wp_leaproactiveapproachtolawenforcment_wf_2009

A White Paper

Take an Intelligence-Led, Proactive, Predictive Approach to Law Enforcement

Executive Summary

Fighting Crime With Intelligence

Houston Police Department: Real-Time Crime Center

Highlights

Benefits

Before and After

Speed and Consistency

Moving Forward

Erlanger, Kentucky, Police Department: Integrated, Real-Time Search

Highlights

Benefits

Before and After

Fast Search

Enhanced Productivity

Prevention

Richmond, Virginia, Police Department: Cutting Crime by Predicting Crime

Highlights

Benefits

Before and After

Predicting and Reducing Crime

The Future

Conclusion

How to Get Started

Table of Contents

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Information Builders1

Executive Summary

From the police chief to the dispatcher to the officer in the field, everyone makes decisions every day in law enforcement with lasting consequences for the communities they serve. Accurate, timely, targeted information is key for making the best decisions at each point in the chain of command. The data that decision-makers need, however, is often stored in individual applications that are not interoperable. Systems such as computer aided dispatch (CAD) for 911 calls, records management, jail management, and financial reporting are typically purpose-built systems that deal with specific functions, but they don’t meet the agency’s needs for a 360-degree picture.

For police departments to respond quickly and safely to situations, as well as take proactive action, they must be able to effectively access all of this data, analyze it, and deliver actionable intelligence to decision-makers across the organization based on the available information. Today, the technology exists to do just that, and it gives the officer in the field an important advantage in fighting crime. For example, an analyst monitoring 911 calls sees a call about an incident that gives a description of a car with a partial license plate number. The analyst runs the plates and description, finds the car, sees a parking ticket issued to someone other than the registered owner, finds that person’s last known address, and gets the information to the officer on the case – all in a timeframe that allows the officer on the scene to take appropriate actions. The officer goes to the address, finds the subject at home and makes the arrest, solving the incident in an hour. This scenario happened in Houston, Texas.

Not only is this technology readily available, affordable, and manageable enough to implement for all sizes of agencies, it also enables police departments to increase service and the effectiveness of police work for growing and diverse populations, while also dealing with budget cuts, increasing officer safety, and meeting the demands of public oversight.

This paper will show how police departments in cities ranging in size from Houston, Texas to Erlanger, Kentucky to Richmond, Virginia, quickly implemented technology that enables them to address their unique situations and take a successful intelligence-led, proactive, predictive approach to fighting crime. Their high-tech crime centers use business intelligence (BI), analytics, and geographic information system (GIS) mapping to improve organization and boost strategic decision-making, increasing morale and efficiency and making their cities safer.

A Predictive Approach to Law Enforcement 2

Law enforcement today strives to be proactive rather than reactive. The goal is to arm officers with information that enables them to know in advance the situations they are entering, quickly resolve crimes, and make timely decisions based on information. This helps improve community relations by providing more transparency and flow of information while ensuring security and safety.

The challenge is to collect and deliver information quickly and efficiently to those who need it, in a format they can use to make actionable decisions. The solution should deliver real-time, or near real-time, information in a flexible environment where different users can view it in a way that helps them effectively perform their jobs and makes it easy to see what’s immediately important. It should also enable more in-depth analysis without requiring users to learn yet another application.

Three Successful ImplementationsWhat follows are case studies on three leading-edge police departments. Each possesses unique demands and has implemented successful crime center solutions, in short time frames with all of these

capabilities mentioned above and more via Information Builders’ Law Enforcement Analytics (LEA).

Fighting Crime With Intelligence


Highlights Real-time data analysis on more than 15 years■■ ’ worth of information

Implemented in less than three months■■

Single version of the truth■■

Faster detection of patterns and trends■■

Better deployment of officers to hot spots■■

Reduced time to solve crimes■■

More efficient use of overtime■■

As a part of the fourth largest city in the United States, the Houston Police Department (HPD) faces tough challenges in enhancing the city’s quality of life. The department patrols almost 700 square miles and has a population of about 2.2 million citizens with a police force of about 5,200 officers.

