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Worm InfectionsMicrobiology 2314
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Helminth Phyla
Phylum Annilida
Phylum Aschelminthes / Nematoda
Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Human intestinal
parasites wormscause constipation,
stomach bloating,
anemia, asthma,diarrhea, digestive
disorders, fatigue,
low immune system,nervousness, and
skin rash.
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There can be over 100 different types of
parasitic worms living in human bodies.
Some are microscopic in size while otherscan be seen quite easily.
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SoHow Many of You Eat Worms?
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How Severe Are Worm
Infections?
70%
98%
2%
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SoOnce upon a time, I had a
student
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Folk Remedies Honey
Spider Webs
Kerosene
Willow Bark Tea Eating Clay
Maggots and Blow
flies Leeches
Chile Peppers
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Honey
Honey has been used as a cure forburnssince it was recommended by Aristotle.
Honey retains heat, so the burn must first
be cooled with cold running water or ice
cubes, then honey applied to the burnedarea.
Raw honey contains antibiotics, and
promotes healing of burns leaving very
few scars.
Not that long ago, East Bloc medics used
raw honey for burns andblisters on
soldiers in the field.
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Spider Webs
Spider web contains a substance that is very
effective in stopping bleeding and preventing
infection. Applying a wad of spider web to a freshcut will stop the bleeding
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"I shall desire you of
more acquaintance,
good master cobweb,"said the character
Bottom in A
Midsummer Night's
Dream. "If I cut my
finger, I shall make
bold of you."
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Kerosene
It was used to treathead lice. The person'shead would be rinsedwith kerosene which
then would be left infor a period of time.The kerosene would bewashed out and the
treatment repeatedwhen necessary.
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Kerosene has also been used forhemorrhoids.
Using a rectal compress saturated withkerosene still can afford many people relief,especially for extremely irritated, externalhemorrhoids occurring after childbirth.
The most common and beneficial use forkerosene is as a first aid antiseptic for cuts andscrapes. Applying kerosene to a cut helps stop
the bleeding and prevent infection. It promoteshealing and does not burn.
Athlete's foot also responds well to dailyapplications of kerosene.
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Willow Bark The use of willow bark dates
back to the time of Hippocrates(400 BC) when patients were
advised to chew on the bark toreduce fever and inflammation.
Willow bark has been usedthroughout the centuries in
China and Europe, andcontinues to be used byherbalists today for thetreatment offever, pain
(particularly low back pain),headache, and inflammatoryconditions such as arthritis.White willow or related species
are all effective.
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Clay
Eating earth (geophagy) isuniversal. You do it in a
refined manner each time
you chug Kaopectate, Di-Gel, Rolaids, Mylanta,
Maalox, or Donnagel-PG.
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In these products, the active ingredients of
clays (kaolin) or certain earths (calcium
carbonate) have been isolated from the earthmass, but that slippery, earthy feel still stays
in the mouth.
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Chile Peppers
http://www.fiery-foods.com/dave/bushmedicine.html
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"Cayenne pepper - prized forthousands of years for itshealing power. Folklore fromaround the world recountsamazing results using cayenne
pepper in simple healing andin baffling health problems.But cayenne pepper is not justa healer from ancient history.
Recent clinical studies havebeen conducted on many ofthe old-time healthapplications for this miracleherb. Again and again, the
therapeutic value of cayennepepper has been medicallyvalidated."Dr. PatrickQuillin The Healing Power ofCayenne Pepper
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Capsicum (cayenne pepper) builds thetissue in the stomach and the peristaltic
action in the intestines. Has been known to stop heart attacks within
30 seconds and reduce the risk of strokes.
Boosts circulation and increase heart action. Expedites the therapeutic delivery and
action of nutrients in the body.
Relieves muscle and joint pain. Detoxifies the colon.
Preventative against respiratory infections.
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Biotherapy
Biotherapy is the use of living organisms formedical treatment or as an adjunct to medical
diagnosis.
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Biotherapy
J.F. Zacharias, a Confederate
medical officer in the Civil War, is
documented as having used the
larvae of the green blow fly to
prevent gangrene in wounded
soldiers. Gangrene occurs when a
body part dies due to interference
with its nutrition. "Maggots in a
single day would clean a woundmuch better than any other agents
we had at our command," reported
Zacharias. "I am sure I saved
many lives by their use."
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Debridement is an essential component of
wound care as the presence of devitalised tissue
can impede the healing process. Larval therapyhas been used for the debridement of wounds for
several hundred years.
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Leach
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In 1994, a woman's scalp was ripped off when herhair was yanked into moving machinery. Doctors
performing micro-surgery at the University of
Southern California reattached the scalp, but one areaswelled with congested blood. They applied leeches,one at a time for eight days, to suck up stagnant
blood. Eventually new capillaries, or tiny bloodvessels, formed in the scalp wound, leading tohealing circulation.
