World War IIWorld War II

Chapters 34 and 35Chapters 34 and 35

Washington Disarmament Washington Disarmament ConferenceConference(1921-1922)(1921-1922)

5 Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Long-standing Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902) obligated Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with Britain to aid Japan in the event of a Japanese war with the United States.the United States.

5 Goals Goals naval disarmament and the political situation in naval disarmament and the political situation in the the Far East. Far East.

Five-Power Treaty Five-Power Treaty (1922)(1922)5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio:

US Britain Japan France US Britain Japan France ItalyItaly 5 5 3 1.67 5 5 3 1.67 1.671.67

5 Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain Japan got a guarantee that the US and Britain would stop fortifying their Far East territories would stop fortifying their Far East territories [including the Philippines].[including the Philippines].

5 LoopholeLoophole no restrictions on small warships no restrictions on small warships

Locarno PactLocarno Pact (1925)(1925)

5 Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. Versailles of 1919.

5 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration onlyof Germany by arbitration only.

Kellogg-Briand Pact Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)(1928)

5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy.war as tools of foreign policy.

5 62 nations signed.62 nations signed.

5 ProblemsProblems no means of actual enforcement and no means of actual enforcement and gave gave Americans a false sense of security. Americans a false sense of security.

Japanese Attack Japanese Attack Manchuria Manchuria (1931)(1931)

5 League of Nations condemned the League of Nations condemned the action.action.

5 Japan leaves the League.Japan leaves the League.

5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.in the Far East.

Hoover-Stimpson Hoover-Stimpson DoctrineDoctrine

(1932)(1932)5 US would not recognize any territorial US would not recognize any territorial

acquisitions that were achieved by force.acquisitions that were achieved by force.

5 Japan was infuriated because the US hadJapan was infuriated because the US hadconquered new conquered new territories a few territories a few decades earlier.decades earlier.

5 Japan bombed Japan bombed Shanghai in Shanghai in 1932 1932 massive massive casualties.casualties.

London Economic Conference - London Economic Conference - 19331933

►Purpose – attack on the global Purpose – attack on the global depression and stabilization of depression and stabilization of currencies for exchange ratescurrencies for exchange rates

►FDR wants to be able to stimulate the FDR wants to be able to stimulate the American economy through inflationAmerican economy through inflation Pulls US out of conferencePulls US out of conference

►Conference adjourns with no resolutionsConference adjourns with no resolutions Provokes extreme nationalism; little Provokes extreme nationalism; little

international cooperationinternational cooperation US = isolationism!US = isolationism!

FDR Foreign PolicyFDR Foreign Policy5 Recognizes the Soviet Union

(late 1933)

5 FDR felt that recognizing FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the US Moscow might bolster the US against Japan.against Japan.Maybe trade with the USSR Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US economy would help the US economy during the Depression.during the Depression.

• Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934Philippines would become

independent after a 12 year tutelage period (1946)

Did not want to spend the money maintaining a Far East empire

FDR’s “Good Neighbor” FDR’s “Good Neighbor” PolicyPolicy5 Important to have all nations Important to have all nations

in the Western Hemisphere in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign united in lieu of foreign aggressions.aggressions.

5 FDR FDR The good neighbor The good neighbor respects himself and the rights respects himself and the rights of othersof others..

5 Policy of non-intervention and Policy of non-intervention and cooperation.cooperation.

5 Reciprocal Trade Agreements – Reciprocal Trade Agreements – low tariff increases tradelow tariff increases trade

Nye Committee HearingsNye Committee Hearings(1934-1936)(1934-1936)

5 The Nye Committee IThe Nye Committee Iinvestigated the charge investigated the charge that WW I was needless and that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits owners could make big profits [“merchants of death.”][“merchants of death.”]

5 The Committee did charge The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money.make money.

5 Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing into warring nations’ waters.sailing into warring nations’ waters.

5 Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.Acts.

Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

Ludlow Amendment Ludlow Amendment (1938)(1938)

5 A proposed amendment to A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called the Constitution that called for a national referendum for a national referendum on any declaration of war by on any declaration of war by Congress.Congress.

