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World War I AP US Hamer (with help from Susan Pojer)
World War I
AP US
Hamer (with help from Susan Pojer)
MAIN Causes of World War I
Militarism
• The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.
• Caused by the increase in imperialism and nationalism.
• By 1890, Germany had the strongest army in Europe and England had the strongest navy.
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers
[Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany 73%
Militarism & Arms Race
Alliances
• By 1907, there were two major defense systems in Europe:
• The Triple Entente (the Allied Powers)– France, Britain, and Russia
• The Triple Alliance (the Central Powers)– Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy– (Italy left this group in 1915 and the Ottoman
Turks joined in late 1914)
1. Three Emperors’ League (1873) Ger, A-H, Rus.
2. Dual Alliance (1879) Ger. & A-H
3. Triple Alliance (1882) Ger, A-H, It.
4. Reinsurance Treaty (1887) restore relations between Ger. & Rus.
5. Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)
6. British-Japanese Alliance (1902)
7. The Entente Cordiale (1904) Br. & Fr.
Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914
8. First Moroccan Crisis (1905)
9. Russo-Japanese War (1905)
10. The Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) Persia
11. Triple Entente (1907) Br, Fr, Rus
12. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908
13. Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)
14. The First Balkan War (1912)
15. The Second Balkan War (1913)
Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914
Europe in 1914
The Balkans in
1914
Imperialism
• Dominating another country or culture, usually for economic or military gain
• Through the colony building practices of imperialism, the world was more connected as England was no longer a single country but the British Empire
• Cause rivalries among countries• Caused many countries to increase the
size of their navy
Colonial Rivalries:
Africa in 1914
Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914
The British Empire in 1914
The Balkans in 1878
The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913
Nationalism
• A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
• This concept grew in the 1800’s• Caused rivalries among countries• Caused countries like Russia to feel a
link to other countries with their Slavic culture like Serbia
The“Spark”
The“Spark”
Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family
The Assassination: Sarajevo
June 1914
GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip
The Assassin:
Who’s To Blame?
The Dominoes Fall…
Then: • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia• Russia felt that is should support its Slavic
brother (Serbia)• Germany supported Austria-Hungary by
declaring war on Russia and then France• Germany invaded Belgium and Great
Britain declared war on Germany
War in Europe
• Soldiers mobilized quickly from all sides• Germany used the Schlieffen plan to
move through Belgium to attack France– The plan was to finish France in 6 weeks
and then focus on Russia– This didn’t work and Germany ended up
involved in a 2 front war
Multi Front War• The Western Front:
– Trenches– Germany vs. England and France– More horrible than previous wars by a lot
• The Eastern Front:– More mobile– Germany and Austria Hungary vs. Russia– Russia has a revolution and drops out in 1917
• Other Fronts:– Italy vs. A-H; Middle East; Africa; Colonial Holdings in
Asia (Japan was an Allied Power)
A Multi-Front War
AmericaJoins
theAllies
AmericaJoins
theAllies
The Sinking of the Lusitania
•Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare in the Spring of 1917
•America was already upset by the deaths of Americans on Allied ships
Election of 1916• Democrats – Wilson
again “He kept us out of war”
• Republicans – Charles Evan Hughes
• Progressives – TR refused to run and split Republicans again
1916 Election Results
Democrat Woodrow Wilson 277 elec 49.2%pop
Republican Charles E. Hughes 254 elec 46.1% pop
The Zimmerman Telegram
• Germany wanted Mexico to join the war and fight America – promised Mexico supplies
• England intercepted the telegram and told America
The Yanks Are Coming!
Americans in the Trenches
America Mobilizes for
War
1. Enlistment
The Most Famous Recruitment Poster
Enlist Now
For Big and Little Soldiers
The Singingest War Ever!
Results of Enlistment: 1917 – Selective Service ActResults of Enlistment: 1917 – Selective Service Act
24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918.
4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).
400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units.
15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.
11,000 women enlisted in the navy and 269 in the marines – non-combat positions
Expansion of the Federal Government
Council of National DefenseCouncil of National Defense
War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch
Food Administration – Herbert Hoover
Railroad Administration – William McAdoo
National War Labor Board – W. H. Taft & Frank P. Walsh
U.S. Food AdministrationU.S. Food Administration
Check out the amazing WWI food propaganda posters on my front wall!
U.S. Food AdministrationU.S. Food Administration
National War Garden Commission
National War Garden Commission
U.S. School Garden Army
U.S. School Garden Army
U.S. Shipping BoardU.S. Shipping Board
U. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel Administration
Results of This New Organization of the Economy?
Results of This New Organization of the Economy?
1. Unemployment virtually disappeared.
2. Expansion of “big government.”
3. Excessive government regulations in economy
4. Some gross mismanagement -> overlapping jurisdictions.
5. Close cooperation between public and private sectors.
6. Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.
Women during WWI
YWCA – The Blue TriangleYWCA – The Blue Triangle
The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!
Munitions WorkMunitions Work
Although many more women went to work in munitions factories
during WWII than WWI, they did make
a significant contribution during the first World War.