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All leeches have two suckersone on each end of its
bodyand the mouth end has hundreds of teeth. When
applied to an injury or reattached limb, leeches dig their
teeth right into the flesh and start sucking. Surprisingly,the bite doesn't seem to hurt. That's because leech saliva
contains a natural anesthetic, or pain-killer.
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Leech saliva is also full of
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Leech saliva is also full ofother important curativechemicals. One is calledhirudin, which keeps blood
from clotting. Scientistshave devised a method togenetically engineerhirudin, which they hope to
prescribe as an alternative
treatment for uncloggingblood vessels during heartsurgery.
Another leech benefit is an
agent that prevents bacteriafrom infecting the woundarea. And a third is avasodilator, which causeshuman blood vessels to
open.
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Leeches Reduce the Pain of Osteoarthritis
Results from a pilot study on osteoarthritis of the knee as
reported in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. The study focused on 16 patients, average age 68, who had
had persistent knee pain for more than six months.Exercises, physiotherapy, relaxation techniques, and dietarychanges were already part of their treatment program.
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Leech therapy was tried on 10 patients, eight ofwhom were women.
Six others were given conventional treatmentfor pain.
Four leeches were applied to the painful knee
and left in place for one hour and 20 minutes. Pain measures were recorded three days beforethe start of the treatment and 28 days afterwardsit had finished.
Leech treatment produced rapid pain reliefafter three days, with the greatest effectsregistered 24 hours after treatment.
P t i k L i t
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Patrick L., recovering at
Harborview Medical Center,
was lifted from the deck of a
fishing ship off the Aleutians
after his hand was severed by a
fish saw.
More than 24 hours after the
accident, Patrick was in anoperating room at Harborview
Medical Center, where a
medical team reattached bone to
bone, artery to artery and nerveto nerve.
Leeches were used to reestablish
blood flow and reduce swelling.
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Helminthes in the Human Body
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Pinworms
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Adult Pinworm
1 in 5 Children have Pinworms
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Ova ofEnterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
C S d 1
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Case Study 1 Background: Enterobius vermicularis is known to produce perianal
and ischioanal abscesses and invade the peritoneal cavity via thefemale reproductive system, causing pelvic peritonitis. However, thereare only rare case reports on the cytodiagnosis of these parasiticlesions.
Case: A 28-year-old woman was admitted with a tender left iliac mass
and greenish vaginal discharge. Ultrasonogram scan confirmed thepresence of a mass lesion suggestive of a tuboovarian abscess.Cytologic examination of the pus obtained revealed the presence ofova of E vermicularis and fragments of the adult worm in aninflammatory exudate consisting predominantly of neutrophils,
eosinophils and occasional epithelioid cell granulomas. Paraffinsections of the tuboovarian mass showed granulomas, but neither ovanor any worm section was identified. Although the possibility oftuberculosis was considered histologically, Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) stainfor acid-fast bacilli was negative. Z-N staining of the smear andmycobacterial culture of the pus also did not yield positive results.
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Case Study 2
The section through the lumen of the appendix revealsa female pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis. In thiscross section, numerous eggs measuring 50 to 60microns by 20 to 30 microns are seen. The eggs are
flattened on one side. The female migrates to the perianal region to lay eggs,
resulting in pruritis ani. Direct ano-oral infection canoccur; the eggs can remain viable in the environmentfor two weeks and are resistant to most householddisinfectants.
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Scotch Tape Test
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Trichinella
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Trichinella
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Trichinella spiralis Encysted in Muscle Tissue
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Hookworm
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Ascaris
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Ova of Ascaris lumbricoides
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Ova ofAscaris lumbricoides
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This a pile of Ascaris worms collected from people living in a small village in
the south of India. The worms will mainly have come from children.
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GuineaWorm
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Guinea Worm
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Guinea Worm
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Normally Found on the Lower
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Extremeties
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However
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The only way to remove the
Worm is to wind it on a stick.
This is time consuming.
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Guinea Worm
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Tapeworms
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Tapeworm
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Tapeworm
Scolex
Tapeworm
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Tapeworm
Proglottids
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Tapeworm Proglottid with Eggs
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DietPills?
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This bottle uses
a picture of a
tapeworm on thelabel.
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Removal of Sparganosis mansoni, a tapeworm larva,
from eye. Adult tapeworms can reach lengths of 100cmor 40 inches. After penetrating the mucosa lining of the
small intestine, they migrate systemically throughout the
body, invading a variety of tissues and organs, and can
live for years.
