.4 Measured service: Cloud computing resource usage can be measured, controlled, and

reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilised service. Cloud

computing services use a metering capability which enables to control and optimize resource use.

This implies that just like air time, electricity or municipality water IT services are charged per

usage metrics – pay per use. The more you utilize the higher the bill. Just as utility companies

sell power to subscribers, and telephone companies sell voice and data services, IT services such

as network security management, data center hosting or even departmental billing can now be

easily delivered as a contractual service.

6.5 Multi Tenacity: is the 6th characteristics of cloud computing advocated by the Cloud

Security Alliance. It refers to the need for policy-driven enforcement, segmentation, isolation,

governance, service levels, and chargeback/billing models for different consumer constituencies.

Consumers might utilize a public cloud provider’s service offerings or actually be from the same

organization, such as different business units rather than distinct organizational entities, but

would still share infrastructure.

7. PROS AND CONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

(I)The Pros

1. Cost reduction - Cloud computing reduces paperwork, lowers transaction costs, and

minimizes the invest in hardware (and the resources to manage it). Moving your business to ‘the

cloud’ also reduces the need for an IT staff.




2. Its scalable - Like electricity and water, some cloud computing services allow businesses to

only pay for what they use. And as your business grows, you can accommodate by adding more

server space.

3. Levels the playing field - Cloud computing providers offers small and mid-size businesses

access to more sophisticated technology at lower prices. Sharing IT resources with other

companies reduces the cost of licensing software and buying servers.

4. Easier collaboration - Since services in the cloud can be accessed anytime from any

computer, it’s easy to collaborate with employees in distant locations.

(II)The Cons

1. Availability - Will your cloud service go down unexpectedly, leaving you without important

information for hours or more?

2. Data mobility and ownership - Once you decide to stop the cloud service, can you get all

your data back? How can you be certain that the service provider will destroy your data once

you’ve canceled the service?

3. Privacy - How much data are cloud companies collecting and how might that information be

used?

8. BENEFITS OF CLOUD COMPUTING IN GENERAL

a. Scalability: Scalability refers to real time adjustment of resources. Cloud computing enables

to scale up or down IT requirements of organizations quickly and efficiently, without hampering

productivity. It cuts down the time involved in buying & setting up additional hardware, software

& other necessary resources every time a new service is required.

b. Reduced Infrastructure Cost: As said earlier that resources can be adjusted dynamically, a

lot of cost related affairs like administration, maintenance and be reduced. It also helps cut down

unnecessary capital expenditure as one has to pay only for the duration of use the service for.

c. Effective Utilization: As in cloud computing the total IT infrastructure is as a pool of

resources, it reduces wastage of resources to a great extent and improves utilization.

9. CLOUD COMPUTING @ LIBRARIES

The above benefits are mostly applicable to libraries and other small-to-mid-sized

organizations. Effective planning and decision regarding implementation is the most important

factors for its success.

9.1. Financial Barriers vs. Cost Savings: Each library is facing acute shrinkage in budget.

Varieties of resources, in all forms (printed and digital) broadened the issue. Purchasing

infrastructural facilities recurrently and updating /up gradation of software and hardware is

becoming a bothering issue. Cloud computing offers price savings due to economies of scale and

the fact that you’re only paying for the resources you actually use.




9.2. Rigidness vs. Flexibility and Innovation: Risks can be taken for creative and innovative

ideas as the new application will run on provider’s infrastructure. Libraries don’t have to decide

about the bandwidth, traffic etc. Creation and configuration of virtual server for storing digital

resources would be easier as the script would be run under providers own machine. As Whitfield

Diffie points out that in the long run the cloud might be more restricted and rule-bound than

traditional IT. He compares the cloud to public transportation providers such as airlines which

rely more on rules and fixed schedules than privately-owned planes.

9.3. Cloud OPAC and Cloud ILS: As of now the libraries are providing Union catalogue

services through consortia approach, is still in its infancy. As now more and more LMS vendors

are offering cloud-hosted versions of their tools, it is strongly expected that OCLC’s cloud based

ILS tools that complement their existing cataloging tools (e.g. WorldCat and FirstSearch).

