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World War II
China
• Nationalistic forces in 1920’s winning against warlords
• Kuomintang [Nationalists] led by Chiang Kai Shek
• Japan fears growing strength of China
5 Powers Treaty1921-22
• France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, United States.
• Established a ratio for the size of each navy
• Ten-year ban on the building of warships
• Restrictions on submarine warfare
• Outlawed poisonous gas.
Locarno Pact1925
• Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and Poland
• Collectively agreed to common boundaries specified in Treaty of Versailles of 1919
• Defense pacts with France and Poland and France and Czechoslovakia
• Germany promised entry into League of Nations
Kellogg-Briand Pact1930
• Aristide Briand – Foreign Minister of France
• Kellogg – US Secretary of State, Calvin Coolidge
• Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy
• Signed outside of League of Nations so did not perish with League
Japan“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”
• 1930’s military buildup
• Manchuria- September 1931
• Lytton Commission
• Japan withdraws from League of Nations
China Proper
• July 7, 1937• Chinese and Japanese
troops in minor squirmish
• Punitive expedition by Japan followed
• Bombing of cities• By 1945 - 20 million
dead
Nanking• December 1937• Atrocities• 40,000 slaughtered
Italy and Ethiopia• October 1935• Haile Selassie— “It is
us today, it will be you tomorrow.”
• Italy leaves League of Nations
• Attacks against civilians– Bombing cities– Poison gas
Spain and Civil War1936-1939
• 1931-King Alfonso abdicates—Republic created
• Falange—Franco and Nationalists
• Republic supporters Loyalists
• International Brigades• Fifth Column
Training ground for German/Italian air forces
Bombing of civilian towns – Guernica
Franco refuses to join Axis powers during war and is dictator for decades
Light of God
Mother
and
Child
Brutality
People
Germany
• Beer Hall Putsch—Munich
• Hitler arrested for treason where he writes “My Struggle”
Rhineland• 1926 Germany joins League of
Nations• 1930 end of Allied occupation• October 1933 Germany withdraws
from League of Nations• First concentration camps built for
political prisoners 1933• Einstein leaves Germany 1933• March 1936 Hitler seizes
Rhineland in violation of Treaty of Versailles
• German military ready to withdraw at signs of resistance
Rome-Berlin Axis• October 1936• Japan later joins Axis
powers
United States RoleNeutrality Act 1937
Isolationists
1935 Nuremberg Laws
Anschluss• March 1938• League of Nations
does nothing• 6 million Germans
added to Reich
German “Police” Enter Austria
Czechoslovakia
• Only democratic nation in central Europe - prosperous
• Sudetenland annexed September 1938
• Adds 3 million Germans and many minorities to Reich
• Munich Conference 1938• Britain convinces France to
abandon alliance with Czechoslovakia
• Chamberlain “Peace in our Time”
KristallnachtNovember 9-10, 1938
30,000 Jews sent to concentration camps
• Mussolini takes Albania – April 1939
• Britain and France pledge to protect Poland
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact• August 1939• Secret negotiations• Days later Germans
invade Poland
Polish Corridor• September 1, 1939• Annexed Danzig• Attack Poland• September 3—war
declared by Britain and France
• Blitzkrieg• Within one month
Poland is partitioned
Blitzkrieg
France and Britain dig in behind Maginot Line expecting a repeat of WWI
Phony War• Mobilization• Soviets invade Poland• Finland falls 1940• On to the Baltic States• Sitzkrieg• USSR expelled from
League of Nations
Heroic efforts to stop Germans
Invasion of Denmark and Norway Ends Phony War
April 1940 Quisling
Churchill replaces Chamberlain
May 10, 1940
Germany Continues
• May-June 1940 Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg fall
• Outflanks Maginot Line
Battle of Dunkirk
• May-June 1940• Massive evacuation of
over 300,000 from coast to England
Paris Falls• June 5, 1940• Maginot Line fails• Italy invades from the south• June 22, 1940 Henri Petain –
forms Vichy [puppet] government
• France divided into Occupied France and Vichy France
• Free French Government-De Gaulle
• June 10, 1940 Italy enters war
Battle of BritainOperation Sea Lion
• August 1940 - Germany attacked all major cities and military installations for nearly two years
• Royal Air Force• “Radar" • Germans lost 2,375
planes compared to 800 British planes
Lend-Lease ActMarch 1941
Eastern Europe
• Italy – our sea• Germany – Romania,
Bulgaria, Hungary• Germany targets
Greece• Parachutes
Russia• Russians demand
Bulgaria, Istanbul, Dardanelles and Bosporus as spheres of influence
• Hitler wants all of Europe
• Why not take Britain?• What does Russia
need?