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Infected Feces (Grain) Beetles Raw Flour Raw Cookie Dough Infected Person
June 19, 2009
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June 19, 2009
Nestl is voluntarily recalling all its refrigeratedand frozen chocolate chip cookie dough. The
FDA and CDC warn of the risk of contamination
with E. coli O157:H7.
l k
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Flukes
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Chinese Health
Poster WarningAgainst Fluke
Infections
Chinese Health
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Poster Warning
Against FlukeInfections
A di d d
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A distended
belly is one ofthe symptoms of
Schistosomiasis
as well as ofother worm
infections.
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Eggs in the liver. Two of the several eggs in this section
are labeled, and the granulomas (*) that have formed
around the eggs are typical of the damage that occurs in
the livers of infected hosts.
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Wh t b t S hi?
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What about Sushi?
Eating raw fish can result in anisakiasis, an infectioncaused by an infestation of Anisakis worm larvae.
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caused by an infestation ofAnisakis worm larvae.
Now, don't panic, it's not that bad. These are LITTLE
worms. They grow up to a mere one inch in length.
If you're lucky, the wormswill wind up in your stomach
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will wind up in your stomach,where the chief symptom is
generally a sudden attack ofintolerable pain. It startswithin 12 hours after eating
the affected fish andcontinues for two or threedays, until the worms expire.
If you're not as fortunate, the
larvae head to your intestinesor lungs, where they can takeup permanent residence.
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Worldwide increase in infections as
consumption of sushi has increased.
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consumption of sushi has increased.
You exhibit a food allergy to this food-borne
parasite,Anisakis simplex (nematode).
Causes human Anisakiasis (herring worm
disease) and induces immune reactions such as
gastrointestinal reactions and asthma.
Loa Loa Worms
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Loa Loa Worms
Loa Loa
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Loa Loa
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This woman has leopard skin and skin lesions on both legs.
A patient infected suffering
from river blindness. This
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o ve b d ess. s
elderly man shows nodules,
skin changes and blindness,all manifestations of the
disease.
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Nodules (removed from under the skin of infected people)
contain the adult worms.
Loa Loa in
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Eye
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Loa Loa Extraction
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Loa Loa Extraction
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Lymphatic f i lar iasis
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The mosquitoes becomeinfected by feeding upon
infected animals and the
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infected animals and the
worms enter a new hostsbloodstream via a
puncture bite.
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Lymphatic filariasis, also known aselephantiasis. Vectors are located
along the equator.
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The long,
threadlike worms
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threadlike worms
block the body's
lymphatic system--
a network of
channels, lymph
nodes, and organsthat helps maintain
proper fluid levels
in the body by
draining lymphfrom tissues into
the bloodstream.
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C i l
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Cercarial
Dermatitis
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Whip Worms
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Whip Worms
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This tight coiling is
characteristic of nematode
worms
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worms.
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Whip WormsProlapsed Rectum
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p
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So once Upon a Time, I had a
student
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Dermatobia hominis.
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And then another time
A 20-year-old college student went to his
doctor with draining sores on his right arm
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g g
and back. He had a "twitchy" sensationaround the lesions for 1 week. One month
earlier, he returned from an extended trip to
Costa Rica, where he camped in the
rainforest and swam daily in the ocean. The
sores developed and worsened over the past
several weeks, and he was treated twice
with amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin).Nothing was helping.
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Diagnosis: Botfly
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And then another time
This young boy was
minding his own
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minding his own
business when hefelt an eye irritation.
Thinking that it was
just regular dust, he
started to rub his
eye, in an effort to
remove the dust.
Then his eyes got
really red, so his
mom bought someeye drops from the
pharmacy.
Again they dismissed
it as dust & continued
bbi h i it
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rubbing, hoping it
would go away. As thedays went by, the
swelling of his eye got
worse & the redness
increased until hismom decided it was
time to go and see a
doctor for a check up.
The doctor
immediately wantedan operation, being
afraid of a tumor
growth or cyst.
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It wasnt a tumor!
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FYI
What was thought
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initially to be just
mere dust actually
was an insect's
egg......
At the operation,what was thought to
be a growth or cyst,
actually turned out to
be a live worm
(actually an insect
larva).
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The female botfly glues her eggs onto the abdomen of a
captured mosquito or other common fly. When the carrier insect
lands on a human, the larva, or bot, hatches, burrows into theskin, and positions itself "head down" to feed, breathing through
caudal respiratory spiracles. A furuncle with a central pore
develops as the bot matures, molting twice until reaching 18 to
24 mm
Your Honor, my hosts
name was Johnson.
I swear that I didn't
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I swear that I didn t
know he was takingthe kids out of the
country