World Trade Center (2001present)

This article is about the new World Trade Centercomplex built after the September 11 attacks. For theoriginal World Trade Center complex, see World TradeCenter (19732001). For the new complexs mainbuilding, see One World Trade Center. For other WTCbuildings worldwide, see List of World Trade Centers.For other uses, seeWorld Trade Center (disambiguation).

TheWorld Trade Center is a partially completed com-plex of buildings under construction in LowerManhattan,New York City, United States, replacing an earlier com-plex of seven buildings with the same name on the samesite that were damaged or destroyed in the September 11attacks. The site is being rebuilt with six new skyscrap-ers, a memorial andmuseum to those killed in the attacks,and a transportation hub. One World Trade Center, thetallest building in the United States, is the lead buildingfor the new complex, reaching more than 100 stories[15]upon its completion in November 2014.[16]

The original World Trade Center featured landmark twintowers, which opened on April 4, 1973, and were thetallest buildings in the world at their completion. Theywere destroyed on the morning of September 11, 2001,when Al-Qaeda-aliated hijackers ew two Boeing 767jets into the complex in a coordinated act of terrorism.The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753people.[17]

The resulting collapse caused structural failure in manyof the surrounding buildings as well. The process ofcleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center sitetook eight months, after which rebuilding of the sitecommenced.[18][19]

After years of delay and controversy, reconstruction atthe World Trade Center site is now underway. Thenew complex includes One World Trade Center (for-merly known as the Freedom Tower), 7 World TradeCenter, three other high-rise oce buildings, a museumand memorial, and a transportation hub similar in sizeto Grand Central Terminal. One World Trade Cen-ter was completed on August 30, 2012, and the nalcomponent of its spire installed on May 10, 2013. 4World Trade Center opened in November 2014.[20][21]The 9/11 memorial is complete, and the museum openedon May 21, 2014.[22] 3 World Trade Center and theTransportation Hub are also making progress, and are setto be nished in 2018[23] and mid-2016,[24] respectively.2 World Trade Center's full construction was placed onhold in 2009; however, on June 9, 2015, it was reported

that the building would undergo a new design, led by ar-chitect Bjarke Ingels of the Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG). Itwas also reported that the newly designed 2 World TradeCenter would become the headquarters for Rupert Mur-doch's 21st Century Fox and News Corp. On January 15,2016, it was reported that the two companies had decidedagainst moving into 2 World Trade Center, leading to un-certainty over the future of BIGs design.

1 Original towersThe original World Trade Center featured landmark twintowers, which opened on April 4, 1973, and were thetallest buildings in the world at their completion. Theother buildings in the complex included the MarriottWorld Trade Center (3 WTC), 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC,and 7 WTC.[25][26]

1.1 Destruction

They were destroyed on the morning of September11, 2001, when Al-Qaeda-aliated hijackers ew twoBoeing 767 jets into the complex in a coordinated actof terrorism. At 8:46 A.M. Eastern Time (ET), a teamof ve hijackers intentionally crashed American AirlinesFlight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower. At9:03 A.M. ET, a second team of ve hijackers intention-ally crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southernfacade of the South Tower. After burning for 56 min-utes, the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 A.M. At 10:28A.M., the North Tower collapsed, after burning for 102minutes. The attacks on the World Trade Center killed2,753 people.[17] The resulting collapse caused structuralfailure in many of the surrounding buildings as well. Theprocess of cleaning up and recovery at the World TradeCenter site took eight months, after which rebuilding ofthe site commenced.[27][28]

1.2 Cleanup

Main article: World Trade Center siteThe process of cleanup and recovery continued 24 hoursa day over a period of eight months. Debris was trans-ported from the World Trade Center site to Fresh KillsLandll on Staten Island, where it was further sifted.[29]OnMay 30, 2002, a ceremony was held to ocially markthe end of the cleanup eorts.[30] In 2002, ground was

1

2 2 PLANNING

Performing

Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Centers reconstruc-tion.