Unified search engine and catalogue retrieving tools may help global user to access more

information in real time, satisfying the fourth law of LIS.

9.4. Cloud types and LIS: There are too much hype and optimism surrounding cloud

computing. Lots of gray areas are still there which needs to be addressed promptly for

implementation of cloud computing in LIS. Concerns about security, privacy and reliability are

the most important among them. To mitigate the fears above the libraries choose to go for hybrid

cloud model. This hybrid model would let libraries maintain more control over the applications

and data stores that contain sensitive, private information about patrons. Fine tuning and

adjustment of resources can also be done quickly (Ghosh,2012).

10. HOW THE TREND OF CLOUD COMPUTING WILL IMPACT LIBRARIES?

Beyond the basic components like hosted email services that have a strong consumer

base, cloud computing can be utilized to address needs which are specific to libraries? This can

be broken down into the three types of cloud services, replacing a library’s onsite technology

environment with an online version, and then situations where a library can create its own cloud

infrastructure. These areas offer “benefits to information professionals: outsourced infrastructure,

greater flexibility, reduced barriers to innovation, and lower start up investments”.

The three main types of cloud services are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a

Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) (Kroski, 2009). First, cloud computing

offers the ability of libraries to use online software to handle a task like video chat through either

Gmail video chat or through Skype. Both of these are free services though there is “little

customization or control available with these applications” (Kroski, 2009). In other words,

services you offer through a SaaS’ interface will look like that of your competitors which will

not distinguish you from them. On the other hand, since the services and application interfaces

are often familiar with users, there would be a decrease in the learning curve for library staff and

users.

Second, libraries can create applications in an online environment. These environments

allow a library to “build, test, and deploy Web-based applications” (Kroski, 2009). PaaS gives




the library the freedom to explore development options without having to purchase and maintain

the required infrastructure. This way, if a particular program turns out to not be popular or a best

fit for a library, they are not stuck with unwanted hardware and software which they could not

recoup the costs from.

Third, a library no longer has to purchase their own servers to host their content. By using

IaaS, a library can purchase server space and computing power. One of the major players in this

arena is Amazon which offers the “Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which provides computing

resources and Simple Storage Services (S3) for data storage” (Kroski, 2009). A library does not

need to purchase a server which is underutilized but costs the same to purchase and maintain as

if it were using all of its resources at all times. By using an IaaS, a library gains the benefit of

only paying for the “resources you actually use”.

Therefore the main benefit for moving to a cloud computing environment for a library is

the ability to both try out new software without having to buy the hardware as well as being able

to scale the computing power to meet the demand of users. A library’s IT department can be

more flexible in raising the amount of cloud computing they require by contacting their vendor

instead of physically having to acquire new hardware to meet increased demands. This method

will save the library money and staff resources.

11. DRAWBACKS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

The drawbacks are actually the same as those encountered by institutions that have

information hosted outside of the entity. Whereas, in the case of hard-copy document files and at

the enterprise level, this fear disappeared years ago given the benefits of cost reduction in

infrastructure management and security, in the case of digital data there is still a huge fear of

putting our information in the hands of third parties. This fear arises due to issues such as

confidentiality, theft, loss etc. Yet people are increasingly more likely to do so now that the use

of web 2.0 and social networks has become so widespread. There is nothing more sensitive than

banking or personal data, yet this data is stored in servers over which we have no domain or

ownership.

An institution might take the decision to progressively move towards Cloud Computing

by uploading applications which are not very sensitive such as: messaging, the booking of

rooms, meeting management, the liquidation of costs, and holiday management. This learning

process more valuable information involving the corpus of the institution, i.e. "Business

intelligence” might be uploaded to the cloud. In the case of library’s and information centers, this

information would include management funds and network transactions (Romero, 2012).

12. AREAS FOR FURTHER STUDIES

The present study is carried out the help of several variables i.e. the growth of cloud

computing in information society and its impact of higher educational institutions/organizations,

business world, administrations etc. The study covers utilizations of Cloud Computing in Library




and Information Centers. Still certain areas are there where further study can be carried out. They

are as follows:

The study can conduct to find growth, development and use cloud computing of different

libraries in one country as well as other countries.

