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World War I
World War I BeginsSection 1
Causes of World War I
Nationalism
Led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations
Feared Germany’s growing power
Russia – protector of Europe’s Slavic peoples
Serbs – Slavic people, under rule of Austria-Hungary
Russia and Austria-Hungary rivals
Causes of World War I
• Imperialism•Germany competed with France and Britain in the contest for colonies
Causes of World War I
Militarism
Germany - strongest nation on the European continent.
Britain – strongest navy in the world
1897 Germany competes to build up largest battleships and destroyers
France, Italy, Japan, & United States join the naval arms race.
Causes of World War I
Alliance System
Triple Entente (AKA: Allies) – France, Britain, & Russia
Triple Alliance (AKA: Central Powers) – Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy, later Ottoman Empire
An Assassination Leads to
War
• Balkan Peninsula• Russia wanted for
Mediterranean Sea access
• Germany wanted for rail link to Ottoman Empire
• Austria-Hungary taken control of Bosnia
An Assassination Leads to
War
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand• Heir to Austrian throne,
shot while driving through the Bosnian capital Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip (member of Black Hand)
• One nation after another pulled into the conflict
The Fighting Starts• Three kinds of trenches – front line, support, &
reserve• First Battle of the Somme – 1.2 million casualties,
only 7 miles of ground changed hands
Americans Question Neutrality
Divided Loyalties
Socialists – war as capitalist
Imperialist – struggle between Germany and Britain to control markets and colonies in China, Africa & Middle East
Pacifists – war was evil and the US should set an example of peace to the world.
Parents – didn’t want sons to experience horrors of war
Naturalized US Citizens – ties to nations from which the emigrated
The War Hits Home• The British Blockade• Blockade the German coast to prevent
weapons, other military supplies & food getting through
The War Hits Home
German U-Boat Response
U-boat = submarine – sunk any ship in British waters
Lusitania - May 7, 1915 - 128 Americans killed
Arabic – July 1915 – 2 Americans killed
Sussex – March 1916 – 80 passengers killed
The War Hits Home• The 1916 Election•Democrat – Wilson, “He Kept Us Out of War”
• Republic – Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, believed he won
The United States Declares War
German Provocation
Zimmermann note – Germany ally with Mexico
America Acts
April 2, 1917 – President Wilson deliver war resolution
Neutrally finally shattered – pave way for future order of peace and freedom
World War I BeginsFoldable
Title: World War I Begins
Helped to ignite the war in Europe
Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Alliances, Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand (pages 373-374)
Opposed U.S. participation in the war
Naturalized Citizens, Socialists, Pacifists, Parents (page 377)
Encouraged U.S. participation in the war
Britain (page 377), Germany (page 378-379) , Russia (page 379-380)
Back cover: Alliances during World War I (page 379)
Allies, Central Powers
Section 1: Primary SourceThe Zimmerman note
Section 1: Primary SourceThe Zimmerman note
According to this telegram, what did the German government decide to begin on February 1, 1917?
Unlimited submarine warfare
What did Zimmerman propose if the United States went to war with Germany during World War I?
He proposed that if Mexico formed a military alliance with Germany, then Germany would help Mexico recover New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona from the United States.
If this telegram had not been intercepted by British agents, what do you think might have happened? Cite evidence from your textbook to support your opinion.
World War I Map Activity
American Power Tips the Balance
Section 2
American Stories
Ace of Aces
Eddie Rickenbacker and the First World War
America Mobilizes Raising an Army
Selective Service Act – required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service 24 million registered – 3 million called up Most did not attend high school; 1 in 5 foreign
born 400,000 African-Americans,
Segregated units, excluded from navy & marines, non-combat duties.
Henry Johnson & Needham Roberts – first Americans to receive France’s highest military honor – the “cross of war”
America Mobilizes
Mass Production
Exempted many shipyard workers from the draft
US Chamber of Commerce joined in a public relations campaign to emphasize the importance of shipyard work
Used prefabrication techniques – 95 ships Government took over commercial and
private ships, converted for war use.