broken on construction of a new 7 WTC building locatedjust to the north of the main World Trade Center site.Since it was not part of the site master plan, Larry Silver-stein was able to proceed without delay on the rebuildingof 7 World Trade Center, which was completed and of-cially opened in May 2006; this had been considered apriority since restoring Consolidated Edison Co.'s electri-cal substation in the buildings lower oors was necessaryto meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.[31][32][33]While 7 World Trade Center was not part of the mas-ter plan for the Twin Towers site, Silverstein and ConEdison recognized that the rebuilding of 7 World TradeCenter would have to be consistent with the master planwhich was expected to re-open the street grid which hadbeen blocked by the original World Trade Center super-block. As a result, the design for the new 7 WorldTrade Center allowed for the re-opening of GreenwichStreet, which had been blocked by the original 7 WorldTrade Center.[34] A temporary PATH station at theWorldTrade Center opened in November 2003, pending re-placement by a permanent station designed by SantiagoCalatrava.[35]

With the main World Trade Center site, numerous stake-holders were involved including Silverstein and the PortAuthority, which in turn meant that George Pataki,the then-Governor of New York, had some authority.In addition, the victims families, people in the sur-rounding neighborhoods, MayorMichael Bloomberg, andothers wanted input. Governor Pataki established theLower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC) inNovember 2001 as an ocial commission to oversee therebuilding process.[36] The LMDC held a competition to

solicit possible designs for the site. The Memory Foun-dations design by Daniel Libeskind was chosen as themaster plan for the World Trade Center site.[37] The planincluded the 1,776 feet (541 m) Freedom Tower (nowknown as One World Trade Center) as well as a memorialand a number of other oce towers. Out of the WorldTrade Center Site Memorial Competition, a design byMichael Arad and Peter Walker titled Reecting Absencewas selected in January 2004.[38]

2 Planning

Governor Pataki established the LowerManhattan Devel-opment Corporation (LMDC) in November 2001, as anocial commission to oversee the rebuilding process.[39]The LMDC coordinates federal assistance in the rebuild-ing process, and works with the Port Authority, Larry Sil-verstein, and Studio Daniel Libeskind, the master planarchitect for the sites redesign. The corporation alsohandles communication with the local community, busi-nesses, the city of New York, and relatives of victims ofthe September 11 attacks.[40] A 16-member board of di-rectors, half appointed by the governor and half by themayor of New York, governs the LMDC.[41] The LMDChad questionable legal status regarding the restoration ofthe World Trade Center site, because the Port Authorityowns most of the property and Larry Silverstein leasedthe World Trade Centers oce space in July 2001. Butthe LMDC, in an April 2002 articulation of its prin-ciples for action, asserted its role in revitalizing lowerManhattan.[42]

In the months following the attacks, architects and urbanplanning experts held meetings and forums to discussideas for rebuilding the site.[43] In January 2002, NewYork City art dealer Max Protetch solicited 50 conceptsand renderings from artists and architects, which were puton exhibit in his Chelsea art gallery.[44]

In April 2002, the LMDC sent out requests for propos-als to redesign the World Trade Center site to 24 Man-hattan architecture rms, but then soon withdrew them.The following month, the LMDC selected Beyer Blin-der Belle as planner for the redesign of the World TradeCenter site.[45] On July 16, 2002, Beyer Blinder Belleunveiled six concepts for redesigning the World TradeCenter site.[46] All six designs were voted poor by theroughly 5,000 New Yorkers that submitted feedback, sothe LDMC announced a new, international, open-designstudy.[47]

In an August 2002 press release, the LMDC announced adesign study for the World Trade Center site.[48] The fol-lowingmonth, the LMDC, along with NewYorkNewVi-sions a coalition of 21 architecture, engineering, plan-ning, landscape architecture and design organizations announced seven seminalists. The following seven ar-chitecture rms were then invited to compete to be the

2.1 Controversy and criticism 3

The National September 11Memorial &Museum. The memorialis in the foreground, the museum to the left.

master plan architect for the World Trade Center:

Foster and Partners (Norman Foster)

Studio Daniel Libeskind (Daniel Libeskind)

Meier Eisenman Gwathmey Holl (Peter Eisen-man, Richard Meier, Charles Gwathmey and StevenHoll), sometimes known as The Dream Team[49]