With Information Builders’ business intelligence (BI) and enterprise integration solutions, the police department met these challenges by implementing a high-tech crime center and law enforcement application in less than three months. Awarded a Vision Award for Business Impact in the category of “Advanced Business Intelligence” by BeyeNETWORK, HPD’s crime center provides real-time data analysis on more than 15 years’ worth of information and quickly disseminates it to the field, focusing the whole organization on its core mission of fighting crime.

BenefitsThis innovative technology enables the HPD to maximize its human resources, increase morale, enforce accountability across the organization, restructure organizational units for maximum efficiency, and enhance the department’s ability to address crime. It helps personnel determine whether a call could involve a serial criminal or is part of a trend or cluster. HPD can also freeze a crime area, providing detectives who arrive on the scene with information about all the activity occurring in the area in a given timeframe. Combining best practices, effective software, and HPD’s manpower has resulted in faster response, better security, and increased safety for all citizens.

The measurable benefits include more efficient use of overtime through better deployment of officers and reduced time to solve crimes. Other harder-to-measure benefits, include enhanced safety for officers who are now armed with knowledge of a situation prior to arriving at the scene, improved neighborhood safety, and improved procedures because everyone has the same information on a crime as well as standard ways to view data. These benefits allow the division and district commanders to spend more time concentrating on crime prevention strategies and less time collecting, organizing, and collating crime statistics.

Houston Police Department: Real-Time Crime Center


Before and AfterBefore building the center, HPD, like many other police departments, was inundated with data in different systems. These silos of data made it cumbersome, labor-intensive, and time-consuming to get information. Reports had to be created for every request, and by the time the reports were created, the data was old.

To get to the data quicker and make it more useful for fighting crime, HPD used Information Builders’ BI and enterprise integration solutions for report writing and data access, and ESRI solutions for GIS mapping. HPD made a conscious decision to build strong data-driven analytics as the foundation for its GIS spatial analytics. Dashboards created with Information Builders’ WebFOCUS platform served as a key interface. Analytics associated with crimes were married to the locations of incidents to provide unique insights into specific crimes as well as possible trends. Users could also zoom in on a neighborhood, block, or street, and see houses, cars, yards, and fields.

Figure 1: Technical overview of HPD crime center architecture.

HPD focused first on improving crime analysis. Previously, they extracted data from a diverse set of applications to build a unique report. This required substantial effort in each of the 21 patrol divisions, and the results were difficult to compare due to the diverse techniques used to extract


the data and formulate the reports. To address this situation, HPD built a near real-time reporting environment that used existing mainframe systems and extracted that data into SQL Server. Based upon this easy access to data, HPD built a broad variety of applications, as shown in figure 1.

Crime center analysts, for example, now have real time access to Houston emergency center 911 calls where they can watch in real time, on a rolling screen, as calls and messages go back and forth between the dispatcher and the car (figure 2). Analysts work 24/7 in the crime center at police headquarters and also across the 21 patrol divisions, analyzing data and providing information to officers in the field (figure 3). Analyst reports are generated on the fly with tools that are consistent and easy to use and interpret, covering a variety of data stores, including crime, suspect, vehicle, complainant, business, arrest, and pawn, among others (figures 4-6).

Figure 2: The Crime Center report provides back-up officers with real-time information.


FIgure 3: Real-time information on a police call.

Figure 4: Crime analyst request portal.


Figure 5: A Crime Analyst Report.

Figure 6: Crime Analyst Report shown on the temporal map.


HPD built the application by putting Information Builders’ software on the emergency center switch to collect the data and send it to the screen every 30 seconds. While officers are en route to a location, the crime center analyst uses the application to search for relevant information, getting critical information to the officers as they need it. The application has greatly enhanced the officers’ safety and awareness by providing them with important details, such as the history of criminal activity at a particular address and surrounding areas, background information on residents, and information on people at the scene with firsthand knowledge about the alleged crimes (figure 7).

Figure 7: Time and distance report shows calls for service (CFS) and offenses within 500 feet.

In a specific example, the emergency center received a disturbance call, and while the officers were being dispatched to the scene, analysts ran the name and found out the man creating the disturbance was a fugitive, and alerted the officers. By the time they arrived at the scene, they knew the man was a fugitive and arrested him.

