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World War I Leaders
• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Count Alfred von Schieffen
• Otto von Bismarck
• Woodrow Wilson
WWI Notables• Gavrilo Princip• The Black Hand• Lusitania• Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker• Sgt. Alvin York• Edith Bolling Galt Wilson• Ho Chi Minh• Bolsheviks• Henry Cabot Lodge
European Govts. in the 1900’s• England and France were democratic• Germany and Austria-Hungary were
authoritarian• Russia had a Czar (Tsar)• Socialism was attracting many poor people
– opposed nationalism– wanted to unite workers– wanted peace and arms reduction– wanted equality of people
• Radical socialists called for coup de etat
Characteristics of Europe
• very nationalistic
• willing to go to war to protect interests & honor
• industrialization & population increasing
• Demographic shift - rural to urban
• speed of change
• values/religion became less important
• democratic governments increased
• more people could vote (the poor)
• educating the masses was important
Characteristics of Europe
• wealth and power in the hands of the few
• many people were in poverty
• Poor people turn to unions & socialism
• raw materials in competition
• imperialism became common
• alliances & militarism increase
Crisis & Wars in Europe
• Austria-Hungary lost a war to France in 1848
• Austria-Hungary lost a war to Prussia in 1866
• Germany defeats France in the Franco-Prussian War(1870-1871)
• US defeats Spain in the Sp-Am War (1898)
• Jap defeats Russia in Rus-Jap War (1904-05)
• The “Pig War” between A-H & Serbia– economic war not military
Crisis & Wars in Europe
• Italy defeats Ottoman Empire in Tripolitanian War (1911)
• Balkan League defeats Ottoman Empire (Turkey) in the First Balkan War (1912)
• Serbia & Greece defeat Bulgaria in the Second Balkan War (1913)
• Arms race w/ countries following Germany’s large army & navy
• Armies size doubled from late 1800’s - early 1900’s
• Navies increased quickly Britian built Dreadnaught
Militarism
Nationalism
• Swept Europe from mid-late 1800’s
• Italy unified: 1861
• Germany unified: 1871
• France lost Alasace-Lorraine in 1871
• The Balkan Peninsula had nationalistic ethnic groups desiring their own country
Economic Competition
• Great Britain, France & Germany competing for colonies: natural resources
• See Africa and Asian map
France and Germany hated each other! When Germany became united country in 1870-1, France went to war to try to stop it … but got crushed!
Alliances
France also lost Alsace-Lorraine in 1870-1.The French never forgave the Germans. They wanted REVENGE.
Alliances
Germany’s BIG problem was that it was IN THE MIDDLE.
That made it VULNERABLE if it came to a war.
Alliances
Three Emperors’ League, 1881
In the 19th century, Germany’s brilliant Chancellor, Bismarck, solved this problem by keeping friends with RUSSIA and AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Alliances
Triple Alliance, 1882
Then Bismarck allied with Italy and Austria-Hungary (the TRIPLE ALLIANCE). Together with his friendship with Russia, this kept Germany safe.
Alliances
But when Kaiser Wilhelm became Emperor, he dumped the Russian alliance. He kept the Triple Alliance, but this did NOT solve the problem of Germany’s encirclement.
Alliances
Franco-Russian Alliance, 1892
Instead, in 1892, Russia made an alliance with FRANCE.Although it was only a DEFENSIVE alliance, it was Germany’s worst nightmare!
Alliances
Anglo-Japanese Naval Agreement, 1902
A very important one was the 1902 Anglo-Japanese naval alliance, which freed up Great Britain from protecting its Empire in the far east…
Alliances
Entente Cordiale, 1904
… which allowed Britain to make the Entente Cordiale (‘friendly relationship’) with France in 1904.
Alliances
Triple Entente, 1907
In 1907 Russia joined Britain and France to make the Triple Entente. So by 1914 Europe had divided into two massive superpower blocs. People thought this BALANCE OF POWER would keep the peace.
Alliances
The Balkans
But Russia was also allied to Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria. When trouble erupted in the Balkans in 1914, the nations found their alliances dragged them into war…
Alliances
Austria-Hungary
• A dual monarchy - 11 ethnic groups• Austrians and Hungarians were the two largest
groups• Serbia wished for Serbians living in A-H to be
part of “Greater Serbia”• Black Hand created in Serbia - goal to unite all
Serbs• Gavrilo Princip kills Archduke Franz Ferdinand
& wife Sophia in Sarajevo
Chain of Events
1. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand2. Austria-Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia3. Serbia refuses ultimatum4. A-H declares war on Serbia after German
support5. Russia supports Serbia.6. Germany declares war on Russia7. France enters war to help Russia8. GB supports France after Germans march
through neutral Belgium
Sussex Pledge
• Wilson addressed Congress in April issuing an ultimatum to the Germans– “End the attack on unarmed ships or risk the severing
of diplomatic relations.” • Germany agreed to the "Sussex Pledge“ on 4
May • German submarine policy would:
– end the sinking of passenger ships – search merchant ships for contraband & save
passengers & crews before sinking merchant ships • German guarantees until announcing the
unrestricted sub warfare in Feb. 1917.