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Reflection
In your groups come up with 3 or 4 points that your country would want for the treaty after the war.
Reflect upon the hardships that your country faced.
CONCLUSIONS AND RESTORING PEACE
After the carnage of WWI.
Americans in War
First Americans landed in France in June 1917 Gen. Pershing kept
his troops back until they could receive more training
Joined an American Expeditionary Force to preserve identity and avoid Allied disagreements over strategy
Spring of 1918
American units helped block against Germans at several battles
Sept. 12, 1918 half a million soldiers and a smaller number of French soldiers overran the German stronghold at Saint-Mihiel in 4 days
Turning the Tide
French offensive stalled Mutinies and desertions
Flanders British offensive, but Germans pushed them
back further from where started Southern Front
Italians lost morale and started to desert
End of Fighting
Spring of 1918 allied troops under French General Ferdinand Foch The Germans mounted their offensive
wanted to split the Allies and drive the British to the sea came to within 37 miles of Paris before being stopped by the
Allies they were low on reserves and morale
the Allies had high morale and high reserves because of the US entering the war the Allied forces pushed the Germans back and slowly one
by one the resistance of the Central Powers fell November 11 at 11am the Germans signed the Armistice The Germans had lost the war while its troops still held territory
from France to the Crimean Peninsula
Restoring Peace
Europe is shattered Millions dead, more wounded Country boundaries changed People looked to President Woodrow Wilson for
hope
What the Germans hoped for
Germany saw that their time had come and they wanted an armistice
They hoped that Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points would be used
Fourteen Points Peace plan whose
terms included international recognition of freedom of the seas and trade, limitations of arms, an end to all secret alliances
Settlements of colonial claims
General assembly of nations created
Restoring Peace
Germany thought that the 14 points would be used in the peace process with them
Britain wanted control of the seas, didn’t want freedom of the seas
France wanted reparations (payment for damages) to be included in any and all peace settlements
Allied leaders didn’t want them (14 points) French Premier Clemenceau “President Wilson
and his 14 points bore me. Even God Almighty has only 10.”
Results
116,500 Americans died 2.2 million Germans died 1.7 million Russians died 1.4 million French died 1.2 million Austro-Hungarians died 1 million British died Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919
Victims literally died in their own bodily fluids 1/50 died, generally ages 20-34 years of age 25 million died world wide
Paris Peace Conference January 1919 delegates
from 27 nations gathered in Paris to work out 5 separate peace treaties know as the Peace of Paris
Representatives from Russia and the Triple Alliance were not invited France and Britain
actually funded against them in the Civil War
Big Four= Pres. Wilson (US), Prime Minister Clemenceau (France), Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Britain), Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
Treaty of Versaille
The Germans had surrendered on the basis of Wilson’s 14 points, not knowing that the other sides had already divided Germany up in secret treaties When Wilson threatened to negotiate peace
on his own, finally Allies agreed to terms Britain refused to hear anything about
freedom of seas, only Germany had to disarm, and a “guilt clause” made the Germans responsible to pay off all war debts
Treaty of Versailles
German Punishments Military
Army reduced, conscription prohibited
Navy limited Forbidden to have an
air force or build weapons of aggression
Territorially Reduced and
restricted Alsace-Lorraine
returned to France Poland established Danzig freed Barred from uniting
with other German speaking peoples
Stripped of colonial possessions
Treaty of Versailles
Economically Pay property damages, costs of the war and
soldiers pensions of the French and British Signed in the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles
June 28, 1919 Only 4 of Wilson’s original 14 points and 9
supplemental principles emerged intact in the treaty League of Nations
“It is definitely a guarantee of peace” -Pres. Wilson
Other Settlements
Separate peace treaties signed with Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey Greatest attention was territorial
Broke up Austria and Hungary Austria was left small and economically weak
Italy received from Austria territory near Brenner pass in the Alps
New nations emerged: Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia Considered the “cordon sanitaire” or quarantine line France would use it as a buffer against any potential
threat from Russia or Germany
The Battle for the Treaty
While most Americans favored the League of nations, Wilson’s rival (Henry Cabot Lodge) was against it He was afraid the LON would force American
to bend to the will of other nations March 3, 1919 Henry Cabot Lodge was
able to get enough signatures to block the treaty Wilson’s only hope was compromise
He went on campaign across the nation to tell people why it was necessary
In 1919 he gave the best speech of his life, then had a stroke from which he never fully recovered
The Battle for the Treaty
One of the major arguing points was Article X to aid League members, but Wilson refused to accept any changes
March 1920 enough Democrats broke from the president to produce a majority, but not a required 2/3
The Treaty of Versailles was dead in the US. Not until July 1921 did Congress enact a joint resolution ending the war The US which had fought separately from the
allies, made separate peace as well
Legacy of War
Settlement left Europe and the world troubled
Those who fought became the “lost generation”
Peace settlements failed to heal old wounds and opened new ones as well
No freedom of the seas Economic barriers not lowered Only defeated powers were required to
disarm Provisions against Germany were too
harsh to expect reconciliation with Britain and France, but not harsh enough to destroy Germany completely
Assessment
How did/does your country feel as a result of the treaties?
Were there any common goals? Were compromises made? Which country was most pleased with
how the negotiations turned out? Most displeased?
Does your country feel it achieved its most important goals?
Were there any particular impasses or impediments to agreements?
Red Scare
May Day 1919 six months after the war ended mobs in a dozen cities broke up socialist parades, injured hundreds and killed 3 people
Many Americans believed they were under attack by homegrown and foreign-sponsored radicals Menace of radicalism was overblown
Radicals hoped that the success of the Russian Revolution would lead to better feelings in the US Most Americans found the idea of Bolsheviks
threatening
Red Scare
1919 the left split Radical socialists formed the Communist
Labor party Slavic radicals created a separate Communist
party Together they had no more than 40,000
members April 28, 1919 Mayor Hanson received a
small parcel which he thought was from an admirer of his tough patriotism Homemade bomb
20 such packages were sent (including to J. D. Rockafeller, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and the postmaster general )
The Bombs
June 2 bombs exploded simultaneously in 8 different cities One demolished the front porch of A. Mitchell
Palmer, the attorney general of the US Bomb thrower was blown to bits but enough of
him remained for identification Italian anarchist from Philadelphia
Americans assumed that an organized conspiracy was being mounted to overthrow the government
Attorney General Palmer
In response to the bombing he launched raids in over 30 cities Invaded private homes, meeting halls, pool
parlors taking several thousand alleged communists into custody without warrants and beating those who resisted
Placed prisoners in jail and over 200 (with no criminal records) were deported to the USSR
NY expelled 5 duly elected Socialists in 1919 Many people denounced the action
“demented radicals”
Palmer predicted an uprising in May, but nothing happened til Sept. Americans saw it as the work of a few demented radicals
35 deaths, 200 injuries