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Writing Warm Up • Were the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine effective ways to prevent the growth of communism? Why or why not?
Writing Warm Up
• Were the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine effective ways to prevent the growth of communism? Why or why not?
Vocabulary
• Containment• Limited War• NATO• Warsaw Pact• Chinese Revolution
• Domino Theory• Hot War• Police Action• Berlin Airlift
Continuing Containment
Aim: How did the United States intervene when communists tried to
gain power in other countries?
Containment
• Definition = American policy to keep communism contained within its existing borders.
The Berlin Airlift
Berlin Airlift
• In 1948, the Soviet Union blockaded waterways, roads, and rails to prevent the Western Allies from resupplying West Berlin.
Berlin Airlift
• Allies airdropped food, clothes, medicine, and other supplies the people of West Berlin needed.
• Soviets lifted the blockade in 1949.
Consequences
• Demonstrated how far the U.S. would go to prevent the spread of communism.
• Secured West Berlin as an ally in the middle of the Soviet Union.
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization formed in 1949 to contain communism.
• 12 Western Nations agree that an attack against one would be considered an attack against all.
• Soviet Response = Warsaw Pact
The Chinese Revolution
• War fought between right wing nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi (Also known as Chiang Kai-Shek)
Chinese Revolution
• … and communists led by Mao Zedong
• The United States sent millions of dollars in aid to Chiang Kai-Shek and the nationalist government to help them fend off communism.
Consequences of the Chinese Revolution
• The Communists prevail in China.• Claiming that a politician “lost China to
communism” becomes a powerful political tool.
• Increases fear of communism in the United States.
Korean War
Korean War Map
• Fight to keep communism north of the 38th Parallel.
Korean War
• 90,000 North Korean troops – trained and equipped by the Soviet Union – pour over the 38th parallel border and invaded the Republic of Korea.
The U.N. Responds
• President Truman orders American troops into South Korea without a declaration of war.
• Led by General MacArthur, American forces counterattack, pushing North Koreans back across the 38th parallel.
China steps in
• General MacArthur pursues North Korean troops all the way to the border of China.
• 300,000 Chinese troops join the battle.• American troops back to the 38th parallel.
End of the Korean War• General MacArthur
wanted to use nuclear weapons (nukes) to defeat the Chinese Army and take China back from communism.
• Truman refuses and fires MacArthur.
• The war ended in 1953 with Korea divided at the 38th parallel.
Korean War
• A “hot war” in the midst of Cold War maneuvering.– Hot War = Violent confrontation
• 100,000 American casualties and more than 2 million Koreans died in the conflict.*Key terms
Police Action, Limited War, Domino Theory
Limited War
• A war fought only to achieve specific goals, not necessarily victory.
Police Action
• When military action is taken without a “declaration of war”
• Truman went through the U.N. rather than U.S. Congress
Domino TheoryThe idea that if one country in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect.
Impact of Korean War• U.S. showed world they
are willing to shed blood to stop communism
• U.S. troops remain in S. Korea to this day
• U.S. military grows significantly
• Use of “police actions” increase (not declaring war)
• Still tension between the United States and North Korea
Exit Slip• Write one to two
paragraphs describing how the United States worked to contain the growth of communism. Why did the United States use these strategies? How do the policies connect to Kennan’s recommendations? Include at least three policies or actions in your summary.
• Include three of the following:– The Berlin Airlift– NATO– Chinese Revolution– Korean War– The Truman Doctrine – The Marshall Plan
CIA Interventions
• Eisenhower did not want to be blamed for losing parts of the world to communism.
• The Central Intelligence Agency presented a solution.
• Small groups of people try to destabilize communist governments.
• Unlike in the war in Korea, America’s goals could be accomplished quickly, cleanly, and on the cheap.
• How would you try to overthrow a government with only a few people?
• CIA operations became a major tool for containment.