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

THINK Team (Shigeru Ban, Frederic Schwartz,Ken Smith, Rafael Vinoly)

United Architects

Peterson Littenberg, a small New York architecture rm,had been enlisted by the LMDC earlier that summer as aconsultant, and was invited to participate as the seventhseminalist.[50]

The seven seminalists presented their entries to the pub-lic on December 18, 2002, at the Winter Garden of theWorld Financial Center. In the following weeks, Skid-more, Owings & Merrill withdrew its entry from thecompetition.[51]

Days before the announcement of the two nalists inFebruary 2003, Larry Silverstein wrote to LMDC ChairJohn Whitehead to express his disapproval of all of theseminalists designs. As the Twin Towers insurancemoney recipient, Silverstein claimed that he had the soleright to decide what would be built. He announced thathe had already picked Skidmore, Owings & Merrill ashis master planner for the site.[52] On February 1, 2003,the LMDC selected two nalists, the THINK Team andStudio Daniel Libeskind, and planned on picking a sin-gle winner by the end of the month. Rafael Violy ofthe THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind presentedtheir designs to the LMDC, which selected the THINKdesign. Earlier the same day, however, Roland Betts, a

member of the LMDC, had called a meeting and the cor-poration had agreed to vote for the THINK design be-fore hearing the nal presentations. Governor Pataki,who had originally commissioned the LMDC, intervenedand overruled the LMDCs decision.[52] On February 27,2003, Studio Daniel Libeskind ocially won the compe-tition to be themaster planner for theWorld Trade Centerredesign.Libeskinds original proposal, which is titled MemoryFoundations, underwent extensive revisions during col-laboration with Larry Silverstein, and Skidmore, Owings& Merrill, whom Silverstein hired.[53] Though Libeskinddesigned the site, the individual buildings have been de-signed by dierent architects. While not all of Liebe-skinds ideas were incorporated into the nal design, hisdesign and the public support it garnered did solidify theprinciple that the original footprints of the Twin Tow-ers should be turned into a memorial and not be used forcommercial purposes. As a result, Liebeskinds lawyersat the New York rm of Wachtell Lipton embarked onthe multi-year negotiation process to frame a master planfor the rebuilding.[54] The rst step in this process, com-pleted in 2003, was the swap in which Silverstein gaveup his rights to the footprints of the Twin Towers sothat they could become a memorial, and in exchange re-ceived the right to build ve new oce towers around thememorial.[55] The swap and the ensuing negotiations,which lasted for many years, have been referred to as themost complex real estate transaction in human history be-cause of the complexity of the issues involved, the manystakeholders, and the diculty of reaching consensus.[56]

2.1 Controversy and criticismThere was much debate regarding the future of GroundZero following the destruction of the World Trade Cen-ter. Disagreement and controversy regarding who ownedthe property and what would be built there hindered con-struction at the site for several years. Many wanted theTwin Towers to be rebuilt, but stronger and taller. Theproject for new Twin Towers was called Twin Towers IIwhich was led by the informal organization, Twin TowersAlliance.[57] Others did not want anything built there at allor wanted the entire site to become a memorial. Finally,a master plan was agreed upon, which would feature amemorial and museum where the original Twin Towersstood and six new skyscrapers surrounding it.[58]

The social center of the old World Trade Center in-cluded a spectacular restaurant on the 107th oor, calledWindows on the World, and its Greatest Bar in theWorld; these were tourist attractions in their own right,and a social gathering spot for people who worked inthe towers.[59][60] This restaurant also housed one of themost prestigious wine schools in the United States, calledWindows on the World Wine School, run by wine per-sonality Kevin Zraly.[61] Despite numerous assurancesthat these local landmarks and global attractions would

4 3 REBUILDING

be rebuilt,[62] the Port Authority scrapped plans to re-build these WTC attractions, which has outraged someobservers.[63]

