Date post: | 07-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | tathanhhien |
View: | 222 times |
Download: | 0 times |
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 1/27
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 2/27
A SINGLE LINE GRAPH
DESCRIBING THE DIRECTION OF A CHANGE (Verbs)
y Risey Increasey
Go up toy Growy Climby Boomy Peaky Fally Decliney Decrease
y Dipy Dropy Go downy Reducey Level out/off y No changey Remain stabley
Remain steady y Stay y Stay constanty Maintain the same levely Stabilize
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 3/27
Nouns
ya rise
yan increase
ygrowth
ya climb
y
a boomy(reach) a peak
(at)
ya fall
y a decline
y a decrease
y a dip
y a drop
y
a reductiony A slump
y a leveling out/off
y
no change
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 4/27
DESCRIBING THE DEGREE OF A
CHANGE (ADJ)
yDramatic
ySharp
yHuge
yEnormous
ySteep
ySubstantial
yConsiderable
ySignificant
yMarked
yModerate
y
SlightySmall
yMinimal
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 5/27
Adverbsy dramatically
y sharply
y hugelyy enormously
y steeply
y substantially
y considerably
y constantly
y
y significantly
y markedly
y moderatelyy Slightly
y minimally
y steadily
y Gradually
y Slowly
y greatly
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 6/27
DESCRIBING THE SPEED OF A CHANGE
y Rapid
y Quick
y Swifty Sudden
y Steady
y Gradual
y Slow
y Sharp
y rapidly
y quickly
y swiftly y suddenly
y steadily
y gradually
y Slowly
y Sharply
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 7/27
USEFUL STRUCTURES:y
SUBJECT + VERBS (PAST TENSE) +ADVERBS The price
The population
The rate
decreased, fell, declined, went down, dropped
y H ow quickly?
gradually/slowly
quickly/rapidly
y H ow much?
slightly
somewhatsignificantly/substantially
dramatically
increased, rose, grew, went up
remained, stayed steady/constant/stable
T he price of commodity decreased slightly last week.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 8/27
There was + A/AN + Adjective + Noun + In + noun
There was
a
GradualSlow
rapidSlightsignificantsubstantialdramatic
DecreaseFall
DeclineDropIncreaserise
IN
pricesthe population
the rate
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 9/27
PREPOSITIONSy W ITH NOUNS
y increase IN nouns
E.g.There has been an increase
in population.
y Increase OF numbers INnouns
E.g.
There has been an increaseof 10% in the population.
y W ITH VERBS
y The petrol price decreasedBY 10%. (The petrol price
now is 90% the old price)y The petrol price decreaseTO 80%. (The petrol pricenow is 80% the old price)
y
Production went downFROM 5,000 TO 4,000units a month.
y Unemployment remainedstable A T 2.5 million.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 10/27
Expressing approximation
y just under
y just over
y well undery well over
y Roughly
y nearly
y approximately
y Around
y about
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 11/27
Upward trend
verb noun notes
toincrease:by
10%/$100to$ 1000innumber/value
an increase pay/price/tax/rent increase
to become larger in number,amount, price, value, degree, size,strength etc.NOTE! Don·t use increase about thelevel or standard of something. Usego up or rise.The standard of living has risen.(not increased).
The price of cigarettes has increased by 30% in the last two years.
The international role of the euro has increased gradually since 1999.The company announced a 5% increase in profits.Large tax increases are expected if there is a change of government.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 12/27
to riseby 5%/$3/a largeamount etc.to rise to the top spirits rise
to rise through the ranks
a risea rise incosts/prices/taxes etc. rent/price
rise rise and fall
to increase in number,
standard, amount or value; to
go upwards (a level)
During the period 1969 to 1999, the sales and wages earned by women rose slowly but steadily.
The people who rise to the top in politics are usually the most ruthless.Our spirits rose when we heard of the ship·s safe return. She has risen through the ranks. (has made a good career)The polar ice caps will melt and the sea level will rise.The rise and fall of the Roman Empire rising fuel bills
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 13/27
to go up to becomehigher inprice, level or
value etc.
The price of cigarettes is going up.Do you think interest rates will go up again?
After Hurricane Katrina, gasoline and diesel commodity prices went up dramatically in Canadaand the U.S.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 14/27
The dollar/temperature/price of oil has been climbing all week.
Madonnas new record has climbed to number 2 in the US charts.
After a fairly steady climb , prices stabilized at around $1.65 a liter.
