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Writing for Publication
James MunroUniversity of Sheffield
Why write?
Fame and fortune Bolster the CV Pressure from above … dissemination
So what’s the problem?
No ideas Ideas but no writing Writing but nothing sent off Writing sent off but not
accepted
The other problem
Time Writing is a lot of work Even academics don’t have
time
What we’ll talk about
Writing an academic paper 10 ways to be rejected Magazines and books are a
bit different
Any ideas?
Experience Everyday working Problems Costly activities
More ideas
Questions from clinicians …especially those you can’t
answer Things that go wrong Things you disagree with
You already have something But is it publishable?
Is it interesting? Could it affect practice or policy?
Is it generalisable? Almost everything is
publishable somewhere
Don’t start writing yet!
Don’t write yet!
What’s the context? What’s the story?
The context
Everybody needs a context
Context for a research paper
What’s already known? What’s unknown? What’s controversial?
The need to know
Providing a context and a question creates the reader’s “need to know”
What’s the story?
If this was a news report, what would the headline be?
What is the central idea?
BMJ approach
What is already known on this topic?
What does this study add?
Outline your story: 1
Context Once upon a time…
Methods …there were 3 bears…
Outline your story: 2
Results …and she ran home.
Conclusions …never go into the woods alone.
Don’t start writing yet!
Who is the story for?
Who’d like to know? Who needs to know?
Reasons for rejection
The commonest reason editors give…
…is that the subject matter wasn’t suitable for their journal
So find the right journal
Get to know the journals in your area
What are their interests? What are their styles?
So find the right journal
Where were other papers on this topic published?
Journalology
Refereed or not? Listed in bibliographic
databases? Impact factor?
Write for a journal
Select one of the journals which might be interested in your story
Write for that journal
Writing for that journal
Instructions for authors Usually on the web
But you need to see a copy Headings, weighting, referencing, interests
Develop your outline
Introduction Methods Results Discussion
Introduction What is the issue? What is already known about
it? Set up a question in the
reader’s mind Explain why your study is
needed
Methods
What did you do? How did you do it? Have a logical order Don’t report results here by
mistake!
Results
Follow the order of the methods
Who? When? What?
Discussion
Summarise the findings Draw out the lessons Acknowledge the limitations What should happen now?
BMJ’s suggested structure Statement of principal findings Strengths and weaknesses of the study Strengths and weaknesses in relation to
other studies, discussing particularly any differences in results
Meaning of the study: possible mechanisms and implications for clinicians or policymakers
Unanswered questions and future research
Structuring
Subheadings are essential For RCTs, use CONSORT For MA of RCTs, QUOROM For MA of observational
studies, MOOSE
Macro-editing
Highlight the key sentence in each paragraph Does the story flow?
Ask others to read the draft Give them a specific task
The little things Spelling Grammar
Tense, voice, singulars and plurals Consistent layout Page numbers References See bmj.com
When your paper is rejected
Don’t be discouraged!
When your paper is rejected
Try to find out why Does it need revising? Send it off to another
journal… … after checking for style
Referees’ comments
Don’t be defensive You don’t have to do
everything they suggest But you do have to address
each point
Don’t!
10 ways to get your paper rejected
1: Choose a journal which has never shown an interest in this subject
2: Write well over the specified word length to show the importance of the topic
3: Try to include at least 10 key messages and some extra data from other studies
4: See if you can improve on the journal’s standard headings
5: Don’t bother with any statistical advice, since nobody understands it
6: Don’t worry too much about spelling or grammar
7: Ignore the journal’s own referencing style
8: Add a few new results in the abstract which you didn’t have space for in the main text
9: Use different terms for the same thing interchangeably
10: For a more personal touch, send a handwritten manuscript
Good luck!