The CAD system itself does not provide heavy analytic capability. However, in the crime center, HPD brings in all the calls, analyzes them quickly, and sees the consolidated data in ways that are useful, meaningful, and actionable. This capability can result in quick arrests.

In Houston, for example, Family Dollar Stores were suddenly experiencing a spate of robberies. After one robbery, the call center received partial plates and a brief description of a car at the scene. The crime center analyst quickly used the CAD data tidbits, searched prior incidents and other related data resources, found that a car matching the description had moving violations, saw that the driver wasn’t the registered owner and didn’t live at the address where the vehicle was registered. Using this information, the analyst found the driver’s address, and passed it on to the officer. The officer went immediately to the address, found the suspect there, and arrested him on the spot. HPD was able to solve the series of robberies within an hour.


Speed and ConsistencySpeed is critical to police work. HPD’s crime center enables analysts to discover relevant information and get it to officers quickly. It also makes it easy to drill-down into information. For example, those dealing with a crime scene can analyze all the statistics around an area, looking at what has happened within a timeframe, and also see parolees and sex offenders in the area, if that information is available.

Analysis is used at all levels of the organization for a truly intelligence-led organization. Analyzing data that’s anywhere from 30-seconds to six-hours old, analysts drill down through the city’s crime data to identify trends and reassign officers to hot spots to reduce future criminal activity (figure 8).

Figure 8: The Crime Center report provides a 50,000 foot view.

Every manager has access to key performance indicators (KPIs) and they can perform their own analysis. The high-level metrics as well as the individual incident details that comprise those metrics are available for any type of analysis one may want to perform (figure 9).

At the weekly crime control meetings, statistics are immediately available to show, for example, how many armed robberies occurred this month compared to last month within a specific division. This makes the weekly crime control meetings a PowerPoint-free setting, where commanders can productively collaborate on various strategies and have immediate access to all relevant data.


Figure 9: A management view enables command staff to view crime and CFS data via a Web browser with parameterized request screens that leave no question unanswered.

In the past, HPD had to extract and interpret that data, as well as create reports and PowerPoints, so management could discuss it and look for trends. This took hours and HPD often found discrep-ancies in the data. Now, not only is the data consistent across the department, but HPD can also map the data based on multiple characteristics and see correlations and crime patterns very quickly.

Moving ForwardAs impressive as the results are, HPD is just beginning to realize the potential of its crime center. HPD will soon offer citizens a Web page so they can view the latest crime data for their particular neighborhood, providing greater public outreach. HPD is also working on getting access to the SAP payroll data to provide a rigorous costing component. The department wants to evaluate their actions based on refined business models, determining, for example, how funding may affect crime and whether an enforcement action was worth its cost.

Taking this data-centric, intelligence-led approach to police work holds everyone accountable and influences every corner of the organization. As a result, HPD spends its precious resources fighting crime – not collecting data.


Highlights More than 150 officers in 10 cities share up-to-date information from 19 government agencies■■

Web-based crime portal with simple, keyword searches of all types of data ■■

More efficient use of resources■■

Fast detection of patterns■■

Solve crimes more quickly and take preventative action■■

“As local police departments strive to offer expanded services in the face of tight or dwindling

budgets, law enforcement personnel have to work smarter to offer the same level of protection

to their citizens. Erlanger PD now has an intelligent crime-fighting tool that will boost

productivity and ultimately save lives.” – Marc Fields, Erlanger Chief of Police

As part of the Greater Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky metropolitan region, the Erlanger, Kentucky, Police Department (Erlanger PD) needs to coordinate with police and fire departments across a dozen communities. Recently, the community experienced a five to 10 percent annual increase in calls, stretching police resources to the limit.

To better serve its 17,000 residents with a 45-member force, Erlanger PD created a new real-time information system with integrated search capabilities that enables law enforcement personnel in 10 adjacent police agencies throughout Northern Kentucky, including 150 patrol officers, to share up-to-date information from 19 government agencies. The system combines current crime data from the agencies, linking formerly unrelated information about suspects, incidents, arrests, and crimes. It also merges current data with crime records and incident reports stretching back more than five years.