As microprocessors become faster and memory becomes cheaper,
the benefit to cost ratio has climbed signific antly .
to climb a climbto increase in number, amount
or level; to move to a betterpositionNOTE!Climb is usually used abouta number rather than an
amount.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 15/27
to growto grow by 5% a growtha growth ratea growth of interest
to become grater in size, numbero
r streng
th o
r degree
During the 1970s there was rapid growth in
production and consumption.
From the 14th century to the beginning of the 20th ,the climate grew constantly colder .
Her confidence/fear grew.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 16/27
Other verbs show a f ast, upward movement. Each one is associated with a
particular image (to shoot up like a bullet, to soar like an eagle, to surge like a
tid al w av e.)
y Sales of Mac computers and iPods also shot up 20 percent and 207 percent, respectively.
y
UK carbon dioxide emissions soared in 2003.y T he PC market surged in 2005, and is expected to slow
down in 2006
y T wo years ago, South Africa's malaria rates suddenly
skyrocketed to 50,000 cases a year from just a fewthousand.
y Coal production boomed in Wyoming during the 1980sand 1990s.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 17/27
DOWNWARD TRENDto decrease a decrease
a decrease of 20%a decrease in the price
to go down to a lowerlevel, or to makesomething do this
From 1990 to 2001, rates of extreme poverty decreased slowly in Latin America.
He refused to accept a decrease of 20% to his salary.
T here has been a decrease in the annual birth rate for the last twenty years.
T he government announced a 25% decrease in the price of fuel.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 18/27
to fallto fall to 50.9%
a falla fall inthe rise and fall
to go down to a lowerprice, level, amount,temperature etc
Sales of new passenger cars in Europe fell 9.6%.
T he British pound fell to $1.7520 from $1.7850.
T he rise and fall of the British motorcycle industry
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 19/27
to become less in level orvalue
to becomeless in level
or value
The temperature
sometimes goes down tominus thirty.
Rental costs have gonedown (50) since lastyear.
Coffee is going down in price.
to become less in level or
value
The temperature
sometimes goes down tominus thirty.
Rental costs have gonedown (50) since lastyear.
Coffee is going down in price.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 20/27
do dropto drop by 50%
NOTE! not used in progressive tensesto become lower or less in level, temperature, numberor strength
T he temperature has dropped considerably.
T he violent crime rate dropped by 6.2 percent.
T he towns population is expected to drop in the nextdecade.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 21/27
to decline a declineto become lower or less inlevel, number, size, strength
or importance
NOTE! to talk about a loss of
economic strength:
The market has declined.
T his type of business is a declining sector of the
UK.
As profitability declines , people would go out of farming.
T he profit rise came despite a decline in sales.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 22/27
Some verbs show a f ast, downward movement. (to plunge - make
a steep di v e from a high pl ace, to plummet - f all perpendicul arly,to t ake a nosedi v e - like an airpl ane, to slump to f all in price,
value or number, suddenly and by a l arge amount)
y * T emperatures in Moscow plunged overnight to as low as
minus 24.y * Sales of new houses plummeted in November by the
largest amount in nearly
y 12 years.
y * On March 15, 2005, General Motors stock took anosedive.
y * Profits slumped by over 50%.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 23/27
Strategies for improving your IEL S score
y Selecting information
+ describe the whole graph fully
+ summarise the graph by dividing it into its main parts.y Report structure
+ introduction
+ body
+ conclusion
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 24/27
Introduction+
Use two standard opening sentences to introduce your report Sentence one should define what the graph is about; that is, the
date, location, what is being described in the graph
E.g.
The graph shows the number of cases of X disease in
Homeland between the years 1960 and 1995 Sentence two (and possibly three) might sum up the overall
trend
E.g.
It can be clearly seen that X disease increased rapidly to 500
cases around the 1980s and then dropped to zero before1999, while Y disease fell consistently from a high point of nearly 600 cases in 1960 to less than 100 cases in 1995.
y Notice the tense used. Even though it describes informationfrom the past, the graph shows the information in the presenttime.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 25/27
Bodyy Describing the graph in detail
+ decide on the most clear and logical order
+ present information in chronological order+ write up the information (most probably) from
earliest to latest
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 26/27
Conclusion
y Your report may end with one or two sentences which summarise your report to draw a relevant
conclusion.
8/6/2019 Writing Describing Changes and Consequences
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/writing-describing-changes-and-consequences 27/27
Grammar and vocabulary
y Avoiding repetition
E.g. of repetition
The number of cases of X disease started at 50 in 1965and then went up to 200 in 1970 and then went up to500 in 1980 and then went down to zero in 1990.