1. The study can extend to whole of the countries.

2. The same study can also be extended to the University libraries.

3. To carry out research on the same specialized libraries and information

centers/institutions in one country as well as other countries.

13. CONCLUSION

Cloud computing is an emerging computing paradigm which promises to provide

opportunities for delivering a variety of computing services in a way that has not been

experienced before Cloud computing which is applied in digital libraries, analyzes current

situation and existing problems of the cloud computing in digital library .On this basis, on the

combination of cloud computing, SaaS, web2.0, SOA and other technologies, this paper

proposes a CALIS-based cloud service strategy and the corresponding cloud library services

platform (i.e. Nebula platform) model. The model is suitable for constructing large-scale

distributed network of public digital library services. All library resources and service distributed

on the Internet can be integrated as a whole, which forms a new type of adaptive control service

system supporting interlibrary collaboration and service access, as well sharing resources from

different libraries. But in practice, the cloud computing is facing the large number of technical

problems and engineering problems.

Therefore, it is necessary to encrypt data and make that the data obtained illegally cannot

be deciphered. Cloud computing technology is still relatively young in terms of maturity and

adoption. The expectation is that it will undergo several changes in the future, in terms of

resources, issues, risks, and ultimately best practices and standards. However, there are some

sought of greet advantages it can potentially provide value for institutions of higher education.

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((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222)))

COPYRIGHT AWARENESS OF DOCTORAL

STUDENTS IN CALICUT UNIVERSITY

CAMPUS

Dr. Vasudevan T. M

Associate Professor and Head, Dept. of Lib. and Information Science,

University of Calicut. E-mail: [email protected].

Suchithra K. M

Former MLISc Student, Dept. of Lib. and Information Science,

University of Calicut. Email:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper focused on copyright awareness of doctoral students in Calicut University Campus. A

structured questionnaire was distributed among 120 doctoral students in the Calicut University

campus. Out of 120, 60 from science departments and 60 from non-science departments. The study

revealed that majority of the doctoral students are aware about copyright law and its importance,

but the study also revealed that a good number of the doctoral students are less aware about

plagiarism. The study also helped the investigators to reach at the conclusion that copyright is

relevant in digital environment.

KEYWORD: Copyright, Plagiarism, Digital Copyright, Doctoral students, Calicut University.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the information society, the emergence of new information occurs within microseconds and is

also accessible to the wide range of users. Technology is developing day by day, and the ways of

accessing information are also getting changed. In the new digital world, the importance of

copyright is more because of that the misuse of information is increasing.

Copyright is the exclusive right of the author to restrict others from copying his/ her work.

Copyright regulation basically protects the interests of the writer or the creator or the performer

from commercial exploitation by others. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) copyright as “the exclusive right, given to the originator or his or her assignee for a fixed number

of years, to reproduce or perform a literary, musical, cinematic, etc., work and to authorize others

to do the same” (Thakur, 2012-13). Copyright laws simply explain the legal protection given to

authors against unauthorised copying of their work.

In digital environment, management of copyright is a new issue. With the existence of several

laws and acts, the violation of copyright is still going on in several fields like academic,

marketing etc. in different parts of the world. Nowadays our society possesses a great problem of

copyright violation. It is mainly due to that the people are still less aware about Intellectual

property Right (IPR) and copyright. Standing within this state of our society, the investigator

selected the present topic and decided to conduct the study on doctoral students. Doctoral

students are considered as the generators of new information so it cannot be overemphasized that

they should be aware about copyright.

2. LITERATURE SEARCH

Olaka & Adkins (2013) investigated how Kenyan academic librarians with varying education

levels to solve and handle copyright issues when presented to them by library users. It revealed

that librarians from the different education levels differed in solving and handling copyright

issues. In a study, Isiakpona (2012) found

that the level of awareness of copyright laws by

undergraduate students were considerably high but the knowledge on the provision of the

copyright laws on the use of printed or literary materials were low among the undergraduate in

the university of Ibadan. Wan, Ismail & Cheat (2012) conducted a study on plagiarism to what

extent it is understood. The purpose of the study was to identify the extent of students’

understanding of the concept of plagiarism through the use of computer and information

technology. The results showed that the students’ understanding of the concept of plagiarism was

still not satisfactory. Olaka & Adkins (2012)

conducted a study on exploring copyright

knowledge in experience and education level among academic librarians in Kenya. The result

showed that academic librarians were only moderately knowledgeable about copyright issues.