5 Introduced several times by Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow.Congressman Ludlow.

5 Never actually passed.Never actually passed.

Congressman Louis LudlowCongressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN][D-IN]

Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 19371937

5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:automatically go into effect:

Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.

Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.

Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].war [in contrast to WW I].

Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis and-carry” basis pay when goods are picked up. pay when goods are picked up.

Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War.

5 This limited the options of the President in a crisis.This limited the options of the President in a crisis.

5 America in the 1930s declined to build up its America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!forces!

US NeutralityUS Neutrality

Spanish Civil War Spanish Civil War (1936-(1936-1939)1939)

► Fascists led by Fascists led by Generalissimo Generalissimo Franco rebelledFranco rebelled Aided by Hitler, Aided by Hitler,

MussoliniMussolini Rome-Berlin AxisRome-Berlin Axis

► US sent no aidUS sent no aid► Democracy was Democracy was

doomeddoomed

The American The American “Lincoln Brigade”“Lincoln Brigade”

Quarantine SpeechQuarantine Speech

►FDR’s speech in 1937FDR’s speech in 1937►Alarmed by recent aggression by Italy Alarmed by recent aggression by Italy

and Japanand Japan World needs to quarantine the aggressorsWorld needs to quarantine the aggressors

►Economically?Economically?

►Protest erupts from isolationistsProtest erupts from isolationists FDR retreatedFDR retreated

Panay Incident (1937)Panay Incident (1937)

5 December 12, 1937.December 12, 1937.

5 Japan bombed Japan bombed USS PanayUSS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River.tankers on the Yangtze River.

5 The river was an The river was an international waterway.international waterway.

5 Japan was testing US resolve!Japan was testing US resolve!

5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks.no further attacks.

5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.Most Americans were satisfied with the apology.

5 ResultsResults Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests. further aggression against US interests.

Fascist AggressionFascist Aggression5 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the

League of Nations [re-arming!]League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. Mussolini attacks Ethiopia.

5 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland.1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain.Spain.

5 1938: Austrian 1938: Austrian Anschluss Anschluss (union).(union). Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement Munich Agreement APPEASEMENT! APPEASEMENT!

5 1939: German troops march into the rest of 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia.Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact.

5 September 1, 1939: German troops march into September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland Poland blitzkriegblitzkrieg WW II begins!!! WW II begins!!!

World War II Timeline ContWorld War II Timeline Cont►1939- Phony War – months after 1939- Phony War – months after

collapse of Poland – Hitler preparing for collapse of Poland – Hitler preparing for attack on Franceattack on France

►1940 – Hitler attacks Denmark and 1940 – Hitler attacks Denmark and NorwayNorway

►1940 – Hitler attacks Belgium and 1940 – Hitler attacks Belgium and NetherlandsNetherlands

►1940 – Hitler attacks France1940 – Hitler attacks France►Aug. 1940 – Hitler begins air war with Aug. 1940 – Hitler begins air war with

BritainBritain► June 1941 – Hitler invades USSRJune 1941 – Hitler invades USSR

1939 Neutrality Act1939 Neutrality Act5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland.

5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:way:

The US could sell weapons to the European The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “democracies on a “cash-and-carrycash-and-carry” basis.” basis.

FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter.US ships and citizens could not enter.

5 Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:

Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.

The US economy improved as European demands for The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession.38 recession.

5 America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

More US ActionMore US Action►US passes conscription law – Sept 1940US passes conscription law – Sept 1940

First peacetime draftFirst peacetime draft►Allies run out of cashAllies run out of cash►Destroyer deal – US sends UK 50 Destroyer deal – US sends UK 50

Destroyers in exchanges for basesDestroyers in exchanges for bases►Lend-Lease – “send guns instead of Lend-Lease – “send guns instead of

sons”sons”►Atlantic Charter – FDR and ChurchillAtlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill

