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Writing effective and accessible web content Practice exercises University of Bristol IT Services document webwriting-1tx
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Page 1: Writing effective and accessible web content€¦  · Web viewWriting effective and accessible web content (webwriting-1tx) Writing effective and accessible web content (webwriting-1tx)

Writing effective andaccessible web content

Practice exercises

University of Bristol IT Services document webwriting-1tx

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Writing effective and accessible web content (webwriting-1tx)

Document informationCourse filesThis document and any associated practice files (if needed) are available on the web. To find these, go to www.bristol.ac.uk/it-services/learning/resources and in the Keyword box, type the document code given in brackets at the top of this page.

Related documentationOther related documents are available from the web at:

http://www.bristol.ac.uk/it-services/learning/resources

Writing effective and accessible web content (March 2014)

© 2014 University of Bristol. All rights reserved.

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Writing effective and accessible web content (webwriting-1tx)

ContentsDocument information

Task 1 Writing headings.......................................................................................1Task 2 Using lists..................................................................................................3Task 3 Using tables...............................................................................................5Task 4 Using emphasis........................................................................................6Task 5 Simplifying text.........................................................................................7Task 6 Being concise............................................................................................9Task 7 Breaking down content into manageable chunks...............................10Task 8 Optional exercise....................................................................................12

Appendix A Task 1 Writing headings.........................................................................15Appendix B Task 2 Using lists....................................................................................16Appendix C Task 3 Using tables................................................................................17Appendix D Task 3 Using emphasis..........................................................................18Appendix E Simplifying text.......................................................................................19Appendix F Being concise..........................................................................................20Appendix G Breaking down content into manageable chunks...............................21Appendix H Optional exercise....................................................................................22

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Task 1 Writing headingsComments This exercise is based on the UNICEF website, What we do page

(http://www.unicef.org.uk/UNICEFs-Work/What-we-do/)

Read the Original version of the page below, and then add appropriate sub-headings to the Improved version.

Note Use the styles provided by opening the Styles window and choosing the UNICEF styles.

Original version

What we doHome > UNICEF’s work > What we doUNICEF works with families, communities and governments in more than 190 countries worldwide to protect and promote the rights of all children.We help governments to build schools, train teachers and provide textbooks so that every child can get an education.We support families and communities to care for children and protect them against exploitation and abuse, fulfilling their right to a childhood. We work with partners to ensure that every child has the opportunity to take part in sport and play.We support governments to build and equip health systems, train health workers and provide food and clean water, so every child can be as healthy as possible. UNICEF is also the world’s largest distributer of vaccines to the developing world. In 2008, we supplied vaccines for 56 per cent of the world’s children, protecting them against death from preventable diseases.We aim to involve children at every level of decision-making, from school councils to international summits, upholding their right to be heard. Working at the highest levels of government and through local staff and partners on the ground, we work to address poverty and discrimination so that every child is treated fairly.UNICEF recognises that children are uniquely vulnerable to the impacts of HIV and AIDS and climate change. In 2005, we launched our global campaign, Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS, to bring about real and lasting change for children affected by HIV and AIDS. In 2010, we launched Carbon Positive, a tool that allows individuals and businesses to calculate their carbon footprint and support climate change adaptation programmes.

2

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Improved version

What we doHome > UNICEF’s work > What we doUNICEF works with families, communities and governments in more than 190 countries worldwide to protect and promote the rights of all children.We help governments to build schools, train teachers and provide textbooks so that every child can get an education.We support families and communities to care for children and protect them against exploitation and abuse, fulfilling their right to a childhood. We work with partners to ensure that every child has the opportunity to take part in sport and play.We support governments to build and equip health systems, train health workers and provide food and clean water, so every child can be as healthy as possible. UNICEF is also the world’s largest distributer of vaccines to the developing world. In 2008, we supplied vaccines for 56 per cent of the world’s children, protecting them against death from preventable diseases.We aim to involve children at every level of decision-making, from school councils to international summits, upholding their right to be heard. Working at the highest levels of government and through local staff and partners on the ground, we work to address poverty and discrimination so that every child is treated fairly.UNICEF recognises that children are uniquely vulnerable to the impacts of HIV and AIDS and climate change. In 2005, we launched our global campaign, Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS, to bring about real and lasting change for children affected by HIV and AIDS. In 2010, we launched Carbon Positive, a tool that allows individuals and businesses to calculate their carbon footprint and support climate change adaptation programmes.

Now evaluate the sub-headings found in the example solution ().

3

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Task 2 Using lists

Consider the following text. Rewrite it using lists wherever possible.

