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IIHTWorkshop

onComputer Hardware

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Introduction Knowing Functionality. After this session u will b able to Know following: SYSTEM BUSES SYSTEM BIOS CPU SOCKET SPECIFICATIONS BIOS CHIPS BATTERY JUMPERS PORTS and HEADERS PIN CONNECTORS SYSTEM CHIPSET AND CONTROLLERS

DMA CONTROLLER AND DMA SUPPORT AGP SUPPORT PLUG and PLAY POWER MANAGEMENT ( APM & ACPI ) MATH CO-PROCESSORS

POWER SUPPLY

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SYSTEM BUSES

THE Processor Bus: This is the Highest Level bus that the chipset uses tosend information to and from the processor.

The Cache Bus: Higher-Level architectures, such as those used by thePentium Pro and above employ a dedicated bus for accessing the systemcache.

The Memory Bus: This is a second-level system bus that connects thememory subsystem to the chipset and the processor. In some systems theprocessor and memory buses are basically the same thing.

The Local I/O Bus: This is a high-speed input/output bus used forconnecting performance-critical peripherals to the memory, chipset, andprocessor. For example, video cards, disk storage devices, high speednetwork interfaces for this sort. Most common I/O buses is PCI ( peripheralcomponent interconnect )

The Standard I/O Bus: Connecting to the above three buses is the good oldstandard I/O bus, used for slower peripherals (mice, modems, regular soundcard, low-speed networking and also compatibility with older devices.Example of this bus is ISA bus (Industry standard Architecture)

AGP Bus: The distinction between a bus and port is that a bus is generallydesigned for multiple devices for faster performance.

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Work of BIOSLayer# Layer

0 Hardware

1 System BIOS

2 Operating System (HAL,

Kernel)3 Application Softwares When Computer switched on for first time Processor will be ready

Start Executing, there is nothing in memory to be executed. Processor

Makers know this they pre-programmed a the processor to always look

For same place in the system BIOS ROM for the start of the BIOS BootProgram normally location at FFFF0h, right at the end of system memory.

BIOS performs a self test (POST). If there are any fatal errors, the boot

Process halts. POST beep codes can be found in this area. What is cause ? U can

Know thru the Beep codes. Normally computers make one Beep means Everything

Is OK. Then it boots Video card BIOS and Initiates Bootstrap Sequence.

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CPU Socket SpecificationsSocket Fits CPU Intel

ChipsetNumber of

pins

Socket 7 Pentium, MMX, K5,6x86, K6, IDT, WinChip,6x86MX, K6-2

82430TX 321

Socket 8 Pentium Pro 82440FX 387

Slot One Pentium II 82440BX,

82440JX

242

Slot One Pentium II (100 MHzSystem bus) Pentium III

(100 and 133 MHz)

82440BX82440JX

242

Slot One Celeron 82440EX 242

PGA370 Socketed Celeron,Pentium III 82440BX,82440LX,2440EX, i810,

i815

370

Slot Two Intel Xeon, Tanner 82440GX 330

PGA423 Pentium 4 I845, i850,i865

423

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BIOS Chips

BIOS Chips contained a small program code that is essential forComputer startup sequence. CMOS manufactured by two Companies.

AWARD & American Megatrends (AMI)

Their BIOS Contains settings to change/view for following:Processor CPU clock

Coprocessor SettingsFloppy Drive A

Floppy Drive B

IDE/ATA Drives

Base Memory Size

Extended Memory SizeCache Size

Memory Type and Configuration

Display Type

Serial Port(s), Parallel Port(s)

Plug and Play Devices

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BATTERY

The PC uses a low-power battery tomaintain certain data when the power is

off, for e.g. BIOS settings, current date &time, and resource assignment for Plug &Play devices and so other settings.

Computer uses this battery basically calledLithium battery. Its Cheap & Easilyavailable in the market.

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JUMPERS

Jumpers are pins on a motherboard or other device, that are used toprovide configuration information to the hardware. A single jumperconsists of pair of pins, with a small rectangular shunt that can be

placed over both pins to short them together. The hardware isprogrammed to act one way when the jumper is shorted, and another

way when it is left open. The jumpers are numbered as JP1, JP2 etc.The tasks can be perform by shorting jumpers are: Processor/CPU Voltage. Processor Core Clock Cache Size and Type Memory Size & Type

Flash BIOS Fail-Safe Settings CMOS Clear Battery Source Disable Jumpers Disable ATA Controllers

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PORTS & HEADERS

Ports are connectors use to connect external cables and devices to themotherboard. In addition to the keyboard and PS/2 mouseconnectors, some types of motherboard (such as the ATX) have onthe back edge of the motherboard integrated serial and parallel ports.

A cable goes from the port and is plugged into the header on the

board. The following are the headers that are commonly found on atypical Baby AT style motherboard.