America Turns the Tide
Convoy system, barrier of mines
Fighting in Europe
Allied forces tired, Americans fresh & enthusiastic
American Expeditionary Force – General John J. Pershing
New Weaponsmachine gun, tank, airplane, observation balloons
Fighting “Over
There”
Filth, lice, rats, polluted water, poison gas, stench of decaying bodies, lack of sleep, battle fatigue, trench foot & mouth
The War Introduces
New Hazards
American Troops Go
on the Offensive
American War Hero
Alvin York - Conscientious objector – Medal of Honor
American Troops Go on the Offensive
The Collapse of Germany
November 3, 1918 – Austria-Hungary surrender to the Allies
11th hour, 11th day, 11th month of 1918 – Germany signed armistice
American Troops Go on the Offensive
The Final Toll
22 million deaths, 20 million wounded, 10 million refugees, cost $338 billion
United States – 48,000 lost in battle, 62,000 died of disease, 200,000 wounded
Section 2: Primary SourcePatriotic Song
Why do you think this song was used as a marching song?
Why did it spur people to give money for the war effort?
Over There
Oppy Wood(1917), John Nash
Oppy WoodImagine for a moment that you are a soldier fighting in this place.
On an index card, write a journal entry about your feelings and experiences.
The War at HomeSection 3
Congress Gives Power to Wilson
War Industries Board
Allocates scarce materials, establishes production priorities, and sets prices
Congress Gives Power to Wilson
War Economy
Wages increased Company stock increased Uneven pay between labor and management,
increasing work hours, child labor, dangerous conditions, unions boomed.
National War Labor Board – 1918 – established to settle disputes between management and labor. Refusing meant losing draft exemptions Improved factory conditions, 8-hour work day,
safety inspections, and child labor ban
Congress Gives Power to Wilson
Food Administration Help produce and
conserve food; “gospel of the clean plate”; one day a week “meatless”, “sweetless”, two days “wheatless”, two days “porkless”.
Victory Gardens
Selling the War
War Financing
US spent $35.5 billion on the war effort 1/3 raised through taxes; progressive
income tax, war-profits tax, excise tax on tobacco, liquor, and luxury goods.
2/3 raised by selling “Liberty Loan” and “Victory Loan” bonds
Selling the War Committee on Public Information
Propaganda agency, designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions.
George Creel
Persuaded artists and advertising agencies to create thousands of painting, posters, cartoons, and sculptures to promote the war.
“Four-Minute Men” – spoke about everything relating to the war
Printed 25 million copies of “How the War Came to America” – which included Wilson’s war message
Promoted patriotism, but inflamed hatred and violations of the civil liberties of certain ethnic groups and opponents of the war
Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase
Anti-Immigrant Hysteria
Main targets: Americans who had emigrated from other nations, especially Germany and Austria-Hungary
Lost jobs, orchestras refused to play German music, towns changed names, schools stopped teaching German, library books by German authors removed
Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase
Espionage and Sedition Acts Violated the spirit of
the First Amendment Targeted socialists
and labor leaders
Video
The War Encourages Social Change
African Americans and the War WEB DuBois
believed African-Americans should support the war to strengthen racial justice
The War Encourages
Social Change
The Great Migration
After turn of the century trickle of Southern Blacks to Northern cities became a tidal wave
Contributing factors: escape racial discrimination, boll weevil infestation, job opportunities
Video
The War Encourages Social Change
Women in the War
Moved into job typically held by men
Bolstered support for woman suffrage
The War Encourages Social Change
The Flu Epidemic Fall of 1918,
affected about ¼ of the US population
Possibly spread by soldiers, killed 500,000 Americans, 30 million worldwide
Methods that the government used to
persuade Americans to buy bonds…
Liberty
Bond
Newspaper & billboard adsBond drivesSpeeches by
the Four-Minute Men
paradesralliesPromotions by such movie
stars as Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford,
and Charlie Chaplin
Sales talks between
theater acts
Section 3: Primary SourceLiberty Bond Poster
How much money was raised for the war through sales of Liberty Bonds?