Once you’ve finished, look at the suggested solution in (Appendix B)

Original version

Research (MSc by Research and PhD)The school invites applications from graduates with good honours or Masters degrees in relevant disciplines for nomination for PhD studentships tenable from October 2011. Projects in statistics, economics, epidemiology, human genetics, bioinformatics, sociology, psychology applied to medical/clinical issues are encouraged.Our research areas include: quantitative and qualitative health services research; aetiological, genetic lifecourse, clinical and nutritional epidemiology; effectiveness and acceptability of health services/care; health/illness/disability in older age. The School of Social and Community Medicine is eligible to apply for studentships from a variety of sources, including the MRC. We also offer a Wellcome Trust 4-Year PhD Programme to students with an interest in molecular, genetic or lifecourse epidemiology.

Improved version

Research (MSc by Research and PhD)

4

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The school invites applications from graduates with good honours or Masters degrees in relevant disciplines for nomination for PhD studentships tenable from October 2011. Projects in statistics, economics, epidemiology, human genetics, bioinformatics, sociology, psychology applied to medical/clinical issues are encouraged.Our research areas include: quantitative and qualitative health services research; aetiological, genetic lifecourse, clinical and nutritional epidemiology; effectiveness and acceptability of health services/care; health/illness/disability in older age. The School of Social and Community Medicine is eligible to apply for studentships from a variety of sources, including the MRC. We also offer a Wellcome Trust 4-Year PhD Programme to students with an interest in molecular, genetic or lifecourse epidemiology.

5

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Task 3 Using tablesComments This exercise is based on a BBC Money Programme article by Jacqui Farnham

entitled Recession bites into eating habits (news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8124352.stm)

Read the following extract and convert the statistical information it contains into a data table.

Once you’ve finished, look at the suggested solution in (Appendix C)

In this recession Sainsbury's has grabbed extra market share. They currently hold 16.1% of the grocery market compared to 15.8% this time last year, according to figures from TNS Global World Panel. So how are the other big supermarkets holding up? Asda is up slightly from last year at 16.8%. Morrisons is also up and now holds 11.6% of the market. Tesco has lost a little of its market share and is down 0.1% on last year, but even so they receive a whopping 30.8% of our grocery spend. They may be losing this battle but they are still the overall winners in the supermarket war.

Caption

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Task 4 Using emphasisComments This exercise is based on a Bristol City Council page entitled Travel and air pollution

(www.bristol.gov.uk/page/travel-and-air-pollution)

Read the following extract and make bold the words or phrases you think should be emphasised.

Once you’ve finished, compare your solution with that of another person, and with the example solution (Appendix D).

Travel and air pollutionBristol has one of the highest rates of car ownership of the largest cities in the country. Every weekday, half a million vehicles cross into and out of the city centre. The average speed in the centre has fallen to just 11 mph at peak times and the number of road casualties is showing signs of increasing.Air quality fails to meet national standards throughout much of central Bristol and surrounding areas. It is clear that Bristol has some important transport challenges.Increasing numbers of cars on our roads have led to:

increased travel demand patterns and higher levels of congestion

air pollution road casualties

This discourages people from using public transport or walking and cycling.To lower congestion, improve air quality and make our roads we aim to promote sustainable travel patterns and increase people's sustainable transport choices.

7

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Task 5 Simplifying text

Exercise 1Underline the words or phrases you think could be simplified in the following examples. Then rewrite them using alternative simpler words and changing the construction if necessary.

Once you’ve finished, compare your solution with that of another person, and with the example solution (Appendix E).

1. You must acquaint yourself with the particulars of the case prior to attending the meeting.

2. You will work on the establishment of goals for the hiring, training and promotion of designated group employees.

3. If you require further information, we shall be glad to answer your query over the phone.

4. We will endeavour to dispatch your order with the minimum of delay.

5. In view of the fact that you did not reply to our letter within 14 days, we have taken the decision to freeze your account.

6. This service has been suspended and will not be re-commencing in the foreseeable future.

8

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Exercise 2Identify the passive verbs in the following sentences and rewrite them in the active form when appropriate.

Once you’ve finished, compare your solution with that of another person, and with the example solution (Appendix E).

1. In early April, all applications will be reviewed by the committee.

2. The Chauvet cave was first explored on December 18, 1994 by a group of three amateur speleologists.

3. A cholera outbreak in 19th century London was stopped when a neighbourhood water pump’s handle was removed by a local physician.

4. It has recently been argued by some researchers that alien bodies were retrieved by the US Air Force from a crashed spacecraft near Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947.