An episode of CBS's 60 Minutes in 2010 focused on thelack of progress at Ground Zero, particularly on the lackof completion dates for a majority of the buildings, themain tower, OneWorld Trade Centers having undergonethree dierent designs, and the delays and monetary ex-pense involved. Investor Larry Silverstein said the PortAuthoritys estimated completion date for the entire sitewas 2037, and billions of dollars had already been spenton the project, even though Ground Zero is still a hole inthe ground. During an interview for the episode, LarrySilverstein said: I am the most frustrated person in theworld....I'm seventy-eight years of age; I want to see thisthing done in my lifetime.[64]

One World Trade Center itself was met with criticismearly in its planning and construction stages.[65] The origi-nal design, which was asymmetrical, signicantly shorter,and called for an o-center spire, was met with much dis-approval, causing a new one to be devised. A key featureof the nal design, the fortied, windowless base, wasalso denounced as looking dreary and unwelcoming.[66]To alleviate this problem, the designers decided to cladit with prismatic glass panels. Since the failure of thatplan, it is now unclear what the base will be covered with.The name change from Freedom Tower to One WorldTrade Center was met with some criticism.[67] The then-Governor of New York, George Pataki, stated in 2003that "[t]he Freedom Tower isn't going to be One WorldTrade Center, its going to be the Freedom Tower.[68]

3 Rebuilding

Construction of the 9/11 Memorial complex in December 2010

On March 13, 2006, workers arrived at the World TradeCenter site to remove remaining debris and start survey-ing work. This marked the ocial start of construction ofthe National September 11Memorial &Museum, thoughnot without controversy and concerns from some fam-

ily members.[69] In April 2006, the Port Authority andLarry Silverstein reached an agreement in which Silver-stein ceded rights to develop the Freedom Tower andTower Five in exchange for nancing with Liberty Bondsfor Towers Two, Three, and Four.[70][71] On April 27,2006, a ground-breaking ceremony was held for the Free-dom Tower.[72]

In May 2006, architects Richard Rogers and FumihikoMaki were announced as the architects for Towers Threeand Four, respectively.[73] The nal designs for TowersTwo, Three and Four were unveiled on September 7,2006. Tower Two, or 200 Greenwich Street, will havea roof height of 1,254 feet (382 m) and a 96 feet (29m) tripod spire for a total of 1,350 feet (410 m). TowerThree, or 175 Greenwich Street will have a roof height of1,155 feet (352 m) and an antenna height reaching 1,255feet (383 m). Tower Four, or 150 Greenwich Street, willhave an overall height of 946 feet (288 m).[74] On June22, 2007, the Port Authority of New York and New Jer-sey announced that JP Morgan Chase will build Tower 5,a 42-story building on Site 5 occupied by the DeutscheBank Building,[75] and Kohn Pedersen Fox was selectedas the architect for the building.[76] Four renowned ar-chitects, including Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava,who designed the transit hub, One WTC designer DavidChilds of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, and the famedBritish architect Norman Foster of Foster and Partnersdesigned Tower Two and masterminded the iconic dia-mond design, will greatly enhance the street-level atmo-sphere of the rebuilt site. The projects will be completebetween early 2013 to mid-2015 respectively.[77]

Publisher Cond Nast agreed to move its headquartersto One World Trade Center in 2010, and with thisshift, many more tenants were expected to move to thebuilding.[78] As of August 2011, One World Trade Cen-ter was at 80 stories with glass up to the 54th oor,Tower Four was up around 38 stories with glass up tothe 15th oor, and the former Deutsche Bank Buildinghad been completely dismantled, and the Port Author-ity was working on their Vehicle Security Center.[79] TheWorld Trade Center Transportation Hub's PATH hall isnearly complete. The memorial ocially opened to rel-atives of the deceased on September 11, 2011, and tothe general public on September 12. World Trade Cen-ter Tower Threes foundations are becoming visible, andwas completed in mid-2014.[80][81] By December 2011,Tower Twos foundations were nished and assembly ofthe frame was started.[82] Because numerous Americanand Chinese companies were very interested in leasingspace at the WTC, Two World Trade Center was likelyto be nished earlier than expected.[83]

A report in September 2013 revealed that, at the time ofthe report, the World Trade Center Association (WTCA)continues to negotiate with the One World Trade Cen-ter in regard to the title World Trade Center, as theWTCA purchased the rights to the name in 1986. TheWTCA is seeking free oce space in the tower worth