Accessed through a simple Web-based portal interface, the new system provides police with real-time views of incidents, arrests, 911 calls, and other events throughout the dispatch area. Erlanger PD worked with Information Builders, using its WebFOCUS BI platform and ESRI’s geo-graphic information system (GIS) software to create this interactive, real-time crime portal in under three months.

BenefitsBy leveraging this up-to-date repository of information, officers can respond to calls with more knowledge in hand, and supervisors can deploy the force in a way that best serves the community. Erlanger PD also anticipates that the new system will help them handle the recent increase in calls without adding personnel.

Before and AfterHistorically, Erlanger PD used mapping and statistical software to provide information to patrol officers and supervisors. Neighboring cities, however, used different systems, and many police records were only available offline in hard copies stored in filing cabinets, all of which made it

Erlanger, Kentucky, Police Department: Integrated, Real-Time Search


difficult to share information beyond city boundaries. While criminals crossed back and forth over these boundaries, the information about their crimes stayed within individual cities, often out of reach when it was needed most. The department needed a solution that could dig into historical databases and integrate real-time information about incidents, crimes, and arrests.

With the new system, all cities and agencies connected to the system input their respective Records Management Systems (RMS). Officers can also enter notes into the system directly from the field. Integration technology updates the search index every 15 minutes with crime records from Erlanger’s computer-aided dispatch (CAD) system and RMS. The software taps into these records and rapidly scans indexed content, transforming it into usable information and preparing it for search by end users. Data is stored in an SQL Server database at the Northern Kentucky Area Planning Commission.

Fast SearchThe new crime portal makes innovative use of search technology. Search engines are usually designed to index and track Web pages, but not database transactions. BI systems are usually designed for reporting and historical analysis, but not necessarily for simple searches.

Erlanger PD’s solution combined BI and search technology using Information Builders’ WebFOCUS Magnify software. Erlanger PD can now search dynamic BI content and structured and unstructured data sources through the universally known and easy-to-use Google search paradigm. By using simple keyword searches, users can locate key facts, and then follow links to execute reports and access information in the format of their choice, including Excel, PDF, HTML, or XML. This capability gives officers access to the variety of existing applications simultaneously via a Web browser that finds what they are looking for even though they don’t know exactly what it is or where it is stored.

“[Information Builders’ WebFOCUS Magnify] was really able to capture both of the goals: to

more completely search our records management systems, and at the same time…create

maps and information that officers could use to more efficiently go about their daily activities.

[Officers] can see, over the last 24 hours, where calls have occurred and compare crime stats

against last year’s data and this year’s data.” – Steve Castor, Erlanger PD, Communications

Center Manager

Now it is much easier to detect patterns quickly. In the past, for example, a string of burglaries involving iron and steel from around the county became widespread without individual police departments recognizing the pattern until some stolen goods showed up at a recycling center. Today, if that same situation were to occur, as soon as an officer entered a keyword such as “metal” or “iron” into the search index, all the related incidents would be linked in a one-page report.


Enhanced ProductivityTimely data sharing is an important key for effective police work, and the system makes getting data practically instantaneous. It also delivers information in appropriate ways for each audience, generating real-time search results for police officers in the field and delivering KPIs for supervisors at headquarters.

Patrol officers access the system in their vehicles via a browser-based application on the Mobile Data Computer (MDC). For example, if an officer stops a speeding car and performs a quick search of the license plate number, the system could display a police report from earlier in the day in a neighboring city involving a hit-and-run incident, even if the witness at the scene only got part of the license plate number. In this way, a suspect in two crimes could be apprehended through a small piece of shared data (figure 10).

Figure 10: By mashing together search, BI, and mapping, Erlanger officers can view real-time crime data and past records.

Dispatchers and supervisors can view a different slice of crime data through BI dashboards at headquarters. Dashboards used for displaying and drilling into KPIs include crime activity by city, current crime alerts, and a summary of arrests and incidents sorted by categories such as


arson, assault, burglary, and criminal mischief (figure 11). The KPIs and maps provide an integrated view of crime data. Each interactive dashboard includes fields for drilling down into the data via parameters specified by the users, so they can enrich the map with facts about criminal activities and incidents as they occur.