5. An experimental solar power plant will soon be built in the Australian desert.

9

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Task 6 Being concise

Replace the expressions on the left with more concise alternatives.

Once you’ve finished, look at the suggested solution in (Appendix F)

a terrible disaster

along the lines of

in the absence of

despite the fact that

for the purpose of

in the event of/that

until such time

in the majority of instances

in a number of cases

the question as to whether

with the minimum of delay

with the exception of

10

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Task 7 Breaking down content into manageable chunks

Comments www.christianaid.org.uk/whatwedo/partnerfocus/afghanistan-womens- education.aspx

Read the following extract and improve it by breaking it down into shorter, manageable paragraphs (use the Improved version on the next page).

Once you’ve finished, compare your solution with that of another person, and with the example solution (Appendix G).

Single paragraph version

Afghanistan’s women: an educationWomen and girls in Afghanistan, famously banned from education or leaving the house alone under the Taliban, are still among the poorest and most marginalised human beings on the planet. While 43% of Afghan males are literate, less than 13% of females are. Afghanistan has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world – approximately every half an hour, an Afghan woman dies in childbirth. One in four Afghan children die before their fifth birthday, partly due to maternal ignorance as well as the poor health system. An estimated one in three Afghan women is subject to emotional, physical or sexual abuse. Christian Aid in Afghanistan is working to change these statistics. A number of our local partner organisations provide literacy classes for girls and women. 15-year-old Karmeen, from the remote Ghor province, begged her husband and her parents to let her attend literacy courses run by Christian Aid local partner organisation STARS. Now she can read and write, she says: ‘I would like to become either the head of the women’s council in Ghor, or a parliamentarian. I want to help people – especially women – to know about their rights and how to protect them.’

11

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Improved version

Afghanistan’s women: an educationWomen and girls in Afghanistan, famously banned from education or leaving the house alone under the Taliban, are still among the poorest and most marginalised human beings on the planet. While 43% of Afghan males are literate, less than 13% of females are. Afghanistan has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world – approximately every half an hour, an Afghan woman dies in childbirth. One in four Afghan children die before their fifth birthday, partly due to maternal ignorance as well as the poor health system. An estimated one in three Afghan women is subject to emotional, physical or sexual abuse. Christian Aid in Afghanistan is working to change these statistics. A number of our local partner organisations provide literacy classes for girls and women. 15-year-old Karmeen, from the remote Ghor province, begged her husband and her parents to let her attend literacy courses run by Christian Aid local partner organisation STARS. Now she can read and write, she says: ‘I would like to become either the head of the women’s council in Ghor, or a parliamentarian. I want to help people – especially women – to know about their rights and how to protect them.’

12

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Task 8 Optional exerciseComments You may want to re-write a page from your website instead.

Here is a passage taken from a University department’s Postgraduate Research page aimed at EU applicants. Rewrite it breaking it into logical sections, each with its own heading. Simplify the language and rephrase the links where appropriate.

Once you’ve finished, compare your solution with that of another person, and with the example solution (Appendix H).

EU applicantsWe currently have 1 studentship available that is specifically for EU students only. Details are here.Apart from that, EU applicants are eligible for all of our listed projects; however, while able to pay tuition fees, current regulations prevent us from paying the maintenance stipend to EU students. There is a strong chance that these regulations will change shortly, and we will update these pages as soon as this happens.In the meantime, you should know that the estimated cost of living as a student in Bristol is about £10,000 per year, and that we expect applicants to be able to show that they can support themselves financially before we can accept them onto our PhD program.If you are not a native English speaker, we may also ask you to provide evidence of proficiency in English. The University's minimum requirement for postgraduate study is a score of 6.5 in IELTS, or an equivalent TOEFL score.Apart from this, the application process is the same as for UK students:The majority of projects start in October. Any exceptions to this will be listed here.The first step is to check the details of the projects you are interested in from the list. In most cases, the best bet is then to contact those Supervisors informally by email to get more information about the project.The second step is to fill out an application form and send it either to the address given, or to:xxxxDepartment of XXXXXXUniversity of BristolUniversity WalkBristol BS8 1TDThe third step is to arrange an interview with your potential PhD Supervisor(s). Many students are interested in more than one