Li & Casanave (2012) explored the students’ understanding of plagiarism, their strategies for

composing, the similarity between their texts and source texts and the lecturer’s assessment of




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) their work. It indicated that both students were appeared to understand the university’s

plagiarism policy yet their texts were characterized by patch writing and inappropriate citation.

Risques, O’Dwyer & Ledwith (2011) conducted a study on technology enhanced learning and

plagiarism in entrepreneurship education and found that more than one online plagiarism

prevention tutorial is required to change self-reported views relating to engagement in

plagiarism, perception of peer participation in plagiarism and student's ethical views. Wu, Chou,

Ke, & Wang (2010) conducted a study on college students' misunderstandings about copyright

laws for digital library resources. It revealed that librarian-interview results indicate students

problematic behaviours like distribution to unauthorized users and the student-survey showed

that students had misunderstanding about copyright laws when using digital library resources. In

a study, Eret & Gokmenoglu (2010) found that the prospective academicians have negative

attitude towards plagiarism, they might plagiarize due to foreign language problems, time

constraints, and lack of knowledge about plagiarism.

Femandez-Molina, Karlos & Chaves (2010) conducted a study on copyright and e-learning at

professors' level of knowledge about the new Spanish law. The findings show that there was a

considerable lack of knowledge on the part of professors regarding copyright issues. In another

study, Mahesh & Rekha Mittal (2009) examined modes of digital content creation for digital

libraries and discussed the associated copyright issues with the types of digital content. It found

that extant copyright laws, particularly in India, allow scope for forming opinions with regard to

digital content thereby giving room for insecurity for digital content creation.

Femandez-Molina, Karlos & Chaves Guimaraes (2009) made an attempt to study the WIPO

development agenda and the contribution of the international library community. The findings

showed that the initiative for a development agenda for WIPO has proven much more successful

than many had imagined, even its promoters. Smith, Ghazali & Noor Minhad (2007) conducted a

study on attitudes towards plagiarism among undergraduate accounting students. The purpose of

this study was to examine undergraduate student's perceptions of factors contributing to

plagiarism activities. The results suggested that factors contributing to plagiarism include lack of

awareness, lack of understanding, lack of competence, and personal attitudes.




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) In a study, Okiy (2005) found that the major reasons for photocopying are the cheapness of

photocopies compared with the cost of purchasing books and journals as well as the scarcity of

books and also found that more than fifty per cent of the respondents photocopied whole books

and journals, while over sixty five per cent of them are aware of the copyright law. George

(2005) explored the issues related to acquiring copyright permission with the goal of determining

effectiveness and efficiency using the least complex process. Gadd & Gaston (2001) investigated

the copyright questions faced by libraries by analyzing the Lis-copyseek archives. It revealed

that the majority of concerns relate to copyright in the print environment, in particular the

regulation concerning short loan collections and course packs.

It is revealed that a number of studies have been conducted on the topic “wareness of copyright

rules and regulation” all over the world in the recent years. Findings highlighted the need for the

copyright awareness of doctoral students in the current society and in the light of this situation

the investigator selected the present topic for conducting the study.

3.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The major objectives of the study are as follows

1. To analyse the level of awareness of copyright and plagiarism among doctoral students in

Calicut University campus.

2. To analyse the attitude of doctoral students towards copyright rules and regulations.

3. To find out how far the non-availability of printed materials is responsible for the

copyright violation by doctoral students.