Bonds raised about $21 million for the war effort.
Section 3: Primary SourceLiberty Bond Poster
On average how much did every American spend on Liberty Bonds?
Every American spent an average of $400 on bonds
Section 3: Primary SourceLiberty Bond Poster
How did the sale of Liberty Bonds affect the national debt?
Heavy borrowing caused the national debt to soar from $1 billion in 1914 to $27 billion in 1919.
Section 3: Primary SourceReturning Soldiers
According to DuBois, what positive principles did African Americans fight for during World War I?
For the liberations of France, for freedom, for America’s ideals.
Section 3: Primary SourceReturning Soldiers
Why does he characterize the United States as “a shameful land”?
Because the United States does not treat all of its citizens fairly and subjects African Americans to lynching, disenfranchisement, discrimination in education, cheating, and insults.
Section 3: Primary SourceReturning Soldiers
What fight does he believe should be fought now that African-American soldiers have returned home?
The fight for democracy, equality, and justice in the United States.
Section 3: Primary SourceReturning Soldiers
Members of Congress accused DuBois of inciting race riots. What evidence, if any, do you find in this excerpt to support their accusations?
Some may say that DuBois uses inflammatory language and urges his readers to fight for democracy. Others may say that this excerpt contains no evidence that DuBois incited race riots.
Wilson Fights for Peace
Section 4
Wilson Presents His Plan
Fourteen Points
Plan for world peace; points 1-5 = to prevent another war, 6-13 = boundary changes, 14 = creation of League of Nations
The Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan
Allied leaders angry, wanted to punish Central Powers
Central Powers had no say Wilson conceded on most of Fourteen Points
in return for League of Nations
Debating the Treaty of Versailles Provisions of the Treaty
9 new nations France & Britain temporarily gain 4
areas of the Ottoman Empire Germany has no army & forced to pay
reparations of $33 billion to Allies
Debating the Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty’s Weaknesses
The severe treatment of Germany fails to provide a lasting peace; problems eventually led to WWII
Germany – Humiliated; war-guilt clause; no way to pay reparations due to lost territories
Russia excluded – lost territory, wanted it back
Ignored claims of colonized people for self-determination
Debating the Treaty of Versailles
Opposition to the Treaty
Too harsh with dire economic consequences
Did not end colonialism Treaty did not satisfy self-
determination demands of ethnic groups
Debating the Treaty of Versailles
Debate Over the League of Nations
A few thought it threatened the US foreign policy of isolationism
Conservative senators were suspicious of the provision for joint economic and military action against aggression. Wanted the constitutional right of Congress to declare war.
Debating the Treaty of Versailles
Wilson Refuses to Compromise
Wilson set out on 8,000 mile tour giving 34 speeches explaining why the US should join the League of Nations; suffered a stroke, partially paralyzed for more than 2 months
Senate added amendments which qualified the terms under which the US would enter the League of Nations; Senate rejected the amendments, failed to ratify the treaty
Wilson refused to compromise; Senate again failed to ratify
US signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921 with President Harding
Video
The Legacy of War
America – strengthened US military and power of government; accelerated social change; fears and antagonisms left unchanneled
Europe – destruction and massive loss of life severely damaged social and political systems
Called “the war to end all wars”, however, unresolved issues would create another war; Treaty of Versailles solved nothing
Interrupting the Ceremony
This 1918 cartoon shows Senate opposition to U.S. membership in the League of Nations. At President Wilson’s insistence, the covenant to establish the League had been written into the Versailles Treaty, which ended World War I. The United States never signed the Treaty, largely because of disagreement over America’s involvement in the League of Nations.