13

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project, and if this is the case, you should make sure that all of your choices know this, so that they can coordinate the interviews.After the interview, you should get feedback from your potential Supervisors to let you know when you can expect a decision. Your Supervisor may not be able to give you an answer immediately - if you are applying early in the year, they may want to wait to interview other candidates. Another complication is that different studentships are assigned to Supervisors at different times of the year, and so your Supervisor may still be waiting to hear if they have a studentship to offer when you apply. If you feel unsure about how your application is going, you should contact Harry or Ruth at the email addresses below and we will try to chase things up.Students start applying to us in December, and we see applications peak in March. We start to award studentships in December, and expect to fill our places by May. If you are in your final year at University, you might find it easier to start applying earlier rather than later - you will have a little more time, and more choice.If you have any questions about postgraduate study in XXXXX, please contact either:yyyyyPostgraduate Tutor (tel: +44 117 928 0000)zzzzzzPostgraduate Secretary (tel: +44 117 33 17006)

[512 words]

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Improved version

Heading 1Heading 2Paragraph

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Appendix A Task 1 Writing headingsExample solution

What we doHome > UNICEF’s work > What we doUNICEF works with families, communities and governments in more than 190 countries worldwide to protect and promote the rights of all children.

Protecting children’s rightsWe help governments to build schools, train teachers and provide textbooks so that every child can get an education.We support families and communities to care for children and protect them against exploitation and abuse, fulfilling their right to a childhood. We work with partners to ensure that every child has the opportunity to take part in sport and play.

Promoting healthWe support governments to build and equip health systems, train health workers and provide food and clean water, so every child can be as healthy as possible. UNICEF is also the world’s largest distributer of vaccines to the developing world. In 2008, we supplied vaccines for 56 per cent of the world’s children, protecting them against death from preventable diseases.

Giving children a voiceWe aim to involve children at every level of decision-making, from school councils to international summits, upholding their right to be heard. Working at the highest levels of government and through local staff and partners on the ground, we work to address poverty and discrimination so that every child is treated fairly.

CampaigningUNICEF recognises that children are uniquely vulnerable to the impacts of HIV and AIDS and climate change. In 2005, we launched our global campaign, Unite for Children, Unite against AIDS, to bring about real and lasting change for children affected by HIV and AIDS. In 2010, we launched Carbon Positive, a tool that allows individuals and businesses to calculate their carbon footprint and support climate change adaptation programmes.

16

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Appendix B Task 2 Using listsExample solution

Research (MSc by Research and PhD)The school invites applications from graduates with good honours or Masters degrees in relevant disciplines for nomination for PhD studentships tenable from October 2011.We encourage projects applied to medical and/or clinical issues in the following subjects:

statistics economics epidemiology human genetics bioinformatics sociology psychology.

Our research areas include: quantitative and qualitative health services research aetiological, genetic lifecourse, clinical and nutritional

epidemiology effectiveness and acceptability of health services or care health, illness and disability in older age.

The School is eligible to apply for studentships from a variety of sources, including the MRC.We also offer a Wellcome Trust 4-Year PhD Programme to students with an interest in molecular, genetic or lifecourse epidemiology.

17

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Appendix C Task 3 Using tablesExample solutionMarket share of leading supermarkets in 2009

Supermarket %Tesco 30.8Asda 16.8Sainsbury’s 16.1Morrisons 11.6

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Appendix D Task 3 Using emphasisExample solution

Travel and air pollutionBristol has one of the highest rates of car ownership of the largest cities in the country. Every weekday, half a million vehicles cross into and out of the city centre. The average speed in the centre has fallen to just 11 mph at peak times and the number of road casualties is showing signs of increasing.Air quality fails to meet national standards throughout much of central Bristol and surrounding areas. It is clear that Bristol has some important transport challenges.Increasing numbers of cars on our roads have led to:

increased travel demand patterns and higher levels of congestion

air pollution road casualties

This discourages people from using public transport or walking and cycling.To lower congestion, improve air quality and make our roads we aim to promote sustainable travel patterns and increase people's sustainable transport choices.

19

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Appendix E Simplifying textExample solution

Exercise 11. You must acquaint yourself with the particulars of the case prior to attending the

meeting.

Please read the details of the case before (coming to) the meeting.

2. You will work on the establishment of goals for the hiring, training and promotion of designated group employees.

You will establish goals for hiring, training and promoting employees from designated groups.

3. If you require further information, we shall be glad to answer your query over the phone.

If you have any questions, please call us.

4. We will always endeavour to dispatch your order with the minimum of delay.

We will post your order on the same day (when received before 4pm).

5. In view of the fact that you did not reply to our letter within 14 days, we have taken the decision to freeze your account.

Because we did not receive a reply within 14 days, your account has been frozen.

6. This service has been suspended and will not be re-commencing in the foreseeable future.

This service has been suspended and will not start again in the near future.