Women Used In RecruitmentWomen Used In Recruitment
Hello, Big Boy!
Hello, Big Boy!
Even Grandma Buys Liberty Bonds
Even Grandma Buys Liberty Bonds
National League for Woman’s Service
National League for Woman’s Service
The Red Cross - Greatest Mother in the World
The Red Cross - Greatest Mother in the World
Women’s Suffrage• Wilson finally agrees to push for a suffrage
amendment as “a vitally necessary war measure” after suffragettes protested in front of the White House (watch Iron Jawed Angels!)
African Americans during WWI
Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1
Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1
“Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919: 70,000 African-Americans move North
War industries work.
Enlistment in segregated units.
The Great Migration
True Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of Freedom
African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for France
African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for France
“Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in Chicago”, 1919
“Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in Chicago”, 1919
Immigrants during WWI
The “Flag of Liberty” Represents All of Us!The “Flag of Liberty” Represents All of Us!
Wartime Propaganda
The Committee of Public Information (George Creel)
The Committee of Public Information (George Creel)
America’s “Propaganda Minister”
Anti-Germanism.
Selling American Culture.
“Remember Belgium” and the “Mad Brute”“Remember Belgium” and the “Mad Brute”
Beat Back the “Hun”Beat Back the “Hun”
The Western Front:
A “War of Attrition”
The Western Front:
A “War of Attrition”
The Western Front
Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”
“No Man’s Land”
Trench Warfare
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.
Verdun – February, 1916
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
The Somme – July, 1916
War IsHELL !!
Sacrifices in War
Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun
The War of theIndustrial
Revolution:
NewTechnology
The War of theIndustrial
Revolution:
NewTechnology
New Weapons of WWI - Tank• The tank was invented
to roll across no man’s land and over enemy trenches.
• The British Mark I was the first successful tank used on the battlefield.
• The Americans also developed a smaller, two man tank, the FT-17
French Renault Tank
New Weapons of WWI - U-Boat
• The U-Boat (or unterseeboot in German) was the German submarine used in WWI.
• They were very effective at blockading England for a time and destroyed both English (and American) Navy and merchant vessels.
U-Boats
Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
September 1916-April 1917 May 1917-June 1918
New Weapons of WWI - Fighter Planes and Zeppelins
• The new technology of the airplane saw its first use in battle during WWI.
• Originally used as reconnaissance, then fighters, by the end of the war they were also used as bombers.
• The Zeppelin blimps were also used as spy ships and bombers during the war.
New Weapons of WWI - Fighter Planes
The Red Baron’s Fokker Tri Plane
Eddie Rickenbacher,
US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “RedBaron”]
Willy Coppens de
Holthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
The Flying Aces of World War I
Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
Looking for the “Red Baron?”
The Zeppelin
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
FlameThrowers
Poison GasPoison Gas
Machine GunMachine Gun
Poison Gas and Machine Guns
New Weapons of WWI - Poison Gas
• Chlorine gas was first used by the Germans at the Second Battle of Ypres in April of 1915.
• Phosgene gas which was more deadly was also used after this.
• Mustard gas which caused blindness and often death from pneumonia was invented and used in the last years of the war.
New Weapons of WWI - Poison Gas
• British tear gas casualties
• British troops in gas masks at Ypres 1917
• German soldier and horse in gas masks
Poison Gas Casualties of WWI
Nation Gas casualties (estimated)
Fatal Non-fatal
Russia 50,000 400,000
Germany 10,000 190,000
France 8,000 182,000
Britain 8,000 181,000
Austria-Hungary 3,000 97,000
USA 1,500 71,500
Italy 4,500 55,000
Total 85,000 (3% of combat deaths)
1,176,500
WWI Ends
Germany’s Spring Offensive
• Germany plans an offensive for the Spring of 1918 in the hopes that they can beat the Allies before too many Americans arrive
• Failure because:– Put all of their forces into this– All of the best troops were put in special units
on the front line (stormtroopers)– No plan for victory
The Central Powers Fall• On November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary
surrendered. • On November 9, 1918, socialist leaders
took over the German capital and established a German republic; the Kaiser gave up the throne.
• Finally, Germany agreed to sign an armistice (truce). – On the eleventh hour of the eleventh day in the
eleventh month of 1918, World War I was over.
The War to End All Wars?• World War I was the bloodiest war in history
to that time. – 22 million were dead – more than half of them
civilians. – 20 million people were wounded – 10 million became refugees.
• The U.S.A. lost 48,000 men in battle with another 62,000 dying of disease. More than 200,000 Americans were wounded.
Major Players of WWI
Primary Allied Powers• Great Britain• France• Italy• Russia (until 1917)• United States (after
1917)
Primary Central Powers• Germany• Austria Hungary• Ottoman Turks• Bulgaria
The Aftermath of WWI• After Germany signed an armistice in 1918,
negotiations began: • The peace treaty was dictated by the leaders
of the four remaining Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Italy, and America.– Russia was not allowed to enter into the treaty
because they had dropped out of the war (and because they were communist).