4. To examine the relevance of copyright in digital environment.

4.METHODOLOGY

The present study aims to examine the copyright awareness of doctoral students

in Calicut University campus. The population of the present study is the full time the doctoral

students in Calicut University campus. The investigator selected a representative sample of the

whole population and 120 doctoral students are selected from the population in which 60 from

science departments and 60 from non-science departments. Stratified random sampling method

was used for the purpose of selecting sample. A structured questionnaire was used for data




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) collection. Statistical technique used for analysis of collected data was percentage method.

Microsoft Excel method was used for the consolidation of data.

5.ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

This section deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data collected by means of the

questionnaires.

5.1.Copyright Awareness of Doctoral Students

In the new information era, doctoral students should be aware about the rules and regulations

in the use of information for their research work. Here the investigator analysed the level of

copyright awareness of doctoral students through questionnaire and the data were analysed and

given in the table 5.1.

Table 5.1

Copyright Awareness of Doctoral Students

Awareness

Doctoral Students

Science Non-science Total

Aware 40(70.2) 30(54.5) 70(62.5)

Less Aware 12(21.1) 20(36.4) 32(28.6)

Not Aware 5(8.8) 5(9.1) 10(8.9)

Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)

(The figure given in brackets shows the corresponding percentage)

The data in table 5.1 indicates that majority (70.2 per cent) of science respondents are aware

about the importance of copyright. A few (21.1 per cent) of them are less aware and a very

few (8.8 per cent) are not aware. Majority of (54.5 per cent) non-science respondents are also

aware about the importance of copyright. A good number (36.4 per cent) of them are less

aware and a very few (9.1 per cent) are not aware. From the table it is inferred that science

respondents are more aware about copyright than non-science respondents.




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) 5.2.Knowledge about Indian Copyright Act

Figure 1 shows the knowledge level of doctoral students about Indian Copyright Act which

was enacted in 1957. This figure shows that majority (73.7 per cent) of science respondents

has knowledge about Indian Copyright Act and a few (26.3 per cent) are unknown about the

Act. Majority (67.3 per cent) of non-science respondents have knowledge about Indian

Copyright Act. A good number (32.7 per cent) of non-science respondents are unknown about

the Act. Overall, science respondents are more knowledgeable about the Indian Copyright Act

than non-science respondents.

Figure 1. Knowledge about Indian Copyright Act

5.3.Familiarity with Plagiarism

Plagiarism which is called as literary theft is another problem related to copyright violation.

Recently there was an incident of cancelation of PhD at international level due to plagiarism.

Like copyright, the doctoral students must aware about plagiarism. The data in table 5.2 shows

the details about the familiarity of doctoral students with plagiarism.

73.7 67.3

26.3 32.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Science Non-science

Yes

No




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) Table 5.2

Familiarity with Plagiarism

Familiarity Doctoral Students

Total Science Non-science

Familiar 33(57.8) 17(30.9) 50(44.6)

Less Familiar 13(22.8) 23(41.8) 36(32.1)

Not Familiar 11(19.3) 15(27.3) 26(23.2)

Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)


Table 5.2 reveals that majority (57.8 per cent) of science respondents are familiar with

plagiarism. A few (22.8 per cent) of them are less familiar and a few (19.3 per cent) respondents

are not familiar. A good number (30.9 per cent) of non-science respondents are also familiar

with plagiarism. A good number (41.8 per cent) of them are less familiar and a few (27.3 per

cent) of them are not familiar. Compared to the percentage of respondents (table 5.2) who are

familiar with copyright, less percentage of respondents are familiar with plagiarism.

5.4.Checking of Plagiarism

The respondents those who are familiar about plagiarism are analysed and founded that if they

are checking plagiarism while using information during research work. The results are shown in

figure 2.

45.6

27.3

54.4

72.7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Science Non-science

Yes

No




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) The figure 2 shows that about half (45.6per cent) of the science respondents and a few (27.3

per cent) non-science respondents are answered ‘yes’. The percentage of non-science

respondents (27.3 per cent) those checking plagiarism is very less compared to science

respondents (45.6 per cent). Majority (72.7 per cent) of non-science doctoral students is not

checking plagiarism regularly. It reveals that majority of the respondents (63.4 per cent) did

not checking plagiarism regularly while using information.