Exercise 21. In early April, all applications will be reviewed by the committee.

The committee will review all applications in early April.

2. The Chauvet cave was first explored on 18th December 1994 by a group of three amateur speleologists.

A group of three amateur speleologists first explored the Chauvet cave on 18th December 1994.

3. A cholera outbreak in 19th century London was stopped when a neighbourhood water pump’s handle was removed by a local physician.

In 19th century London, a local physician stopped a cholera outbreak by removing a neighbourhood water pump’s handle.

4. It has recently been argued by some researchers that alien bodies were retrieved by the US Air Force from a crashed spacecraft near Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947.

Some researchers have recently argued that in 1947, the US Air Force retrieved some alien bodies from a crashed spacecraft near Roswell, New Mexico.

5. An experimental solar power plant will soon be built in the Australian desert.

[Does not need to be turned into active mode, the actor is irrelevant]

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Appendix F Being conciseExample solution

a terrible disaster a catastrophe; a disaster

along the lines of as in; like

in the absence of without

despite the fact that though; although

for the purpose of to; for

in the event of/that if

until such time until

in the majority of instances most; mostly

in a number of cases some; say how many

the question as to whether whether

with the minimum of delay quickly; say when (e.g. by the 31st May) or how long (e.g. within 3 days)

with the exception of except for

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Appendix G Breaking down content into manageable chunks

Original version as it appears on the Christian Aid website

Afghanistan’s women: an educationWomen and girls in Afghanistan, famously banned from education or leaving the house alone under the Taliban, are still among the poorest and most marginalised human beings on the planet.While 43% of Afghan males are literate, less than 13% of females are. Afghanistan has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world – approximately every half an hour, an Afghan woman dies in childbirth.One in four Afghan children die before their fifth birthday, partly due to maternal ignorance as well as the poor health system. An estimated one in three Afghan women is subject to emotional, physical or sexual abuse.Christian Aid in Afghanistan is working to change these statistics.A number of our local partner organisations provide literacy classes for girls and women. 15-year-old Karmeen, from the remote Ghor province, begged her husband and her parents to let her attend literacy courses run by Christian Aid local partner organisation STARS.Now she can read and write, she says: ‘I would like to become either the head of the women’s council in Ghor, or a parliamentarian. I want to help people – especially women – to know about their rights and how to protect them.’

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Appendix H Optional exerciseExample solution

Postgraduate research: information for EU applicantsWhat projects can I apply for?If you are a student from a European Union state, you can apply to all our listed research projects. In addition, we currently have one PhD studentship available to EU students only.

What financial support is available?We will pay your tuition fees, but current regulations prevent us from paying the maintenance allowance to EU students. However there is a strong chance that these regulations will change shortly.The estimated cost of living as a student in Bristol is about £10,000 per year. Before we can accept you onto our PhD program, you must show us that you can support yourself financially.What are the language requirements?If you are not a native English speaker, we may also ask you to provide evidence of proficiency in English. The University's minimum requirement for postgraduate study is a score of 6.5 in IELTS, or an equivalent TOEFL score.

How do I apply?Apart from proof of your financial resources and language ability, the application process is the same as for UK students:

1. Choose your project(s)Check the details of the project(s) you are interested in from the list of research projects – to get more information about the project(s), contact the supervisor(s) informally by email.

2. Send an application formFill out an application form and send it either to the address given, or to:xxxx.Department of XXXXXUniversity of BristolUniversity WalkBristol BS8 1TD

3. Arrange an interview23

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Arrange an interview with the project supervisor(s) – if you are interested in more than one project, inform all the supervisors so they can coordinate the interviews.

When will I know if I have been accepted?After the interview, the supervisor(s) should contact you to tell you when to expect a decision. However, if you are applying early in the year, they may want to wait to interview other candidates before giving you an answer.Another complication is that different studentships are assigned to supervisors at different times of the year. Your supervisor may still be waiting to hear if they have a studentship to offer when you apply.If you feel unsure about how your application is going, you should contact yyyy or zzzz at the email addresses below and we will try to chase things up.

When should I apply?Students start applying to us in December, and we see applications peak in March. We start to award studentships in December, and expect to fill our places by May. If you are in your final year at University, you might find it easier to start applying earlier rather than later – you will have a little more time, and more choice.Note that the majority of projects start in October. However some projects may start at a different time.If you have any questions about postgraduate study in the department of XXXX, please contact either:yyyyyPostgraduate Tutor (tel: +44 117 928 0000)orzzzzzzPostgraduate Secretary (tel: +44 117 28 0000)

[505 words]

24


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