– This was one of the first major occasions where only the victors sat at the negotiation table.
Wilson’s 14 Points• President Wilson of the United States came
up with a set of ideas known as the 14 points.1. No secret treaties between nations2. Freedom of the seas for all3. Lower or abolish tariffs between nations for
free trade4. Reduce arms stockpiles5. Colonial policies should take the interest of
the colonial people into consideration as well as the imperialist powers
Wilson’s 14 Points cont.
Points 6-13 dealt with establishing boundaries in Europe along ethnic identities when larger nations were broken up.
14. Establish a League of Nations to provide a forum for nations to
discuss and settle their grievances before turning to war
Problem!
All the European leaders rejected Wilson’s 14 points. They wanted to make
Germany pay and Wilson was left fighting for only the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles• The final treaty established new nations out of the boundaries of old nations, especially Austria-Hungary. • Germany could not maintain an army.• Germany also had to return/give land to France.• Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allies in war reparations•Germany had to follow the war-guilt clause in which Germany had to take full responsibility for the war. • Germany was stripped of colonial possessions.• A League of Nations was formed.
New Nations &Territories After WW I
Results of the Treaty of Versailles
• The U.S. never joined the League of Nations and the League could not deliver the peace that Wilson hoped for. The demands placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles were too great.– They were humiliated and forced to pay more
money than they could possibly come up with.– The economic and moral disasters in Germany
caused by the Treaty of Versailles would set the country up for a dictator who would lead them into WWII.
Problems for Wilson
• Imperialist leaders in Europe weren’t as idealist as Wilson
• European leaders were worried about threats from Communism
• Isolationist senators at home said they wouldn’t pass the League of Nations – this gave the Europeans more power at Versailles
Problems for Wilson
• Allied countries wanted territory– France wanted the Rhineland and the Saar
Basin– Italy wanted regions previously taken by A-H– Japan wanted part of China and Pacific
islands
• Isolationists in America still refused to sign the treaty
The Beginning of the End for Wilson
• Wilson collapsed in Colorado during his tour to take the League to the people (9/25/1919)– He then had a stroke
• Lodge smelled blood and tried to strip the treaty, but Wilson was still able to get loyal Democrats to vote against it
• Because of this in-fighting, the treaty never passed and died
• America NEVER joins the League of Nations
Election of 1920• Republicans nominated Ohioan, Senator
Warren G. Harding with Calvin Coolidge as his VP
• Democrats nominated Ohioan, Governor James M. Cox with FDR as his running mate!
• Harding wins (with a landslide) in an attempt to “return to normalcy”… – “I like Ike” after WWII is the same thing
The 1920 Election
Attacks on Civil Liberties at
Home
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
1. Espionage Act– 1917• forbade actions that obstructed
recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military.
• ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail.
• fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
2.Sedition Act – 1918• You couldn’t speak out against your country• It was a crime to speak against purchase of
war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of productionof things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
3.Schenck v. US– 1919- in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judgedaccording to the circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.[Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear andpresent danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
4.Abrams v. US– 1919- majority ruling --> said that the leafletters were inciting violence - cited Holmes’ “Clear and present danger” doctrine. - Holmes & Brandeis dissented:The best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
5. Post-war labor unrest: Labor Unions promised not to strike
during the war, so they all began to strike after the war. Too much at once
Coal Miners Strike of 1919.
Steel Strike of 1919.
Boston Police Strike of 1919.
Anti-Labor Anti-Labor
“If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull Together” – Chicago Tribune
Consequences of Labor UnrestConsequences of Labor Unrest
“While We Rock the Boat” – Washington Times
Coal Miners’ Strike - 1919Coal Miners’ Strike - 1919
“Keeping Warm” – Los Angeles Times
Steel Strike - 1919Steel Strike - 1919
“Coming Out of the Smoke” – New York World
The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”
• The Red scare was the first widespread Anti-Communist movement in America
• Targeted towards labor unions– Calling unions
“communist” was a great way to take away their power
“What a Year Has Brought Forth” – NY World
“Red Scare” -- Anti-Bolshevism“Red Scare” -- Anti-Bolshevism
“Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – Philadelphia Inquirer
Boston Police Strike - 1919Boston Police Strike - 1919
“He gives aid & comfort to the enemies of society” – Chicago Tribune
Boston Police Strike - 1919Boston Police Strike - 1919
“Striking Back” – New York Evening World
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
Claimed to be against the 1919 - 3rd. International goal --> promote worldwide communism.
Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer (The Case Against the Reds)
Palmer Raids - 1920
6. “The Red Scare”:
“Red Scare” – Palmer Raids“Red Scare” – Palmer Raids
• Bombs were sent to the houses of a number of government officials including Attorney General Palmer
• Palmer claimed it was the communists
A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, 1920
Police Arrest “Suspected Reds’ in Chicago, 1920
“Red Scare” – Palmer Raids“Red Scare” – Palmer Raids
• Palmer Raids were a series of raids on the houses and offices of suspected “radicals” to search for evidence that they were involved in the bombing
• No evidence, plenty of arrests