5.5.Methods Used for Checking Plagiarism

There are several methods available for checking plagiarism. The investigator gave different

methods to respondents to find out which one is preferred by them. The data is shown in the

table 5.3.

Table 5.3

Methods Used for Checking Plagiarism

Method Used for

Checking Plagiarism

Doctoral Students Total

(N=41) Science

(N=23)

Non-science

(N=18)

On-line 12(52.2) 9(50) 21(51.2)

With the help of

colleagues 10(43.5) 8(44.4) 18(43.9)

Other 1(0.43) 1(0.55) 2(0.48)


Table 5.3 shows that about half of the science respondents (52.2 per cent) and half of the non-

science respondents (50 per cent) selected on-line method for checking plagiarism. A good

number (43.5 per cent) of them selected the second option ‘with the help of colleagues’.

Similarly a good number (44.4 per cent) of the non-science respondents selected second option

and a very few (0.55 per cent) of them are suggested other methods. Overall, on-line method is

selected by more respondents.

5.6.Extent of Violation of Copyright due to Non-availability of Printed Materials

The investigator attempted to find out how much the non-availability of printed materials makes

the respondents to violate copyright regulations through photocopying and other ways. The data

were shown in the table 5.4.





Extent of Violation of Copyright due to Non-availability of Printed Materials

Opinion Doctoral Students

Science Non-science Total

Great Extent 3(5.3) 6(10.9) 9(8.04)

Some Extent 19(33.3) 18(32.7) 37(33.04)

Little Extent 12(21.1) 15(27.3) 27(24.1)

No Extent 8(14.04) 6(10.9) 14(12.5)

Don't Know 15(26.3) 10(18.2) 25(22.3)

Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)


The data in the table 5.4 indicates that a very few (8.04 per cent) of the respondents are sure that

they violate copyright due to non-availability of printed materials to great extent. A good

number (33.04 per cent) of them violate copyright to some extent and 24.1 per cent violate

copyright to little extent. A very few (12.5 per cent) of the respondents violate no extent and a

few (22.3 per cent) answered don’t know. Overall, a good number of the respondents are

violating copyright to some extent due to the non-availability of printed materials.

5.7.Awareness of Digital Copyright

Like the copyright for printed resources there is copyright restriction for digital materials also.

The doctoral students are needed to be aware about digital copyright also. Table 5.5 shows the

data related to awareness of doctoral students about digital copyright.

Table 5.5

Awareness of Digital Copyright

Awareness Doctoral Students


Aware 28(49.1) 16(29.1) 44(39.3)

Less Aware 22(38.6) 21(38.2) 43(38.4)

Not Aware 7(12.3) 18(32.7) 25(22.3)

Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)





((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) The data in the table 5.5 indicates that a good number (39.3 per cent) of the respondents are

aware about digital copyright. Similarly a good number (38.4 per cent) of them are less aware

and a few (22.3 per cent) are not aware about digital copyright. Overall, a good number of the

respondents are aware about digital copyright. Science respondents are more aware about digital

copyright than non-science respondents.

5.8.Agreement with Copyright Regulations

The investigator tried to find out the attitudes of doctoral students towards copyright

regulations. Someone may agree with the rules and regulation of copy right and some may not.

The data collected through the questionnaire were shown in the table 5.6.

Table 5.6

Agreement with Copyright Regulations

Opinion Doctoral Students


Strongly Agree 6(10.5) 4(7.3) 10(8.9)

Agree 43(75.4) 38(69.1) 81(72.3)

Don't Know 4(7.02) 11(20) 15(13.4)

Disagree 4(7.02) 2(3.6) 6(5.4)

Strongly Disagree – – –

Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)


Table 5.6 shows the doctoral students’ agreement with the regulations of copyright. It indicates

that majority (72.3 per cent) of the respondents agree with copyright regulations and a very few

(8.9 per cent) of them strongly agree. A very few (13.4 per cent) of the respondents answered

don’t know and a very few (5.4 per cent) of them disagree.

Overall, majority of the respondents agree with the regulations of copyright. The percentage of

science respondents who agree with the regulations of copyright is more compared to

percentage of non-science respondents.




