World War I and the AftermathChapter 28
I. Introduction1st modernized war
Old tactics met new technology producing mass slaughter!
1st war in which airplane was usedOther new technology: machine gun, tank, chemical warfare, submarine
Global warfareResult of imperialismExtensive alliances (MANIA)
Triple Entente- Britain, France and RussiaCentral Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire
II. The War and BeforeImperialism led to conflict over territoryArms build ups with extensive mobilization plans
Jingoism- extreme militaristic nationalism
Balkans were consistently a problemDiverse, Slavic regionSerbia was free of Ottoman control and resistant to Austria-Hungary’s control
Archduke Ferdinand and his Wife went on a trip to SerbiaGavriel Princip assassinated both of them
II. The War and BeforeBalkans (continued)
Austria-Hungary sought to punish SerbiaRussia vowed to back up their fellow Slavs
Brings in all of the Alliances
The War PlanGermany had a 2 front war
Schlieffen Plan- Quickly overwhelm France and Britain and move on to Russia while they are still trying to mobilizeDidn’t work- led to a stalemate
II. The War and BeforeWarfare
Millions died with little or no progressEntente- Dead 5,712,379 Wounded 12,809,280Central – Dead 4,010,241 Wounded 8,419,533New Weapons caused high casualties- Old War TacticsDiseases caused high casualties
GallipoliTried to open supply route to RussiaGain control of ConstantinopleIronically, a major advocate of plan was
Winston Churchill, who at the time was Lord of the Admiralty
II. The War and BeforeRussia
High number of casualtiesAristocratic officersPoorly trained peasantsLack of coding in communications
Nicholas II tried to take control of armyHe gets blamed
Had to bail on Entente due to uprisings at home
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
II. The War and BeforeHome-fronts
Government takes over key industriesShortages of food and fuel
RationingWomen in the workforce
Women had to do the job of menSuffrage in US
Extreme NationalismPropagandaCitizens were very zealous
II. The War and BeforeColonies
Fought on the side of their colonial rulersSupplied large amounts of raw materialsJapan
Allied with Britain to expel Germany from Shangdong Peninsula Became an imperial power themselves
East Africa and Ottoman Empire sided with Germans
Ottoman Empire fell apart as a result
II. The War and BeforeUnited States
Joins in 1917 Helped break the stalemateBrought into the war after Zimmerman Telegram (other stepping stones, German sub sinks the Lusitania)
The EndFreed from the Eastern Front, German made a huge advance
Turning point- 2nd Battle of the MarneTanksSpanish FluGerman Surrender (shocked German people, their land was not invaded, occupied, destroyed like France)
Armistice Day- Nov 11, 1919Versailles Conference 1919- Germany had no representation
III. The AftermathFrance (Clemenceau) wanted to punish Germany
Take away territory and pay reparations
Wilson- Wanted peace and self-determination for people who wanted freedom
Wanted League of NationsDid not want to punish GermanyLeague of Nations
III. The AftermathPeace of Paris
Germany had no say- Representatives forced German territory broken upForced to pay reparations- collapsed economyAustria-Hungary split upIgnored Arab nations and promises to them
Actually divided their lands rather than help themLeague of NationsIgnored Japan and its encroachment of Chinese territoryUS vetoed League of Nations and made separate treaty with Germany- Even though Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles
IV. Colonial ProblemsColonies provided huge amounts of resources and personnel during war
“lesser humans” being asked to kill Europeans
Colonies give more self-governance during war
IV. Colonial ProblemsIndia
Economy was hit hard during/after the warFaminesShortages
Broken promise of self-governanceMorley-Minto reforms- education and voting rightsMontagu-Chelmsford Reforms
Gave more power to India’s governmentRowlatt Act
Limited Indian Civil RightsMohandas Ghandi
Mass nonviolent protest (satyagraha) again colonial rule
IV. Colonial ProblemsEgypt
European and Turkish rule angered themLord Cromer
High Commissioner of EgyptPushed for economic reform
Only benefitted wealthy classPoor starving
Independence sought by effendi (business/professional class)
Brought problems of colonial rule to attention of people
Dinshawai incidentBritish accidental shooting of prayer leader’s wifeResulted in riots
IV. Colonial ProblemsEgyptian Revolt of 1919
Result of huge burden on peasantsWent without food so soldiers could eat
Riots soon appeared across countryBritain regain control
Wafd Party- formed by Sa’d Zaghul- unified nationalist movement
Britain pulls out between 1922-1936Vowed to protect Suez Canal
Egypt enters 30 years of chaos
IV. Colonial ProblemsMiddle East problems
Ottoman Empire divided up after WWITurkish Republic
Latin alphabet, woman suffrageSyria, Lebanon and Iraq were promised independence
Occupied by British and FrenchHussein- sheriff of Mecca
Used European help to overthrow TurksAngered fellow Muslims
IV. Colonial ProblemsPalestine
Promised to both Zionist and Arabs by BritsBalfour Declaration- Lord Balfour promised Zionist a Jewish homelandLeon Pinsker- Jewish intellectual who said Jewish assimilation impossible
Ex. PogromsAlfred Dreyfus
French Jew- accused of being German spyExtreme French discrimination of Jews
World Zionist Organization- promoted Jewish migration to PalestineArabs feel betrayed so Britain pulls back support and then betrays Jews
IV. Colonial ProblemsAfrica starts to gain independence
Initially educated were loyal to ColonizersRebellions started after forced labor and food and supply shortages because of warBritain and France back outs on promisesPan-African Organization- United Africa
African American ledMarcus Garvey and W.E.B DuBois were influential in trying to break up African colonialism
V. ConclusionWWI was the war to end all wars but actually first step to WWII
Germany felt like they were unfairly punished for the war (Economically and Politically War Guilt Clause)
After all, they were not the ones who started the warGives Hitler a chance to come to power
Communism gained a firm hold in RussiaWomen gained more rightsWhite Supremacy looses hold in colonized holdings