4.2 Memorial and museum 5

US$500,000 in exchange for the use of World TradeCenter on the One World Trade Center tower and as-sociated souvenirs.[84]

In early December 2013, Australian retail corporationWesteld announced that it will invest US$800 millionfor complete control of the retail space at the rebuilt cen-ter. Westeld, Australias largest shopping mall operator,will purchase the Port Authority of New York and NewJerseys 50 percent stake in the retail part of the WorldTrade Center site, increasing its total investment to morethan US$1.4 billion.[85]

In April 2014, with the opening of the 9/11 Museum,temporary fences, used for construction, were removedaround the 9/11 Memorial. At the same time, the 9/11Memorial discontinued the requirement for tickets in or-der to enter the memorial, not only providing pedestrianaccess to the future towers, but also a path through thesite to the Memorial Plaza and surrounding streets.[86]All construction-related fences in the World Trade Cen-ter are expected to be removed with the opening of thenal tower sometime in 201518.[87]

4 StructuresSix towers, a 9/11 memorial and museum, a mall, a trans-portation hub, a parking lot, a park, and a church areto eventually occupy the new World Trade Center. Asof March 2015, progress on the construction of the re-designed site was as follows:

4.1 Towers

One World Trade Center (previously coined the Free-dom Tower by Governor Pataki) is the centerpiece ofLibeskinds design. The building rises to 1,368 feet (417m), the height of the original World Trade Center northtower, and its antenna rises to the symbolic height of1,776 feet (541 m). This height refers to 1776, the year inwhich the United States Declaration of Independence wassigned. The tower was a collaboration between StudioDaniel Libeskind and Skidmore, Owings &Merrill archi-tect David Childs.[117] Childs acted as the design architectand project manager for the tower, and Daniel Libeskindcollaborated on the concept and schematic design.[118]According to a NY1 article on March 8, 2011, a planto build a restaurant on top of One World Trade Center(to duplicate the Windows on the World restaurant atopthe previous North Tower) was scrapped entirely becauseof potential risk of rising costs to build and maintain theestablishment over the benets of having one at all.[119]Also in 2011 it was conrmed that Cond Nast Publica-tions would be a primary tenant of the building.[120][121]

Danish architect Bjarke Ingels designed Two WorldTrade Center, also known as 200 Greenwich Street. The

The completed 7 World Trade Center in 2008.

buildings gardens integrate Tribeca with the FinancialDistrict at the World Trade Center.[93][94]

Richard Rogers Partnership designed Three World TradeCenter, or 175 Greenwich Street, which stands acrossGreenwich Street from the Memorials two reectingpools.[97][98]

Maki and Associates designed Four World Trade Center,also known as 150 Greenwich Street.[122][123]

Five World Trade Center was designed by Kohn Peder-sen Fox and will stand where the Deutsche Bank Build-ing once stood. On June 22, 2007, the Port Authorityannounced that JP Morgan Chase will lease the 42-storybuilding for its investment banking headquarters;[124][125]however, JPMorgans March 2008 acquisition of BearStearns had caused construction to stagnate, as the com-pany changed its plans and relocated its headquartersto 383 Madison Avenue.[126] Construction began onSeptember 9, 2011.[108]

7 World Trade Center stands o of Port Authority prop-erty. David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill de-signed the tower, which opened in May 2006.[127]

4.2 Memorial and museumMain article: National September 11 Memorial & Mu-seumA memorial called Reecting Absence honors the vic-tims of the September 11 attacks and the 1993 WorldTrade Center bombing.[128] The memorial, designed by

6 5 LOGO

The completed South Pool in April 2012

Peter Walker and Israeli-American architect MichaelArad, consists of a eld of trees interrupted by the foot-prints of the twin towers. Pools of water ll the foot-prints, underneath which sits a memorial space whosewalls bear the names of the victims. The slurry wall,which holds back the Hudson River in the west andwas an integral part of Libeskinds proposal, remainsexposed.[129] Walker and Arad were selected from morethan 5,000 entrants in the World Trade Center SiteMemorial Competition in January 2004. Constructionof the memorial was completed before September 11,2011.[130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138]

