World War II – The

Battlefronts

Two WarsEuropean Theater Pacific Theater

• When the U.S. got involved in Dec. 1941, Germany controlled most of Europe.

• In the Pacific it was largely the U.S. challenging Japan.

Military Leaders to Know

• George Marshall – Chief of Staff of Military

• Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower – Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe

• Gen. Douglas MacArthur – Leader of Pacific Forces

o Others to be familiar with: • U.S. – Gen. Omar Bradley, Gen. George Patton, Adm. Chester

Nimitz• German – Erwin Rommel, British – Bernard Montgomery, French –

Charles de Gaulle, Chinese – Chaing Kai Shek, Mao Zedong

Atlantic Ocean War• U.S. had to overcome German subs (Wolfpacks)• Used Convoys and produced more Liberty Ships • Use of sonar, radar and bombing of bases.• What was the impact of subs on Florida?

Africa and Europe 1942 & 1943

• Operation Torch – taking of North Africa. What was important about North Africa?

• 2nd Front – Stalin was calling for a 2nd front. In Feb., 1943, the Soviets stopped the German advance at the Battle of Stalingrad. Began slow push back.

• U.S./British would invade Sicily and Italy in 1943. It would take 2 years to fully defeat Germans there.

France• On June 6, 1944, the 2nd front requested by Stalin

finally came with the largest air-sea-land battle.• D-day with the codename Operation Overlord

with the landing on the Normandy coast of France.

• By the end of August, Paris was liberated.

German Surrender• Germans had desperate counterattack at the

Battle of the Bulge in Dec., 1944, but eventually lost.

• April 30, 1945 – Hitler kills himself• May 8, 1945 – VE Day

o In final months, U.S. troops discovered the concentration camps.

Pacific Theater• After Pearl Harbor, Japan continued their

expansion.• April, 1942 – MacArthur pushed out of Philippines

and the Bataan Death march.• Turning point – Battles of Coral Sea and Midway in

May and June 1942. Stopped invasion of Australia and destroyed four Japanese carriers (& 300 planes)

Island Hopping• Plan in Pacific – skip over (and

isolate) strongly held islands and advance towards Japan

• Aug. 1942 – Guadalcanal - 1st land defeat

1944 & 1945 Pacific• Oct, 1944 – Leyte Gulf (Philippines) – Mac returns as

Japanese Navy is virtually wiped out. (kamikazes used)

• Spring, 1945 – Iwo Jima and Okinawa – fierce fighting to the death by the Japanese.o From Iwo Jima, U.S. could now launch air bombing raids on Japan

• Question for new President Truman – If the Japanese would fight that hard on other land, what would happen in an invasion of their home country?

Manhattan Project• Who convinced FDR to approve the Manhattan

Project in the early part of the war?• Robert Oppenheimer – head of project• What was the decision that now President Truman had to make?

• Hiroshima and Nagasaki – only places in world that have ever had an atomic bomb used.o Enola Gay – plane that dropped 1st bomb (Little Boy)

• Besides saving lives, what was another reason Truman decided?

VJ Day• VJ Day – September 2, 1945• On USS Missouri• Japan accepts unconditional surrender

Wartime Conferences• Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill before U.S. in

war• Casablanca – FDR and Churchill (Jan ’43)

o Will accept only an Unconditional Surrender

• Teheran – FDR, Churchill, and Stalin (Nov ’43)o Plan for 2nd front

• Yalta – FDR, Churchill, and Stalin (Feb ’45)o Plan for post-war Eastern Europe and U.N.

• Potsdam – Truman, Attlee, and Stalin o Truman does not trust Stalin (how will that affect bomb decision?)

Nuremberg Trials• Military Tribunals to try the lead Nazis.• Why is this something different from prior history?

Marshall Plan• George Marshall’s plan to rebuild war-torn Europe• Any other reasons?• Did it work?• Why did the USSR and Eastern bloc countries not participate?