Serial Ports (Mouse, External Modem, Infrared Reception etc) Parallel Ports (Printer, Scanner, External Modems etc.) PS/2 Ports (Keyboard, Mouse) USB (Universal Serial Bus) (Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Scanner,

External CD-writers, External Hard Disks, Portable RemovableDrives etc) SATA Ports (Serial ATA) (for internal Hard Drives) Primary and Secondary IDE/ATA Channels (40 pin or 80 pin Cable) Floppy Disk Channel

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PIN CONNECTORS

The Motherboard providesseveral connectors that areattached to the case LEDs,indicators and switches.

These are the pin connectorsU will find on modernmotherboard

Power switch

IDE/ATA Hard Disk ActivityLED

Speaker CPU Fan

Suspend mode Switch

Suspend Mode LED

Pin # Signal

1 Power LED

Output(positive)

2 No Connection(NC)

3 Power LED

Ground(negative)

4 Key lock Signal(Positive)

5 Key lock

Ground(negative)

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SYSTEM CHIPSET and

CONTROLLERS

The System Chipset and Controllers are the logic circuits that are theintelligence of the motherboard. They control data transfers betweenthe processor, cache, system buses, peripherals. Since data flow insuch a criticalissue in the operation and performance of so many

parts of the computer. The term chipset is also used to refer to the main processing

circuitry on many video cards. The name is used because the conceptis similar a highly integrated circuit used to perform a set of functions.However, there work is different so as it is different chipset notSystem chipset

The following are the Most Motherboard Controllers are found: The Manufacturer Control Chip from here u can identigy which

company Chipset belongs to. The keyboard controller, which manages not only the keyboard but

also the integrated PS/2 mouse. The Super I/O, which handles input and output from the serial

ports, parallel port, floppy disks, and in some cases, the IDE harddisks as well

Additional built-in controllers that are normally found in expansioncards: video, sound, network and SCSI controllers being the mostcommon.

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DMA CONTROLLERS and DMA

SUPPORT DMA refer as Direct Memory Access.

DMA is controlled by the chipsets DMA controller, and thebetter (and newer) the controller, the more DMA modes itsupports

Common Modes are: Simple DMA Mode

ULTRA-DMA Mode DWORD DMA Mode Multi-Word DMA ModeDMA Controlled by the chipsets DMA controller, and the better

(and newer) the controller, the more DMA modes it supports.Bus mastering is an enhancement of DMA whereby the remotedevice not only can send data into memory directly, it actuallytakes control of the bus, and performs, the transfer itselfinstead of using, THE DMA controller. This cut downoverhead on CPU which usually slow down the process, WithDMA System Performance can b improved by 25%. BecauseDMA controller directly talks to device, further improving

performance.

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PLUG and PLAY

Plug and Play (PnP) is specification that usestechnology enhancements in hardware BIOSesand operating systems, to enable supporteddevices to have their system resource usage(IRQs, I/O port addresses, DMA channels) setautomatically, Intended to help eliminate some ofthe problems with getting peripheral devices to

work without stepping on each others toes, Plugand Play requires support from the Chipset aswell.

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POWER MANAGEMENT

Power Management Supports two Mode:

APM (Advanced Power Management)

ACPI (Advanced Composite PowerInterface)

Old CPUs 80286 to Pentium II supportsAPM Power Management because chipset

Limitations. But Newer CPUs & Motherboard Supports

ACPI

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MATH COPROCESSORS

FPU

(FLOATING POINT UNIT)

Processors Co-Processors

8086 8087

8088 8087

80286 8028780386SX 80387SX

80386SL 80387SX

80386SLC 80387SX

80486SLC 80387SX

80486SLC2 80387SX

80386DX 80387DX

80486SX 80487SX,

DX2/OverRide

80487SX Included FPU

80486DX2 DX2/OverRide

80486DX4

Pentium I,II,III,IV

Included FPU

Math Coprocessors wereAdditional chip was left as

an option to help reduce

the cost of computers,

Co-Processors allow theHardware for Floating Point

Math. Math CoProcessors

Will speed up computers

Operation when utiltizing

Software applications that

Take advantage of its

Capabilities.

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SMPS (SWITCH MODE POWER

SUPPLY)

The PC Power Supply is primarily designed to take AC power from

the wall outlet and convert it into much lower DC voltages needed

by the System. It must be able to shutdown the system it it is

overloaded, short circuits or overheats.

If CPU is the Brain then power supply is equivalent of of heartdelievering the systemslife blood electricity to each and every

component. If the supply is overloaded overheated or otherwise

MAILFUCNTIONING

Classification of SMPS:FORM FACTOR: XT, AT, ATX, NLX, SFX

**

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END OF SESSION