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WATER QUALITYMONITORING

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Water Quality

NET WORKLABOTATRIESINSTRUMENTSMANPOWERSTANDARDS

TRENDPENALTIESREWARDS

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NET WORK(observation)

ROUTINE MONITORINGSURVILIENCESurveysSPECIAL PURPOSE

MOBILE

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Water QualityMonitoring

MonitoringTo classify water resourcesTo collect base-line dataTo detect trends in water quality changes

SurveillanceTo evaluate suitability for a water useTo check compliance

SurveysTo investigate pollutionTo collect data for in-depth analysis

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NET WORK(SAMPLE COLLECTION)InsituLevel2level3

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NET WORK(instrument)

LAB SPECIFIC ASSURED POWER SUPPLYSAFE TRANSPORT OF SAMPLESWORKING CONDITION

INDEGINOUS/IMPORTEDINSTRUMENTSSTRICT PENALITIES

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Water Quality PlanningRequirement in India

Large variation in river dischargeUntreated river water used for domesticsupplyWater quality can not be allowed todegradeUniform emission standards for industries

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Water Quality PlanningRequirement in India

40% LIVE BELOW POVERTY LINE90% OF TRIBALS LIVE NEAR OR INFORESTLARGE SIZE OF CITY POPULATIONDONOT HAVE WATER SUPPLY ANDSANITATION FACILITYWATER SUPPLY IS FROM GOVT. DEPTT.NO ORGANISED SAMPLING MECHANISM

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Water Quality PlanningRequirement in India contd

AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIALEFFLUENT POLLUTE SOURCES OFCOMMON PEOPLENATUTRAL DILUTION IS AVAILABLEIN FLOOD SEASON ONLY

LEGAL SYSTEM IS SUCH THATCULPRIT CAN MANAGE WITHOUTBEING PUNISHED

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Water Quality PlanningRequirement in India contd

15 % HUMAN AND 18 % ANIMALPOPULATION LIVES ON 2. 5 % LANDHAS LONG COAST LINE FOR SEAWTER INTRUSIONRAIN WTER HRVESTING

STRUCTURES ARE ON RISK OFPOLLUTION FROM MAN AND ANIMALWASTE POLLUTING THE G.W

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NET WORK(SAMPLE COLLECTION)LARGE VARIATION IN COLLECTIONMANY DEPARTMENTS AND

AGENCIES

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. Thumb Rule for

identification of qualityThe sour taste indicates acidity in water & bitter tastes indicatesbasicity.Scale formation in the container, in which water is boiled,indicates hardness.Cloudiness in water, on boiling, indicates temporary hardness.Browning of white clothes after 4- 5 washing indicates ferrousiron.Blackening of tea on less boiling of tea leaves indicateshardness and alkaline water.Soft water and acidic water give light brown tea.Blackening of rice and potato during boiling, indicates ferrousiron.Formation of algae in 2 -3 days, open stored water, indicatesphosphate.

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REMEDIAL MEASURSTemporary hardness can be removed either by boiling and or by adding appropriate quantity of slaked lime.Permanent and temporary hardness can be removed byaddition of sodium carbonate (washing soda) in calculatedquantities.Slightly basic water can be modified to neutral condition bypotash alum (Fitkari)

Acidic water can be mad neutral by keeping in contact withlime stone or adding sodium carbonateFerrous iron can be precipitated by bubbling air for sometime.Excess chlorine can be removed by keeping the water container in open or in sunlight or by bubbling air.

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Monitoring NetworkD efines types and objectives of samplesD efines location of monitoring stations(network density)D efines monitoring frequency D efines analytical parameters

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Example Network fromHP (1)

Category / typeM onitoring / base ±line

ObjectiveB ackground water quality

Network DensityO ne for each stem & one for major tributary

Sampling frequency per year I nitially 3 ±4, repeat every 2-3 years

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Example Network fromHP (2)

Parameter Group

Parameter Water UseIrrigation

General TemperatureConductivity

pHTotal Dissolved Solids

XX

XX

Major Ions SodiumCalciumMagnesiumChlorideBoron

XXXXX

Microbiological Total coliforms X

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Water Quality PlanningFixed emission limits for dischargesControl by means of water qualityobjectives

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Data Interpretation (1)Trend Assessment

P lot data on a time ±series graph

Statistical trend analysisRegression and correlation analysis

Note : It is preferable to use thesimplest method that gives anacceptable result

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Data Interpretation (2)Calculation

Example :

BOD = 5 mg/l = 5 g/m 3

Flow = 5 m 3/S

Flux = 5 g/m 3 X 5 m 3 /s = 25 g/s

Note : Flux is expressed as load I.e. : mass per unit time

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Data Interpretation (4)Presentation of Data

C ompare data with water quality standardsC ompare data with international standardsC ompare data from different areasShow how quality has changed at one point

over time (relating this to particular events, if applicable)

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Control Using Water Quality Objectives

Agree legitimate watercourse uses inconsultation with interested parties

Set water quality objectives based oncurrent or future desired useSet water quality standards which allow

desired objectives to be met

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Fixed Emission Limits

Are fair to all dischargesMay impose unnecessarily strictconditions

Assimilative capacity of river is nottaken into accountSet discharge limits for effluents whichdo not infringe water quality standards

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River Action PlansMeasure present water qualityDetermine present and plannedbeneficial water usesCompare most stringent water qualityrequirement with existing qualityFormulate action plansTake action

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Data Interpretation (3)Compliance Assessment

W ater ResourcesC ompare analytical results with water quality standards (singly over a period of time)

EffluentC ompare analytical results with effluent

permit

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Data Interpretation (3)Compliance Assessment

W ater ResourcesC ompare analytical results with water quality standards (singly over a period of time)

EffluentC ompare analytical results with effluent

permit

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Data Interpretation (4)Presentation of Data

C ompare data with water quality standardsC ompare data with international standardsC ompare data from different areasShow how quality has changed at one point

over time (relating this to particular events, if applicable)