On October 12, 2004, the LMDC announced that GehryPartners LLP and Snhetta, an architectural rm fromNorway, would design the sites performing arts and mu-seum complexes, respectively, in the same area as thememorial.[139][140] The Snhetta-designed museum[141]will act as a memorial museum and visitors center, af-ter family members of 9/11 victims objected to thebuildings original occupant, the International FreedomCenter.[142] Gehrys performing arts complex will houseonly the Joyce Theater, as the Signature Theater Com-pany dropped out due to space constraints and costlimitations.[142] The Ground Zero Museum Workshop isa privately run 501c nonprot museum that is not con-nected to the ocial Ground Zero Memorial or Gehrysmuseum.[143]

4.3 Retail space

In early December 2013, Australian retail corporationWesteld announced that it will invest US$800 millionfor complete control of the retail space at the rebuilt cen-ter. Westeld purchased the Port Authority of New Yorkand New Jerseys 50 percent stake in the retail part of theWorld Trade Center site, increasing its total investmentto more than US$1.4 billion.[144]

4.4 Transportation HubMain article: World Trade Center (PATH station)Santiago Calatrava designed the World Trade Center

Entrance to the PATH at the World Trade Center

Transportation Hub (its main asset being the PATH sta-tion) to replace the old World Trade Center station.[145]The Transport Hub will connect the PATH station and 1NewYorkCity Transit Authority subway train to the ferryterminal, the World Financial Center and One WorldTrade Center on the west and the 2 3 4 5 A C J Z N RNew York City Transit Authority subway trains throughthe Fulton Center on the East. One will be able to walkmost of the way across lower Manhattan. The Port Au-thority will cool the new station, as well as the Septem-ber 11 Memorial and Museum, via a heat exchanger fedby four pipes carrying water from the Hudson River.[146]The cost for the transportation hub is estimated at $3.44billion.[24][147][148]

4.5 St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox ChurchGovernment ocials have backed down from a July2008 deal to relocate the St. Nicholas Greek OrthodoxChurch, the only church destroyed in the September 11attacks.[149][150]

A deal has been reached between church ocials, Gov-ernor Andrew Cuomo, and the Port Authority to have thechurch rebuilt on the same site, but three times the origi-nal size on October 14, 2011, according to NY1.[151]

5 LogoThe World Trade Centers new logo, revealed in August2014, was designed by the rm Landor Associates andshaped like a W. All the black bars, the empty spaces,and the W itself symbolizes something, giving the logoat least six meanings:[152]

Each of the ve bars in the logo represents the ve

7towers that will be the World Trade Center when itis complete.[153][154]

The top half of the logo features bars cut o at a17.76-degree angle, evoking OneWorld Trade Cen-ters 1,776-foot height.[153][154]

There are two white columns at the top symbolizingthe Tribute in Light memorial.[153][154]

The three black bars at the top also symbolize theTwin Towers trident-shaped columns.[153][154]

The two black bars at the bottom also stand for thetwin pools of the 9/11 Memorial.[153][154]

The logo, as a whole, is in the shape of a W, whichstands for World Trade Center and "WesteldWorld Trade Center".[153][154]

Landor Associates was awarded a $3.57 million con-tract in 2013 for redesigns, which comprised the perfor-mance of professional services for the development andimplementation of the World Trade Center (WTC) site-wide waynding, signage, and operational communica-tions program and included the development of the newlogo.[155] Douglas Riccardi, the principal in the designrm Memo, stated, Its strength is its ability to be seenin many ways. You could never get more meaning in velittle bars. The problem is that people may not bother tond out what the meanings are.[154]

6 See also One World Trade Center and its construction Project Rebirth The Sphere

7 References

7.1 Explanatory notes[1] 1, 4, and 7 WTC, as well as the 9/11 Memorial and Mu-

seum are complete. 2, 3, and 5 WTC, as well as LibertyPark and the Vehicle Security Center, the TransportationHub, and the Performing Arts Center are under construc-tion.

7.2 Citations[1] Building of N.Y. Freedom Tower begins. USA Today.

Associated Press. April 28, 2006. Retrieved February 1,2009.