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) 5.9.Agreement with Digital Copyright

The investigator tried to find out the approach of doctoral students towards digital copyright

regulations. The data collected through the questionnaire were shown in the table 5.7.

Table 5.7

Agreement with Digital Copyright

Opinion

Doctoral Students

Science

Non-

scie

nce

Total

Strongly

Agree 8(14.03) 6(10.9) 14(12.5)

Agree 29(50.9) 25(45.5) 54(48.2)

Don't Know 12(21.1) 17(30.9) 29(25.9)

Disagree 8(14.03) 7(12.7) 15(13.4)

Strongly

Disag

ree

– – –

Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)


The data in the table 5.7 revealed that about half (48.2 per cent) of the respondents agree with

digital copyright regulations and a very few (12.5 per cent) of them strongly agree. A few (25.9

per cent) of the respondents answered don’t know and a very few (13.4 per cent) of them

disagree with digital copyright.

Overall, about half of the respondents agree with the regulations of digital copyright. The

percentage of science respondents who agree with the regulations of digital copyright is more

compared to percentage of non-science respondents.

5.10.Feeling of Self Violation of Copyright

Sometimes we will compel to violate copyright due to the non-availability of printed materials

and its high material price. Exception is included in copyright that for academic purpose

photocopies can be taken and it comes under fair use. At the same time there are rules for taking




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) photocopy according to the number of pages and so on. Here the investigator made an attempt

to evaluate the feeling of self violation of copyright by doctoral students. The data were shown

in the following table 5.8.

Table 5.8

Feeling of Self Violation of Copyright

Frequency Doctoral Students


Frequently – – –

Sometimes 10(17.5) 18(32.7) 28(25)

Rarely 19(33.3) 13(23.6) 32(28.6)

Never 17(29.8) 14(25.5) 31(27.8)

Don't Know 11(19.3) 10(18.2) 21(18.8)

Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)


Table 5.8 shows the frequency of the feeling of self violation of copyright by doctoral students.

It indicates that a few (28.6 per cent) of the respondents rarely felt that they are violating the

copyright Act while using information. A few (25 per cent) of the respondents sometimes felt

that they are violating the copyright Act while using information. While a few (27.8 per cent)

of respondents never felt that they are violating the copyright Act while using information. A

few (18.1 per cent) are answered don’t know.

Overall, a few (25 per cent) of the respondents sometimes felt that they are violating the

copyright Act while using information. A few (18.8 per cent) of the respondents answered

‘don’t know’.

5.11. Extent of Copyright Violation Due to Digitalization

The digitalization simplifies the ways of getting information and it will lead to copying and

downloading of materials for commercial purposes rather than academic needs. The investigator

attempted to find out how much the digital environment makes the respondents to violate

copyright regulations.





Extent of Copyright Violation Due to Digitalization

Opinion Doctoral students


Great Extent 3(5.3) 2(3.6) 5(4.5)

Some Extent 26(45.6) 18(32.7) 44(39.3)

Little Extent 8(14.03) 16(29.1) 24(21.4)

No Extent 7(12.3) 4(7.3) 11(9.8)

Don't Know 13(22.8) 15(27.3) 28(25)

Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)


Table 5.9 shows the extent of violation of copyright due to digitalization. The data in the table

shows that a very few (4.5 per cent) of the respondents are sure that they violate copyright to

great extent due to digitization. A good number (39.3 per cent) of them violate copyright to some

extent and 21.4 per cent violate copyright to little extent. A very few (9.8 per cent) of the

respondents violate no extent and a few (25 per cent) answered don’t know.

Overall, a good number of the respondents are violating copyright to some extent due to

digitization.

5.12. Methods to Become Aware about Copyright

There are different methods available by which one can access information on copyright and

become aware. The investigator provided different methods to analyze the respondents and the

data were shown in the table 5.10.