Figure 11: Supervisors view real-time crime summaries on a BI dashboard.

PreventionThe new crime portal gives supervisors much more power to detect patterns and prevent or quickly solve crimes by efficiently deploying the police force based on insight into a variety of patterns that become apparent when records are accessed and grouped in meaningful ways. For example, if a burglary now occurs a block across from their city boundary, the Erlanger PD knows it, and supervisors can send a unit to patrol the border area, potentially preventing a crime.

The Erlanger PD is also planning to put more power in the hands of citizens by providing them with access to some of this information via a public-facing Web site, so citizens can stay informed about crime in their neighborhoods. The hope is that citizens will then be more likely to report clues and suspicious behavior.

Erlanger PD’s experience shows that even small agencies can acquire cutting-edge technology and see big results, boosting productivity and ultimately saving lives.


HighlightsPredictive analysis of data from multiple sources, with agency-wide distribution, and 24/7 ■■

continuously updated forecasts

More efficient, targeted deployment of resources■■

Consistent, year-after-year, city-wide reductions in crime■■

The initial New Year’s Eve initiative (2003/2004) reduced random gunfire 49 percent, increased ■■

weapons seized by 246 percent, and saved $15,000 in overtime costs

Dropped from fifth most dangerous city in 2004 to out of the top 30 within two years■■

42 percent drop in homicides and 45 percent drop in commercial robberies in 2008■■

Once ranked the fifth most dangerous city in the U.S. in 2004, Richmond, Virginia, reduced its violent crime rate by double digits two years in a row when it implemented a new information system for predicting crime in its police department – and it continues to produce major reductions in crime. The system, which won Gartner’s 2007 BI Excellence Award, provides predictive crime analysis, data mining, reporting, and GIS capabilities to the entire department. The city’s crime analysts can now look at the interaction between present and past data, such as arrest records, motive, and type of crime at a particular location based on the day, time, weather, and coincidence of public events.

Richmond PD uses this insight to optimize police resources for deterring crime. Officers receive the most up-to-date information available, along with a screen of predictions of crime hot spots they can access before a shift. Data from the records management system is integrated and analyzed on a continuous basis.

BenefitsThe system enables the department to better protect its 220,000 citizens by moving from a “reactive crisis management structure” to a “proactive problem deference model,” explains Stephen Hollifield, information services manager of the Richmond PD. The technology, for example, pointed to a high rate of robberies on paydays in Hispanic neighborhoods, where fewer people use banks and where customers leaving check-cashing stores were easy targets for robbers. Elsewhere, there were clusters of random-gunfire incidents at certain times of night. To protect these neighborhoods, extra police were deployed when and where these incidents were predicted to happen.

“What we’re doing is replicating the intuitive nature of the seasoned veteran cops, the guys who have been on the force for 25 years and know certain sections of the city really well and operate almost out of complete intuition, who know more than a crime map might show them,” Hollifield continues. “What our application attempts to do is the same thing, but provide that type of intuitive picture about areas and give them to our green officers who have been on the force for only two years and haven’t developed that sense yet. This speeds up the process.”

Richmond, Virginia, Police Department: Cutting Crime by Predicting Crime


Before and AfterLike many organizations, the Richmond PD was data rich and information poor before implementing the system. A vast wealth of historical data was gleaned from its mature 911 computer-assisted dispatch and records management systems, but the department needed an operational BI system combined with other capabilities to turn the data into usable information.

Richmond PD worked with Information Builders for integration, analytics, and reporting; ESRI for dynamic mapping display; Pictometry International for detailed pictures and dynamic geographical displays of locations and surrounding neighborhoods for reported incidents; and analytic software vendor SPSS Inc. for data mining capabilities, which examine how current crime reports relate to data on past, present, and projected actions.

