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World War II
Depression.Militarism.Quest for Empire
Outlawing War?
1928 The Kellogg-Briand Pact: 60 nations
signed the agreement to outlaw war Impossible to enforce
The Japanese move for empire
Japanese military became more influential in government in the 20s
Prime minister Osachi Hamaguchi was assassinated and it caused a power vacuum.
2 years later, the military dominated the Japanese government
You have insulted my honor
Japan controlled Korea and had a sphere of influence in China
Manchuria China = raw materials for Japanese Industry and Military
Needed an excuse for war Took Manchuria in a matter of weeks
The League of Nations reacts
The League condemned Japan’s actions Japan withdrew from the League Japan was encouraged to make more
claims for all of China and East Asia and the Pacific
By 1939 Japan controlled ¼ of China and all the seaports
Italy and the Ethiopian Powerhouse
Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in 1922
Fascist dictator Goals: improve the Italian economy
and make a modern Roman empire Ethiopia became his target Triggered border dispute between
Ethiopia and Italian Somaliland
Help Us League!
Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations to mediate the conflict with Italy
The League didn’t have an army Italy invaded a year later and took over the
country The League put economic sanctions on Italy Ethiopia became part of the Italian Empire
Where is Ethiopia
Anyways?
Teaching Moment: Axis Lessons Learned
Most countries didn’t intervene because they were afraid of war and had intense economic problems at home
Italy and Japan could continue acts of aggression without intervention
The Spanish Civil War
After WWI, political instability affected Spain 1923 coup d’etat Second Republic (commies) in 1931 Reforms to help the poor acquire land Workers received shorter hours, higher wages,
and unionization
Nationalists and Loyalists
The Conservatives Supported a Fascist party called the Falange
Used terrorism to keep the power of the army, landowners, and the church
Popular front: group of socialists and communists February 1936
Summer of 1936 Falange Uprisings cause the Spanish Civil War
Fascist rebels led by Francisco Franco called themselves nationalists
Supporters of the republic were called Loyalists
Neighbors help out
The Spanish Civil War became a minor European War
Germany and Italy supported a Fascist Spain
Germany and Italy sent military units to help the Nationalists
The Soviet Union helped the Loyalists with planes, technicians, and military advisors
If you won’t help cowardly nations, your people will
International Brigades – volunteers from Free nations in Europe and America
The French and British feared fighting would spread all over Europe
The Nationalists Win
Nationalists defeat the Loyalists in the Spring of 1939
Franco set up a Fascist Dictatorship Spain’s old ruling class, the clergy,
army, and landowners were restored to power
The Cost of the Spanish Civil War
War dead estimated between 500,000 to 1,000,000
Spain became more divided as the Civil War wore on.
Adolf’s Turn
1933 Hitler announces to the world he will rearm his country and leaves the League of Nations
March 1936; marched his troops into the neutral buffer zone under League of Nations control - the Rhineland - violating the Treaty of Versailles
October 1936 a union between Hitler and Mussolini called the Rome-Berlin Axis
Called themselves the Axis Powers Japan and Germany decided to work together and
signed the Anti-Comintern Pact to stop the spread of Communism - Italy signs later
1936 - hide their aggressions under the guise of fighting communism
Anschluss
Nazi Party was formed in Austria in the late 1920s 1930s, the conservative government was doing little to
prevent a Nazi takeover 1938 threats from Hitler and Mussolini encouraged the
government of Austria to include Nazis in their government Austrian chancellor had made an agreement with Hitler to join
Germany but regretted it. Wanted the citizens to vote on it - Hitler refused
Hitler took Austria with force 1938, Austria was made part of the Third Reich - violating the
Treaty of Versailles
Join or Die!! You are
German! And buy my book, 4 million sold
What am I smoking? I
think I want to be German. I can do acts of evil because I
have no facial features
Sudetenland
3 million Germans lived on the German border of the Western Part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland
Includes a chain of mountains that provided a natural defense; heavily fortified
Many Germans living in Czechoslovakia wanted to join Germany, Nazi Party becomes strong
Riots break out, Czech Army declared martial law Hitler announced he would invade to protect the
German people living there Czechoslovakia would be defenseless against
Germany
I really shouldn’t have diced those Onions
before the Nazi Parade. Anyways… Heil!