Table 5.10

Methods to Become Aware about Copyright

Methods

Doctoral Students

Total

(N=160)

Science

(N=78)

Non-science

(N=82)

Attending instruction

classes 10(17.5) 22(40) 32(28.6)

Using Guides 9(15.8) 3(5.5) 12(10.7)




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) Depending on Library

Professionals 7(12.3) 11(20) 18(16.1)

Reading Books on

Copyright 11(19.3) 15(27.3) 26(23.2)

Through Internet 37(64.9) 26(47.3) 63(56.3)

Other 4(7.01) 5(9.1) 9(8.03)


Table 5.10 shows the methods selected by doctoral students to become aware about copyright.

Majority (64.9 per cent) of the science respondents depend upon internet to become aware about

copyright. A few (19.3 per cent) of them preferred reading books on copyright and a few (17.5

per cent) of them go for instruction classes to get awareness about copyright and a few (15.8 per

cent) use guides. A very few (12.3 per cent) depends on library professionals. In the case of

non-science respondents about half (47.3 per cent) of them use internet to get awareness about

copyright. A good number (40 per cent) of them go for instruction classes to get awareness

about copyright. A few (27.3 per cent) of them preferred reading books on copyright and a very

few (5.5 per cent) use guides. A few (20 per cent) depends on library professionals. A very few

(8.03 per cent) of the respondents suggested other methods.

Overall, the data in the table indicates that majority (56.3 per cent) of the science and non-

science respondents depend upon internet to become aware about copyright. A few (28.6 per

cent) of the respondents go for instruction classes. A few (23.2 per cent) of them preferred

reading books on copyright and a very few (10.7 per cent) use guides. A few (16.1 per cent)

depends on library professionals.

5.13.Relevance of Copyright in Digital Environment

The development in information and communication technology influenced the availability and

accessibility of information. In the digital environment copyright has more importance and also

the chance for violation of copyright is more. So the investigator made an attempt to find out the

attitude of doctoral students towards the relevance of copyright in digital environment. The data

were given in the table 5.11.





Relevance of Copyright in Digital Environment

Opinion Doctoral Students Total

Science Non-science

Yes 45(78.9) 40(72.7) 85(75.9)

No 12(21.1) 15(27.3) 27(24.1)

Total 57(100) 55(100) 112(100)


Table 5.11 indicates that according to majority of science respondents (78.9 per cent) copyright

is relevant in digital environment. Whereas a few (21.1 per cent) of them think that copyright is

not relevant in digital environment. When it comes to non-science respondents, majority (72.7

per cent) of them think that copyright is relevant in digital environment. A few (27.3 per cent)

of them think that copyright is not relevant in digital environment.

Overall, majority of the science (78.9 per cent) and non-science (72.7 per cent) respondents

think that copyright is relevant in digital environment. Only a few (24.1 per cent) of them think

that copyright is not relevant in digital environment.

6. CONCLUSION

Copyright is the exclusive right of an author to restrict others from copying his work.

Copyright awareness is essential in academic and scholarly environment where the people use

others work to create their own works. The development in technology facilitates the easiest

way of accessing information resources and reproducing them. It will lead to the great problem

of copyright infringement or copyright violation.

The present study is an attempt made by the investigator to study the level of copyright

awareness among doctoral students in Calicut University campus. The findings of the study

revealed that majority of the doctoral students are aware about copyright law and its importance.

It is very clear from the result that, doctoral students from science discipline are more aware

compared to non-science. But the study also revealed that a good number of the doctoral




((( IIISSSSSSNNN:::222222555000---111111444222))) students are less aware about plagiarism. The study also helped the investigator to reach at the

conclusion that copyright is relevant in digital environment.

The copyright infringement or violation should make a negative effect on the educational

system of our nation and all over the world. It may negatively influence the authors of literary

works to produce less number of materials and this will leads to low academic performance of

students.

The investigator suggested some methods like attending instruction classes, workshops, seminar

etc. to the doctoral students in order to improve their level of copyright awareness. The teachers

and libraries can provide orientation programmes for doctoral students as well as for other

graduate and post graduate students in order to increase their copyright awareness. Also to

reduce the rate of illegal photocopying, commercial photocopying operators should be asked to

pay royalty for excessive photocopy. It is hoped that the present study will make a positive

change among doctoral students in their attitude towards copyright and let us hope for a literary

world without copyright violation.

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