Self determination and disarmamentSelf determination and disarmament►Convoys – US destroyers escort Convoys – US destroyers escort

merchant shipsmerchant ships Clash with subsClash with subs

““Lend-Lease” Act (1941)Lend-Lease” Act (1941)Great Britain.........................$31 Great Britain.........................$31 billionbillionSoviet Union...........................$11 Soviet Union...........................$11 billionbillionFrance......................................$ 3 France......................................$ 3 billionbillionChina.......................................$1.5 China.......................................$1.5 billionbillionOther European.................$500 Other European.................$500 millionmillionSouth America...................$400 South America...................$400 millionmillionThe amount totaled: The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000$48,601,365,000

Conflict in the NationConflict in the Nation

► Anti-war, advocated the Anti-war, advocated the isolationist policy and isolationist policy and complete neutralitycomplete neutrality

► Aimed to enforce the Aimed to enforce the Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts

► Prominent members:Prominent members: Aviator Aviator Charles Charles

LindberghLindbergh Future President Gerald Future President Gerald

FordFord Publisher Joseph M. Publisher Joseph M.

Patterson (New York Patterson (New York Daily Daily News)News)

► Pro-war, advocated aid Pro-war, advocated aid to the Allies in the war to the Allies in the war

► Supported the Lend-Supported the Lend-Lease ActLease Act

► Prominent members: Prominent members: Governor Adlai Governor Adlai

Stevenson (IL)Stevenson (IL) U.S. Representative U.S. Representative

Claude Pepper (FL)Claude Pepper (FL) Journalist William Allen Journalist William Allen

WhiteWhite

America First Committee

Committee to Defend America (by Aiding

the Allies)

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor from the Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Cockpit of a Japanese

PlanePlane

USS ArizonaUSS Arizona, Pearl , Pearl HarborHarbor

FDR Signs the War FDR Signs the War DeclarationDeclaration

► Pearl Harbor – Dec 7Pearl Harbor – Dec 7 3000 casualties3000 casualties

► War Declaration – War Declaration – Dec 11, 1941Dec 11, 1941

What was the War Powers What was the War Powers Act?Act?

►1 week after Pearl Harbor1 week after Pearl Harbor►Granted the President power to:Granted the President power to:

Reorganize the federal governmentReorganize the federal government Create new agenciesCreate new agencies Est. programs censoring news and Est. programs censoring news and

information and abridge civil libertiesinformation and abridge civil liberties Seize foreign propertySeize foreign property Award government contracts w/o Award government contracts w/o

competitive bidscompetitive bids

End of the War in EuropeEnd of the War in Europe►Stalingrad – turning point of the war (Sept Stalingrad – turning point of the war (Sept

– 1942)– 1942) Russians launch counteroffensive and push Russians launch counteroffensive and push

towards Germanytowards Germany►22ndnd Front opened in North Africa - 1942 Front opened in North Africa - 1942

Led by Eisenhower – successLed by Eisenhower – success Hopped to Sicily – Mussolini is deposed, Italy Hopped to Sicily – Mussolini is deposed, Italy

surrenderssurrenders Germany keeps fighting in ItalyGermany keeps fighting in Italy

►D-Day – plan decided on in TehranD-Day – plan decided on in Tehran June 6 1944 - Cross channel invasion of FranceJune 6 1944 - Cross channel invasion of France Led by EisenhowerLed by Eisenhower

End of the War in EuropeEnd of the War in Europe

►Paris was liberated in August 1944 by Paris was liberated in August 1944 by General PattonGeneral Patton

►Aachen (1Aachen (1stst German city) captured Oct. German city) captured Oct. 19441944

►Battle of the Bulge – Dec. 1944 -- last Battle of the Bulge – Dec. 1944 -- last German offensive on Antwerp, BelgiumGerman offensive on Antwerp, Belgium

►Soviets reached Berlin in April 1945Soviets reached Berlin in April 1945►Hitler committed suicide on April 30Hitler committed suicide on April 30►Formal surrender -- V-E Day – May 8Formal surrender -- V-E Day – May 8

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific

►The Japanese conquered a huge empireThe Japanese conquered a huge empire

Hong KongHong Kong French IndochinaFrench Indochina PhilippinesPhilippines ThailandThailand BurmaBurma Much of ChinaMuch of China Many islands of the Pacific Many islands of the Pacific

Bataan Death Bataan Death March March

► Just hours after Pearl Just hours after Pearl Harbor, the Japanese Harbor, the Japanese attacked the Philippinesattacked the Philippines