[2] Bagli, Charles V. (May 8, 2002). As a Hurdle Is Cleared,Building Begins At Ground Zero. The New York Times.Retrieved August 16, 2009.

[3] "||World Trade Center ||". Wtc.com. December 31, 2013.Retrieved February 3, 2014.

[4] 7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare.Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC).May 22, 2006. Archived from the original on August 9,2007. Retrieved July 27, 2007.

[5] One World Trade Center to retake title of NYCs tallestbuilding. Fox News Channel. Associated Press. April29, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2014.

[6] 7 World Trade Center, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

[7] One World Trade Center The Skyscraper Center.Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. RetrievedApril 14, 2014.

[8] 7World Trade Center - The Skyscraper Center. Councilon Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.

[9] Stacking Diagram | Silverstein Properties. 4wtc.com.Retrieved February 3, 2014.

[10] Building Tenants, Silverstein Properties

[11] World Trade Center Tour, Council on Tall Buildings andUrban Habitat (CTBUH)

[12] One World Trade Center. The Skyscraper Center. Re-trieved December 16, 2014.

[13] Twin Towers Engineered To Withstand Jet Collision.The Seattle Times. February 27, 1993.

[14] World Trade Center (2001present) at Emporis

[15] New World Trade Center climbs to 100 stories.Associated Press. April 2, 2012.

[16] World Trade Center Reopens for Business. AssociatedPress. Retrieved November 3, 2014.

[17] Mans death from World Trade Center dust bringsGround Zero toll to 2,753. Daily News (New York). As-sociated Press. June 18, 2011. Retrieved September 1,2011.

8 7 REFERENCES

[18] Iovine, Julie V. (September 27, 2001). Designers LookBeyond Debris. The New York Times. Retrieved July 31,2010.

[19] The Last Steel Column. The New York Times. May 30,2002. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[20] Lower Manhattan : 1 World Trade Center. Lowerman-hattan.info. Retrieved December 11, 2011.

[21] Lower Manhattan : 4 World Trade Center (150 Green-wich Street)". Lowermanhattan.info. September 8, 2006.Retrieved December 11, 2011.

[22] National September 11 Memorial & Museum | WorldTrade Center Memorial. 911memorial.org. December7, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2011.

[23] Rich, Schapiro (March 17, 2014). Blocking 3 WorldTrade Center deal a bad idea. New York Post. RetrievedJune 9, 2014.

[24] Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 24, 2011). TradeCenter Transit Hubs Cost Now Over $3.4 Billion. TheNew York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2011.

[25] Holusha, John (January 6, 2002). Commercial Property;In Oce Market, a Time of Uncertainty. The New YorkTimes. Retrieved November 21, 2008.

[26] Ford recounts details of Sept. 11. Real Estate Weekly(BNET). February 27, 2002. Retrieved January 3, 2009.

[27] Iovine, Julie V. (September 27, 2001). Designers LookBeyond Debris. The New York Times. Retrieved July 31,2010.

[28] k Times] The Last Steel Column"] Check |url= value(help). May 30, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[29] Items from World Trade Center Recovery Operation,Fresh Kills Landll. Online Collections Database. StatenIsland Historical Society.

[30] Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup. CNN. May30, 2002. Retrieved September 11, 2008.

[31] Bagli, Charles V. (January 31, 2002). Developers Paceat 7 World Trade Center Upsets Some. The New YorkTimes. Retrieved February 17, 2008.

[32] 7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare.Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC).May 22, 2006. Retrieved July 27, 2007.

[33] Major Step at Ground Zero: 7World TradeCenter Open-ing. Architectural Record. May 17, 2006. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2008.

[34] Experts Discuss Planning, Designing and RebuildingWorld Trade Center. Cornell Chronicle. July 27, 2011.

[35] Urban Design and Visual Resources (Chapter 7)" (PDF).Permanent WTC Path Terminal Final Environmental Im-pact Statement and Section 4(f) Evaluation. Port Authorityof New York and New Jersey. May 2005. Archived fromthe original (PDF) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved Novem-ber 19, 2008.

