Isfd 18

LEE 4Mansilla, AdrianaPalamara, María Paula

Writing for a good

communication

productive skill

Comprehensive reading

Various principlesin writing

Decontextualized production process A social view

Writing=speaking Writing=speaking

(context bound) important for the development

of writing competence and INTERACTION between listener spoken discourseand speaker = clarification

negotiationco-construction of meaning

Carl Bereiter has collaborated with Marlene Scardamalia on

cognitive and writing research for more than 35 years.

Happily married for many years, Carl and Marlene have

developed “knowledge building as a distinctive

educational approach”

READER BASED APPROACH

to writing to ensure the communicative power

of a text even in a setting where interaction is

decontextualized -1987-

How to develop a communicative text ?

Develop a reader-based approach

Prior knowledge and writing experience (Content Schemata)

Discourse knowledge and writing convention (Formal Schemata)

Assessment of writer’s intention and awareness of the audience

Metacognition ( editing, revision)

Top - Down processing

An even better written text...

Use proper lexical items

Choose proper grammatical forms

Use of appropriate cohesive devices

Pay attention to punctuation

Metacognition ( editing and revision)

Bottom - Up processing

Approaches to writing theory & writing instruction

audience contextin writing and

reading

language

-The expressivist

approach

-The cognitivist

approach

-The interactionists

Writing activities

Self discovery “Personal and dialog journals” -Elbow-

Thinking and process “Problem solving activity”

Interactive perspective “Intertextuality” -Bakhtin 1973-

Writerresponsible for

communication

QuantityInformation

QualityJustification

RelevanceSense in a context

MannerLinguistic forms

sentence structure

Grice’s maxims -1975 -

Top down

processing

Bottom up

processing

CoherenceOrganize thoughts into a sequence which makes sense

How to develop a communicative text ?

°Extratextual

Background

knowledge the

reader is likely to

bring to the reading

of the text

°Intratextual

Features in a

written text that the

writer should build

in a text to ensure

coherence

°Genre and rethorical formatNarrative / expository

Subgenresfables, novels

folktales

-Expected readers

-place of written text

purpose &

audience

Writing instructionPrior to writing #Brainstorming activities

#Discussions

#Oral interactions - role play activities -

Sts can discover they have

a lot to say about the subject

#Start writing! - encourage Sts to write about

anything at all -

STEPS 1st - choose the topic

2nd - think of the reader or the audience

3rd - choose the genre

Planning communicative

activitiesOutlines

Flowcharts

Provide the writer with a system of mapping out the

main ideas to be presented in a logical way.

Brainstorming Describe the town where you live

advantage and disadvantage of the new technologies

the trip of your dreams

Features of

the trip Places to

visit

transportation

Taxis

Buses

Subwayold markets

Pubs

Rocky

coastlineMountainous

A writing teacher Should develop writing tasks that suit the

students’ needs and interests to ensure motivation on the

writer. The result is a successful communication in the written

message.

“Use the reading as model… Passages from

literature or written by others as models for one’s

own writing“Summarizing - reading writing activity - For the writer’s

own use--two audiences-

Instructor

students

-use it to see if the student has understood the material-

-share their reading ( it’s a way to communicate ideas with others)

“Portfolio An ongoing collection of different writing

assignments( Personal messages, letters, summaries essays)

useful for longer writing project before the actual writing is done

The more you read

the more your knowledge expand

!

In order to understand a written texts the reader needs the application of different tasks:

● Decode the message● Interpret the message● Understand the author´ s intentions

Reading for Communication

Reader

Text

WriterInteraction

How to achieve an effective reading...

Top - Down processingConsider Prior knowledge

and Prior reading experience

Apply knowledge of written convention

Consider the purpose of reading

Bottom - Up processingRecruit linguistic knowledge -vocabulary, grammar,

punctuation, cohesion, orthography-

and Reading strategies

Metacognitive awareness

How to facilitate the interpretation of a text while reading?

Coherence Cohesion

Reader´s experienceKnowledge on writing conventions

Reader´s linguistic

competence

Problems in reading

● Mismatch ( predictions/ text; prior knowledge/text; linguistic competence/text)

● Ambiguity of referencial ties( articles, pronouns or demostratives)

A well written product is in constant

changing and revision to suit the

writer’s goals and needs to

accommodate potential readers

An effective reading is achieved by

developing reading strategies. Making

constant adjustment to the text to match the

schemata of context and form, presented by

the writer in the text, with our own schemata

and view of the world.

Sources

-Celce-Murcia, M. & Olshtain, E. (2000) Discourse and Context in

Language Teaching. A Guide for Language Teachers. Chapters 7, 8. U.K.:

-Stipula_fountain_pen.jpg Available at: en.wikipedia.org

-Breaking Down Critical Reading | Princeton Tutoring Blog

blog.princetontutoring.com

-Bad Girls: Summer Reading Book Club Edition - Work Life Balance ...

wlbpa.org

Pictures

sources