►Forced US forces to the Forced US forces to the Bataan PeninsulaBataan Peninsula

►FDR ordered Douglas FDR ordered Douglas MacArthur to leaveMacArthur to leave American commanderAmerican commander ““I shall return”I shall return”

Allies Turn the TideAllies Turn the Tide

►Spring of 1942Spring of 1942►Lt. Colonel James Doolittle led a Lt. Colonel James Doolittle led a

raid on Tokyoraid on Tokyo►Raised the spirits of the USRaised the spirits of the US

Battle of Coral Battle of Coral SeaSea

►5 day battle5 day battle►American and Australians American and Australians

stopped the Japanese push to stopped the Japanese push to AustraliaAustralia

►Fighting was done by airplanes Fighting was done by airplanes that took off from aircraft carriersthat took off from aircraft carriers

►Japanese invasion was stopped Japanese invasion was stopped and turned backand turned back First time since Pearl HarborFirst time since Pearl Harbor

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway►Allies stopped the Japanese thrust Allies stopped the Japanese thrust

toward Hawaiitoward Hawaii►Americans had broken Japanese Americans had broken Japanese

code and knew Midway was the code and knew Midway was the next targetnext target

►Admiral Nimitz commanded the US Admiral Nimitz commanded the US fleetfleet

►US defended the islandUS defended the island

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

►Scout planes found the Japanese Scout planes found the Japanese fleetfleet

►Americans sent torpedos and Americans sent torpedos and bombersbombers

► Japanese lost four carriers, a cruiser, Japanese lost four carriers, a cruiser, and 250 planesand 250 planes

►Turning point in PacificTurning point in Pacific►US began “island hopping”US began “island hopping”

Winning back territory from JapaneseWinning back territory from Japanese

Allies Go on the OffensiveAllies Go on the Offensive► In Aug. 1942, Allies launched In Aug. 1942, Allies launched

offensive at Guadalcanal in the offensive at Guadalcanal in the Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands

►Guadalcanal was bitter 6 month Guadalcanal was bitter 6 month strugglestruggle

►First Japanese defeat on landFirst Japanese defeat on land►Allies leap-frogged across Pacific to Allies leap-frogged across Pacific to

JapanJapan

Battle of Leyte GulfBattle of Leyte Gulf► October 1944 – Allied troops and ships converged October 1944 – Allied troops and ships converged

on Leyte Gulf in the Philippineson Leyte Gulf in the Philippines► MacArthur – “I Have Returned”MacArthur – “I Have Returned”► Japanese threw their entire fleet into Battle of Japanese threw their entire fleet into Battle of

Leyte GulfLeyte Gulf► Japanese tested Japanese tested kamikazekamikaze technique technique

Pilots crashing planes into Allied shipsPilots crashing planes into Allied ships Suicide missionsSuicide missions Sunk 16 ships and damaged 80 othersSunk 16 ships and damaged 80 others

► Despite damage done by kamikazes, Leyte Gulf Despite damage done by kamikazes, Leyte Gulf was a disaster for Japanesewas a disaster for Japanese Lost 3 battleshipsLost 3 battleships 4 aircraft carriers4 aircraft carriers 13 cruisers13 cruisers 500 planes500 planes

Iwo JimaIwo Jima

►Iwo Jima was crucial to US as a base Iwo Jima was crucial to US as a base to launch bombers to reach Japanto launch bombers to reach Japan

►Japanese troops were entrenched in Japanese troops were entrenched in tunnels and cavestunnels and caves

►More than 6,000 Marines died taking More than 6,000 Marines died taking the islandthe island

►Only 200 Japanese survivedOnly 200 Japanese survived

Battle for OkinawaBattle for Okinawa

►April 1945 – US Marines invaded April 1945 – US Marines invaded OkinawaOkinawa

►1900 Kamikaze attacks sunk 30 ships 1900 Kamikaze attacks sunk 30 ships and damaged 300 moreand damaged 300 more

►7,600 Americans died by June7,600 Americans died by June►110,000 Japanese died defending 110,000 Japanese died defending

OkinawaOkinawa►Chilling taste of what a land war would Chilling taste of what a land war would

be like on Japanbe like on Japan

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project

►Allied leaders wanted to avoid Allied leaders wanted to avoid an invasion of the Japanese an invasion of the Japanese mainlandmainland Truman – use atomic bomb?Truman – use atomic bomb?