The department identified data that would be used to create predictive crime reports – factors that didn’t have variables that could change drastically over short periods of time. This approach created a model that automatically improved itself and avoided manual refreshing of the variables. The chosen data included time of day, day of week, holidays, weather, moon phases, city events, paydays, and crime records. The data was at least five years old to ensure the integrity of the predictions. As Hollifield explains, “The five-year window lessens our odds of prediction based on anomalies in any one data source.”

The system is integrated with Richmond.com, which feeds it contextual information about local activities, such as sporting events and a city-maintained weather data collection system.

The GIS capabilities allow officers to view specific types of crime for a given area and perform crime mapping and analysis functions. Officers can view maps of crime density hot spots by location or based on crime type, such as car theft, to see specific incidents within a zip code, neighborhood, city district, or other user-defined area. Data for weather, events, time of day, case history, associated suspects, and aerial photos can also be integrated. The end result is a sophisticated data model of criminal activity with a user-defined set of elements that predict future criminal behavior (figure 12).

Predicting and Reducing CrimeIn its first year of operation, the system significantly reduced rates of murder (32 percent), rape (20 percent), robbery (3 percent), aggravated assault (18 percent), burglary (18 percent), and auto theft (13 percent). An initiative designed to test the effectiveness of this approach was conducted on New Year’s Eve 2003/2004. Using the system to deploy officers in targeted areas, the initiative reduced random gunfire incidents 49 percent and increased weapons seized by 246 percent – while deploying only one-third as many officers as in previous years, resulting in a $15,000 savings of overtime in that one night.


Figure 12: Officers receive an integrated view of criminal activity.

All major crime rates have continued to drop consistently, with homicides dropping by 42 percent and commercial robberies dropping by 45 percent in 2008, for example.

Richmond PD also analyzes criminal behavior to determine which crimes should be treated as a higher priority to prevent them in the future. For instance, certain property crimes were better indicators of likely sexual assaults than the presence of convicted sex offenders

The FutureThe next phase will move from predicting all violent crimes in aggregate to a more granular approach that predicts the intensity of crime within four-hour windows via 7- and 30-day forecasts. The system will categorize crimes by nondomestic, robbery, burglary, auto theft, and all other larceny. With different strategies and tactics to address each type of crime, the new model will provide more intelligent analysis for Richmond’s precinct commanders.

“This is going to give us a prediction of what to expect over the next seven days, and what to expect broken out in four-hour windows,” Hollifield said. “In that four-hour window, we can predict what particular crime type could occur and the probability of that crime happening.”


As the experiences of the Houston, Erlanger, and Richmond police departments show, data-centric, intelligence-led, proactive, predictive policing is easily within reach for police departments of all sizes – even with budget and personnel limits and increasing demands. All three departments built customized solutions using off-the-shelf components in a relatively short time frame (most under three months). By using the framework approach of Information Builders’ Law Enforcement Analytics (LEA), these departments dramatically enhanced the value of their solutions, deploying the solution quickly while the idea was fresh and the demand was urgent, and building a solution that the department’s crime analysts can change as required without bringing in the vendor.

The future of police work is here.

How to Get StartedEvery police department is different and has unique requirements. Information Builders makes it easy to get started and see immediate results with a customizable off-the-shelf (COTS) solution: the LEA suite, which includes Web-based KPIs, management dashboards, interactive mapping capabilities, predictive analytics, and data mining to spot trends and predict outcomes.

For a fact sheet describing the LEA suite in detail, or to view a demo of the application, visit our Web site at informationbuilders.com/government.

Contact your local Information Builders office, call (800) 969-4636, or visit our Web site to consult with an Information Builders representative who will find the most time- and cost-efficient method to get started and to produce demonstrable, repeatable results.

Conclusion

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Seoul 82-2-832-0705

Sweden■■ InfoBuild AB

Kista 46-735-23-34-97

Taiwan■■ Galaxy Software Services

Taipei 886-2-2586-7890

Thailand■■ Datapro Computer Systems Co. Ltd.

Bangkok 662-679-1927, ext. 200

Venezuela■■ InfoServices Consulting

Caracas 58-212-763-1653

Toll-Free NumberSales, ISV, VAR, and SI Partner Information■■

(800) 969-4636

* Training facilities are located at these branches.

Date post:	14-Feb-2017
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