Appeasement
As tensions grew in Europe, Hitler held the Munich Conference on September 29, 1938
Attended by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Edouard Daladier the French Premier - accepted the demand that Sudetenland remain with Germany
Appeasement - giving something (land) for peace; the British and French were not ready to fight
After the Conference
Chamberlain “Peace in Our Time” French would not defend the
Czechs March 1939, the Germans
invaded Czechoslovakia Mussolini invaded Albania in April
1939 The League of Nations was
helpless
Is Ignoring the Problem Helping?
After Czechoslovakia, the French and British knew they were going to have to stand up to the fascists
Began to rearm their nations France and Britain made an agreement to protect
Poland if Germany attacked The French and British were trying to get the
Soviets to join them in an alliance against Germany
The Soviets did not trust the western powers Western Powers were fearful of communism
The Deal that Never Was
The Soviets wanted a deal with the west that guaranteed the independence of Poland, Finland, and the Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
Wanted a military alliance with these Baltic countries
The Baltics didn’t want the Soviet Army in their countries to fight the Germans
No agreement reached
“Deal” or “No
deal?”
No Deal, Comrade! No
Deal!!
The Non-Agression Pact
The Soviets were negotiating with the Germans at the same time
August 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union would not attack
each other, remain neutral if the other went to war
Hitler wanted to make sure the Soviets would remain neutral, Soviets could have time to prepare
Secretly, the deal included dividing up Poland, Soviets had the Baltics and Bessarabia
Danzig and the Polish Corridor
World War II finally started when the Germans invaded Poland
Germany wanted the Port City of Danzig Poland and Germany had rights to use the busy port on
the Baltic Sea After the war, the Poles were given a strip of land (The
Polish Corridor) to get access to Danzig, this used to be part of German Prussia
Many Germans (6,000,000) still lived in the Polish Corridor
1933
World War II Officially begins
September 1, 1939, Hitler Annexed Danzig to the Third Reich
His Luftwaffe began a massive air strike on Poland Tanks cruised across the border and quickly made
it to the Polish capital of Warsaw; blitzkrieg Poles were attacked with the modern German
weaponry and total war Poles fought bravely Great Britain and France finally decided they
could no longer stand German aggression Declared war on Germany
The “Phony” War
German attack into Poland introduced the blitzkrieg or “Lightning Attack”; Attack with great speed and force
Poland surrenders in a month France moved its troops to its chain of fortifications
called the Maginot Line to prepare to fight Germanny The British landed on the Northern Coast of France and
the navy blockaded German ports Germans moved their troops to their fortifications they
had built at the Siegfried Line in the Rhineland A Couple attacks on British warships For the most part, there was an increase in troop
movement, and arms production, but no fighting The newspapers began to call this the “Phony War” in
western Europe
The Soviet Attack
The Soviet Army built up on the eastern border of Poland. They entered Poland in September 17, 1939
The Soviets took control of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia
November 30, 1939, the Soviets attacked Finland
Finns appealed to the League of Nations; Soviets expelled for being an aggressor nation
Finland loses in March 1940
Norway and Denmark
April 9, 1940, Germany invades Norway and Denmark
Nazi Collaborator Quisling Norwegian Nazi Party leader provided information to the Nazis before the war and aided the attackers
Germany gained outlets to the sea, good submarine bases and airfields
Shipping to Britain and France was in danger of attack
Great Britain knew now, that they were in danger, in the line of attack.
Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of Great Britain
The Low Countries
The Germans invaded the low countries (The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) on May 10, 1940
These countries were taken by the end of May
Put Germany in the position to go around the Maginot Line
German armored units pushed west to the English Channel and cut off the British troops on the coast from the main body of the French Army
The Bri