► J. Robert OppenheimerJ. Robert Oppenheimer Scientist directing the Scientist directing the

researchresearch►Top secret developmentTop secret development►First test – desert in New MexicoFirst test – desert in New Mexico

Decision to Drop the BombDecision to Drop the Bomb►US warned JapanUS warned Japan

Surrender or face destructionSurrender or face destruction Japan refusedJapan refused

►August 6 – Bomber named August 6 – Bomber named Enola Gay Enola Gay released an atomic bomb overreleased an atomic bomb over Hiroshima Hiroshima (military center)(military center) Hiroshima ceased to existHiroshima ceased to exist Japan still refused to surrenderJapan still refused to surrender

►August 9 – second bomb dropped on August 9 – second bomb dropped on NagasakiNagasaki

Effects of the BombEffects of the Bomb►200,000 people died of 200,000 people died of

injuries and radiation injuries and radiation poisoningpoisoning

►Emperor Hirohito ordered the Emperor Hirohito ordered the end of the warend of the war VJ Day – August 15, 1945VJ Day – August 15, 1945

►September 2 – formal September 2 – formal surrender ceremonies on US surrender ceremonies on US battleship battleship MissouriMissouri

Occupation of JapanOccupation of Japan

►General Douglas MacArthur in General Douglas MacArthur in command of occupationcommand of occupation

►Japanese leaders were persecutedJapanese leaders were persecuted►MacArthur reshaped the Japanese MacArthur reshaped the Japanese

economy (free-market) and economy (free-market) and transformed the governmenttransformed the government New constitution that guaranteed New constitution that guaranteed

basic rightsbasic rights

Home FrontHome Front► Japanese InternmentJapanese Internment

Wave of anti-Japanese hysteria after Pearl Wave of anti-Japanese hysteria after Pearl Harbor Harbor

Upheld in Upheld in KorematsuKorematsu case case► US Economy Booms – GNP doublesUS Economy Booms – GNP doubles

Massive military ordersMassive military orders Government intervention!Government intervention!

► War Production BoardWar Production Board No consumer goods, rationingNo consumer goods, rationing

► Office of Price AdministrationOffice of Price Administration Fixed prices to offset inflationFixed prices to offset inflation

► War Labor BoardWar Labor Board Wage ceilings – no strikesWage ceilings – no strikes

Wartime MigrationsWartime Migrations►Migrations to West, NorthwestMigrations to West, Northwest

Mechanical cotton picker – no need for laborMechanical cotton picker – no need for labor

►Seeds of Sunbelt were plantedSeeds of Sunbelt were planted►Explosive racial tension as a resultExplosive racial tension as a result

Zoot suit riotsZoot suit riots Detroit race riotsDetroit race riots

►Exodus of Native Americans from Exodus of Native Americans from reservationsreservations To get jobs in cities, or military service To get jobs in cities, or military service

“Code-talkers”“Code-talkers”

FDR’s 1940 reelectionFDR’s 1940 reelection

►FDR v. Wendell WilkieFDR v. Wendell Wilkie Wilkie agreed with FDR for the most partWilkie agreed with FDR for the most part

►Aid democraciesAid democracies

►FDR wins – should war comeFDR wins – should war come FDR was experiencedFDR was experienced Don’t change horses!Don’t change horses!

FDR’s 1944 reelectionFDR’s 1944 reelection

►FDR v. Dewey (R) – gov of NYFDR v. Dewey (R) – gov of NY More of a focus on the VP candidateMore of a focus on the VP candidate Ditched Wallace b/c he was Ditched Wallace b/c he was

“unpredictable”“unpredictable” Truman (Missouri Senator) was chosenTruman (Missouri Senator) was chosen CIO campaigned for FDRCIO campaigned for FDR

►Don’t pull the pitcher!Don’t pull the pitcher!