[36] Prez-Pea, Richard (November 3, 2001). State PlansRebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani. The NewYork Times. Retrieved November 19, 2008.

[37] Lower Manhattan Development Corporation. SelectedDesign for theWTC Site as of February 2003. RetrievedNovember 19, 2008.

[38] Collins, Glenn and David W. Dunlap (January 15, 2004).Unveiling of Memorial Reveals a Wealth of New De-tails. The New York Times. Retrieved November 19,2008.

[39] Prez-Pea, Richard (November 3, 2001). A NATIONCHALLENGED:DOWNTOWN; State Plans RebuildingAgency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani. The New York Times.Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[40] A Corporation to Rebuild Ground Zero. The New YorkTimes. November 4, 2001. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

[41] Governor and Mayor Name Lower Manhattan Redevel-opment Corporation (Press release). RenewNYC.org.November 29, 2001. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

[42] Lower Manhattan Development Corporation AnnouncesPrinciples for Development and Blueprint for Renewalfor World Trade Center Site (Press release). Re-newNYC.org. April 9, 2002. Retrieved June 16, 2008.

[43] McGuigan, Cathleen (November 12, 2001). Up FromThe Ashes. Newsweek.

[44] Wyatt, Edward (January 11, 2002). Everyone Weighs InWith Rebuilding Ideas. The New York Times. RetrievedJuly 31, 2010.

[45] Muschamp, Herbert (May 23, 2002). An Appraisal;Marginal Role for Architecture at Ground Zero. TheNew York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2010.

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9 External links World Trade Center Silverstein Properties World Trade Center Port Authority of New York& New Jersey

12 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses10.1 Text

World Trade Center (2001present) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)?oldid=704062726 Contributors: JFG, Philg88, CommonsDelinker, Oshwah, A21sauce, Niceguyedc, Ktr101, Noteremote, AnomieBOT,Jonesey95, , Latios, John of Reading, Charlesaaronthompson, Jenks24, GrindtXX, David J Johnson, ClueBot NG, BG19bot,Keivan.f, Kendall-K1, Vcohen, Player072, ZappaOMati, FoCuSandLeArN, Epicgenius, Eyesnore, SNUGGUMS, CaseyPenk, Angel-great, Cardi1921, CookieMonster755, TehPeytonic, RES2773, ~bgwiki, SwagMasterParakeet91, Doulph88, HimiGrey, JJBers andAnonymous: 22

10.2 Images File:2_WTC_HeroShot_Image_by_BIG.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/77/2_WTC_HeroShot_Image_by_

BIG.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:WTC.com Original artist: ?

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File:Chrysler_building-_top.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Chrysler_building-_top.jpg License:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Photograph by User:Leena Hietanen (In real life: fi:Leena Hietanen) March 2005. (Uploaded with per-mission.) Original artist: The original uploader was Petri Krohn at English Wikipedia Later versions were uploaded by Cacophony aten.wikipedia.

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contribu-tors: ? Original artist: ?

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File:New_York_-_National_September_11_Memorial_South_Pool_-_April_2012_-_9693C.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/New_York_-_National_September_11_Memorial_South_Pool_-_April_2012_-_9693C.jpg License: CCBY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: NormanB

File:OneWorldTradeCenter.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/OneWorldTradeCenter.jpg License:CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: Joe Mabel

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File:Three_World_Trade_Center_NY_2016-01-30.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Three_World_Trade_Center_NY_2016-01-30.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: JJBers

File:WTC_3-April_2014.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/WTC_3-April_2014.jpg License: CCBY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Antony-22

File:WTC_5.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6a/WTC_5.jpg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? File:WTC_Building_Arrangement_in_preliminary_site_plan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/

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tors: Own work Original artist: Sallicio File:WTC_Site_View_2011-12-03.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/WTC_Site_View_2011-12-03.

jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kinu Panda File:WTCmemorialJune2012.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/WTCmemorialJune2012.png Li-

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Original towersDestructionCleanup

PlanningControversy and criticism

RebuildingStructuresTowersMemorial and museumRetail spaceTransportation HubSt. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church

LogoSee alsoReferencesExplanatory notesCitations

BibliographyExternal linksText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license