New OrderAryan Race
Final Solution
• 1941• Extermination of all Jews
in Europe• Dachau• Holocaust
Operation Barbarossa• June 22, 1941• “Scorched Earth” • Winter Approaches
Atlantic Charter
• Secret meeting August 1941
Provisions of Charter• Sought no territorial gains• People would have to consent to territorial
change• Respect right to choose form of government• All nations should have equal rights to trade
and raw material• economic cooperation to ensure decent
standard of living
Charter Continued
• Right for all people to be free from want and fear
• Freedom of the seas should be guaranteed• Need to international organization so that
nations could abolish use of force and ensure general security
Siege of Leningrad900 Days beginning in 1941
US Enters War
• Pearl Harbor bombed
December 7, 1941• Philippines and
Guam attacked same day
• US declares war December 8
• Germany and Italy declare war December 10
North Africa• General Rommel - Afrika
Korps• Goal – Suez Canal and sever
Britain’s ties to its Asian empire
• Advances towards Alexandria• Hitler also fighting Russia
El Alamein• German forces
stopped at El Alamein• General Montgomery
pushes Germans west• General Eisenhower
pushes Germans east• Germans retreat to
Tunisia October 1942• May 1943 German
and Italian troops surrender
Stalingrad• Winter 1942-3• Turning Point • What did Hitler want?
– Oil rich Caucasus– Industrialized
Stalingrad
• 1943 Germany surrenders to Soviets
Allies AttackOperation Torch
• July 1943 Sicily• Mussolini’s government
collapses• Germany takes 2/3 of
country• Italy surrenders
September 3, 1943• Mussolini killed April
1945
June 6, 1944D-Day Operation Overlord
• Normandy• July 20, 1944 Assassination
attempt on Hitler• August 1944- Paris freed • December 1944 - Battle of
the Bulge--Ardennes Forest• April 30, 1945 Hitler
Suicide • May 7, 1945 Germany
Surrenders V-E Day
Japan/United States• Japan expands taking
British and French territory
• Japan joins Axis powers September 1940
• US protests– Aid to Chiang Kai
Shek– Embargo on oil and
scrap iron
Philippines• General MacArthur
recalled July 1941• Ignores plan to
withdraw to Bataan Peninsula
• Bataan Death March December 10, 1941
• Independence July 4, 1946“I will return” –MacArthur
Japanese Internment Camps
• February 19, 1942• 2/3 are US citizens• 110,000 Japanese-
Americans • Governor Earl Warren
Pacific Battles
• April 1942 “Doolittle’s Raid” - morale boost
• Battle of Coral Sea May 1942• Battle of Midway
June 1942
Pacific Continued
• Code Talkers• US begins Island
Hopping campaign 1942-1943
• Guadalcanal August 1942
• October 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf
• Iwo Jima• Burma-to help
Chinese Nationalists
Pacific Continued• Battle of Okinawa
April-June 1945• Kamikaze• Hiroshima August 6,
1945 - Enola Gay• Nagasaki August 9,
1945• Soviet Union declares
war on Japan August 9, 1945
Japanese Surrender
• August 14, 1945• VJ Day• Hirohito must keep
throne• Signing of treaty
aboard USS Missouri
Results of War
Social-Most destructive war22 million dead, 34 million woundedKilling civilians acceptableMillions of refugees
Results of War
EconomicMost costlyEurope and Asia land ravagedSpread of communism
Results of War
PoliticalTotalitarian regimes overthrownUS and USSR become superpowersCold WarEventual downfall of Western imperialismDecline of France and Great BritainAtomic AgeCreation of United Nations
Conferences
• Casablanca - January 1943 – Roosevelt and Churchill– Demand of unconditional surrender of Axis
powers– Agreed to invade Sicily and then Italy
Conferences
• Teheran November 12, 1943– Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin– A second front is needed– Stalin makes his goal of Eastern European
domination known
Conferences• Yalta February 1945
– Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin– Stalin agrees to open a second front within three
months of defeat of Germany in return for Pacific territory including occupation of Northern Korea
– Discussion of occupation of Germany post-war– Discussion of voting procedures in United Nations– Stalin promises free elections in Poland– Agreement that post-war Europe can determine own
governments
Conferences
• Potsdam August 1945– April 12, 1945 Roosevelt dies– Truman, Stalin, Churchill [replaced during
conference by new Prime Minister Clement Attlee
– Allied Control Council established to govern occupied Germany