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World War 2: The
Japanese Occupation
of Eastern China
The topics that will be discussed are:
• The Invasion of Manchuria (18 September 1931 – 27 February 1932)
• The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (7–9 July 1937)
• The Second Sino-Japanese War: The Battle of Shanghai (August 13, 1937
– November 26, 1937)
• Atrocities at Nanking (December 13, 1937 – January 1938)
Prepared by Karu Ashwin
The Mukden Incident
(September 18, 1931 – February
18, 1932)
• A plot where a Japanese official detonated an explosive close to
Japan’s South Manchurian Railway.
• Japan insisted that the Chinese were the perpetrators and they used
this as an excuse to invade Manchuria.
The
Invasion of
Manchuria
• The Japanese Army immediately invaded Manchuria after the
Mukden Incident.
• After defeating local Chinese forces, Japan established a puppet
state named Manchukuo.
• Japan’s occupation lasted until the end of World War 2.
The Marco Polo
Bridge Incident
• When the Japanese carried out training exercises which they had not
notified the Chinese about, the two sides exchanged a few shots.
• The Japanese discovered that one of their soldiers were missing and
blamed the Chinese.
• The Japanese demanded that they be demanded to search for him in
Wanping but the Chinese said they would do it themselves.
• The Japanese agreed with the condition that one of their officers be
allowed to accompany the search effort but the Japanese military
tried to forcefully enter Wanping, but they were driven off.
• Japan used the incident as an excuse to launch an offensive on the
rest of China.
• This led to the Second Sino-Japanese War.
• In 1937, Beijing, Shanghai and then Nanking, the capital of the
Kuomintang party fell.
• Subsequently, this led to the Nanking Massacre.
The Second Sino-Japanese
War: The Battle of Shanghai
The Republic of China The Empire of Japan
Army National Revolutionary Army Imperial Japanese Army
Navy − Imperial Japanese Navy
Commander Chiang Kai-Shek Heisuke Yanagawa
Strength 700,000 troops in 70
divisions and 7 brigades, 180
aircraft, 40 tanks
300,000 troops in 9 divisions
and a brigade, 500 aircraft,
300 tanks, 130 naval ships
Casualties 250,000 40,000
Result − Japanese victory
• Despite China’s larger number of troops, it was not match forJapan’s superior air force, and more experienced, trained andskilled army.
• Japan expected the battle to end quickly with victory.
• Surprisingly, the battle lasted for three months despite Japan’spowerful artillery, navy and tanks as the Chinese forces weredetermined and brave but lacked sufficient modes oftransportation, experience, coordination and strategy.
The Nanking
Massacre• The Nanking Massacre was a six week long ordeal of the
population on Nanking where the Imperial Japanese Army burned
and looted properties and houses, murdered around 300,000
soldiers and civilians and raped around 80,000 women.
• This massacre is also known as The Rape of Nanking.
• The reason for this massacre is revenge because Japan’s forces were
infuriated by the poorly trained Chinese troops’ resistance.
• The Japanese army was an army that preferred death over surrender
and when the Chinese forces surrendered, the Japanese treated them
with nothing but contempt.
• They slaughtered around 20,000 young men who surrendered to
them and the Japanese burned anything resourceful (food supplies,
forests, land, houses).
• Later on, to prevent the spread of diseases, the Japanese buried
civilians alive or rounded them up in slaughter pits.
• Here, they were used for bayonet practice, hacked to death or burnt
alive.
• Their bodies were then dumped into the Yangtze River.
• After looting everything that was valuable, the Japanese started fires
that devastated around one third of Nanking.
• Japanese troops even had beheading contests.
• In the first four weeks itself, the Japanese brutally raped, mutilated
and then murdered 30,000 women.
• A large portion of these rapes were systematized in a process in
which soldiers would go from door to door, searching for girls, with
many women being captured and gang raped. The women were often
killed immediately after being raped, often through explicit
mutilation or by penetrating vaginas with bayonets, long sticks of
bamboo, or other objects.
• Young children were not exempt from these atrocities and were cut
open to allow Japanese soldiers to rape them.
• Pregnant women were not spared. In several instances, they were
raped, then had their bellies slit open and the foetuses torn out.
• Sometimes, after storming into a house and encountering a whole
family, the Japanese forced Chinese men to rape their own
daughters, sons to rape their mothers, and brothers their sisters, while
the rest of the family was made to watch.
A Few Accounts
of the Massacre• December 18, 4 p.m., at No. 18 I Ho Lu, Japanese soldiers wanted a
man's cigarette case and when he hesitated, one of the soldier
crashed in the side of his head with a bayonet.
• On December 16, seven girls (ages ranged from 16 to 21) were taken
away from the Military College. Five returned. Each girl was raped
six or seven times daily
• On December 13, about 30 soldiers came to a Chinese house at #5 Hsing Lu
Koo in the south-eastern part of Nanking, and demanded entrance. The door
was open by the landlord, a Mohammedan named Ha. They killed him
immediately with a revolver and also Mrs. Ha, who knelt before them after
Ha's death, begging them not to kill anyone else. Mrs. Ha asked them why they
killed her husband and they shot her. Mrs. Hsia was dragged out from under a
table in the guest hall where she had tried to hide with her 1 year old baby.
After being stripped and raped by one or more men, she was bayoneted in the
chest, and then had a bottle thrust into her vagina. The baby was killed with a
bayonet. Some soldiers then went to the next room, where Mrs. Hsia's parents,
aged 76 and 74, and her two daughters aged 16 and 14 [were]. They were
about to rape the girls when the grandmother tried to protect them. The
soldiers killed her with a revolver. The grandfather grasped the body of his
wife and was killed. The two girls were then stripped, the elder being raped by
2–3 men, and the younger by 3. The older girl was stabbed afterwards and a
cane was rammed in her vagina. The younger girl was bayoneted also but was
spared the horrible treatment that had been meted out to her sister and mother.
The soldiers then bayoneted another sister of between 7–8, who was also in the
room. The last murders in the house were of Ha's two children, aged 4 and 2
respectively. The older was bayoneted and the younger split down through the
head with a sword.
Sources
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War
• https://images.google.com/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria#Resistance_to_the
_Japanese_invasion
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukden_Incident
• http://totallyhistory.com/marco-polo-bridge-incident/
• http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/marco-polo-bridge-incident
• http://www.history.com/topics/nanjing-massacre