THIS HAS BEEN MODIFIED TO INCLUDE ONLY SLIDES NOT SEEN IN CLASS AND FOCUSES ON

THE PACIFIC THEATER

Germany and the Arab Countries Before World War II

• After World War I, the Great Powers of Europe fought for influence in the Middle East's oil fields and traderoutes, with France and Britain holding mandates throughout most ofthe region.

• In the 1930s, the fascist regimes that arose in Italy andGermany sought greater stakes in the area, and began courting Arableaders to revolt against their British and French custodians. – Due to their hatred of the Jews, the Arab leaders vowed to do everything in

their power to aid Hitler in his mission to exterminate the Jews.

• Among their many willing accomplices was Jerusalem Mufti Haj Aminel-Husseini– fled Palestine after agitating against the British

during the Arab Revolt of 1936-39– found refuge in Iraq – another of Her Majesty's mandates – where he again

topped the British most wanted list after helping pull the strings behind the Iraqi coup of1941

• The revolt in Baghdad was orchestrated by Hitler as part of astrategy to squeeze the region between the pincers of Rommel's troopsin North Africa, German forces in the Caucuses and pro-Nazi forces inIraq.

The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

Meiji Japan at War• First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

– Gained:• Formosa (Taiwan)• Liaotung Peninsula (Manchuria) – soon forced to relinquish it• Sphere of influence in Korea

• Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)– Destruction of Russian fleet– Finally respected as a world power– Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905

• U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt won Noble Peace Prize• Japan was granted the southern part of Sakhalin Island and a

large sphere of influence in Manchuria• Annexation of Korea (1910)• World War I

– Joined Allies– Received Germany’s mandates over Asian islands and its

leases in the Shantung Peninsula

American and European Opposition• Washington Conference (1922)

– Size limits on navies• 5:5:3 ratio for Great Britain, United States, and Japan

• Japanese resented these limitations– Nine Power Treaty

• China’s independence and territory guaranteed• Open Door Policy reaffirmed

– Four Power Pact• France, Great Britain, Japan, United States• One another’s colonial possessions would be respected

• U.S. Japanese Exclusion Act (1924)

Imperial Flag of the Japanese Navy

Conquest of Manchuria (1931)• Pretense that Chinese

bandits were destroying the Southern Manchurian Railway

• League of Nations– China asked League for

help– Lytton Commission sent to

China to investigate• Noted harshness of

Japanese rule in Manchuria• Recommended that Japan

withdraw from Manchuria• Japan instead withdrew

from the League of Nations

Japanese propaganda poster: "With the cooperation of Japan, China, and Manchukuo,

the world can be at peace."

Japanese Manchuria: Manchukuo

• Japan proclaimed its “independence” in 1931

• Deposed (1912) Manchu emperor of China, Puyi, placed on throne as Manchurian emperor– Really a puppet of Japan

• Stimson Doctrine – United States refused to recognize Japan’s actions

Emperor Puyi

Flag of Manchukuo

Japanese Invasion of China• Ignored international treaties – built up navy• Marco Polo Bridge Incident – July, 1937

– Minor dispute between Chinese and Japanese troops

– Neither side was ready to fully back down– Small spark started the Second Sino-Japanese War

• 1937-1945 – World War II in Asia• U.S. reaction

– Americans boycotted Japanese goods– American companies continued to sell Japan

cotton, oil, and scrap metal

Japan in World War II• 1940 – Japan joined Axis with Germany and

Italy• “Asia for Asians” philosophy

– “Liberating” Asia from Western imperialism• In reality, replacing Western imperialism with Japanese

imperialism– Attacked Burma, Dutch East Indies, French Indo-

China, Philippines, Thailand, etc.• Japanese imperialism ended with World War II

– Japan’s territory returned to older, traditional islands

Japan’s War in China• Conquest of Chinese Manchuria 1931-1932• Full-scale invasion in 1937• The Rape of Nanjing

– Ariel bombing of urban center– 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice,

massacred– 7,000 women raped– 1/3 of all homes destroyed

• Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940); neutrality pact with Soviet Union (1941)

10

Chinese Resistance• Japanese aggression spurs “united

front” policy between Chinese Communists and Nationalists

• Guerilla warfare ties down half of the Japanese army

• Yet continued clashes between Communists and Nationalists– Communists gain popular support, upper

hand by end of the war

11

U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,

the Philippines [March, 1942]

Bataan Death March: April, 1942

76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to

POW camps in the Philippines.

Bataan: British Soldiers

A A LiberateLiberated British d British

POWPOW

The Burma Campaign

The “Burma The “Burma Road”Road”

General Stilwell General Stilwell Leaving Burma, Leaving Burma,

19421942

Pacific Theater of Operations

Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien

Island

Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests

Battle of the Coral Sea:May 7-8, 1942

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

Turning the Tide in the Pacific

• U.S. code breaking operation Magic discovers Japanese plans – Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942)

• U.S. takes the offensive, engages in island-hopping strategy

• Iwo Jima and Okinawa– Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers– Savage two-month battle for Okinawa

22

Japanese Kamikaze Planes:

The Scourge of the South Pacific

Kamikaze Pilots

Suicide Bombers

Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the

Philippines! [1944]

US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,

Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

Potsdam Conference:July, 1945

FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference.

Stalin only original. The United States

has the A-bomb. Allies agree Germany

is to be divided into occupation zones

Poland moved around to suit the Soviets.

P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin

The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,

NM

Dr. Robert Oppenheimer

I am become death,

the shatterer of worlds!

Major GeneralLesley R. Groves

Tinian Island, 1945

Little Boy Fat ManLittle Boy Fat Man

Enola Gay Crew

Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

© 70,000 killed immediately.

© 48,000 buildings.

destroyed.© 100,000s died of

radiation poisoning & cancer later.

The Beginning of theAtomic Age