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WRRI, NARC, Islamabad.
March 24th, 2005
PARC-ICIMOD Partnership
•1992 – An in-formal collaboration was initiated between PARC and ICIMOD•1994 – A first formal collaboration was started in the field of GIS between PARC and ICIMOD
•2002 – PARC - ICIMOD started a formal project on “Glaciers, Glacier Lakes and GLOF Outbursts in HKH region of
Pakistan ”.
Pakistan
Glaciers in Hindu Kush-Himalaya-Karakoram Region
Source: Map of Glacier Resources in the Himalayas, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China, 1999
Drainage BasinNo. of Glaciers
Total area (Km2)
Total Ice Reserves
(Km3)
Mapam Yumco Lake(Mansharovar Lake) 48
66.51 4.3592
Ganga River 6694 16676.89 1971.4876
Yarlung Zangbo River(Barmhaputera River) 4366
6579.44 600.3341
Indus River 5057 8925.96 850.3704
Sutlej River 1900 2860.82 307.9283
Total 18065 35109.62 3734.4796
Mosaic of northern glaciated region of Pakistan.
Mosaic of Landsat-7 ETM+Quick Looks(2000-2001)Path 148-151
Row 34-36
Astor
Shyok
Shigar
Jhelum Shingo
IndusIndus
Swat
Gilgit
Chitral
Hunza
Maps Quick view
Topographic maps Satellite images
Reports
Literature
Study and acquisition of
ReportsReports
Reports
MapsMaps
Maps
IRSLandsat-7 ETM+
Analysis and identification of potentially dangerous lakes
FINAL REPORT/ CDFINAL REPORT/ CD
Dissemination of results (Workshop/Seminar/Conferences)
Dissemination of results (Workshop/Seminar/Conferences)
Inventory of glaciers and glacial lakes
Capturing digital database of glaciers and glacial lakes from the map and satellite images
Transfer of methodology
Transfer of methodology
Attribute database development
Glaciers
Mountain Glaciers
Valley Glaciers
A large Valley Glacier
Avalanches in the Mountainous areas bring heavy loads of snow downstream
Materials
Topographic maps1:50,000 Survey of Pakistan 1960s to 70s (not available for
use)1:250,000 Survey of Pakistan, 1960s (available but no detail projection parameter)1:500,000 National Imagery Mapping Agency and Defense
Mapping Agency of US (1996, NIMA map)
Aerial photographs not available for use
Satellite images Landsat-7 ETM+
Methodology Mapping and Inventory of Glaciers is based on
Muller et al. 1977
World Glacier Inventory (WGI), Temporary Technical Secretary (TTS), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
And
ICIMOD 2001
Inventory of glaciers and glacial lakes of Nepal and Bhutan
Registration of snow and ice masses
• Numbering of glaciers• Spatial distribution• Area of the glacier • Length of the glacier• Elevation of tongue
and crown of the glaciers
• Orientation of the glacier
• Thickness of the glacier• Ice reserve • Activity of glaciers• Morphological
classification
Glacier Inventory of ----- River BasinTotal number: ------ Total area: --------- Km2 Ice Reserves:--------- Km3
A B C D E F G H I J K L
Glacier No.
Glacier Name
Long. Lat. Area (m2)
Mean length
(m)
Orient. Accum.
Orient. Abla.
Classification
Type Ice thickn
ess (m)
Ice Reser. (km3)
Ice Thickness = –11.32 + 53.21 F0.3
(F= glacial area)
Ice Reserve=(Mean Ice Thickness) x (Glacial Area)
Glaciers of River Basins Studied
Summary of glacier inventoryBasins Basin Area
(Km2)Glaciated
area (Km2)
No. ofGlaciers
Total Length(Km)
Ice Reserves(Km3)
Swat 14656 223.55 233 330 12.22
Chitral 15322 1903.67 542 1416 258.82
Gilgit 14082 968.10 585 1185 83.35
Hunza 16389 4677.34 1050 2915 808.79
Shigar 7382 2240.08 194 829 581.27
Shyok 10235 3547.84 372 1093 891.80
Indus 32571 688.00 1098 1042 46.38
Shingo 4680 36.91 172 100 1.01
Astor 4214 607.03 588 549 47.93
Jhelum 9198 148.18 384 258 6.94
Total 128730.8 15040.70 5218 9718 2738.51
Glacial Lakes
Inventory of Glacial Lakes of ------ River BasinTotal number: ---- Total area:------ km2
A B C D E F G H I J K
Lake No.
Lake Name
Lat. Long. Area (m2)
Mean Length
(m)
Distance to
glacier (m)
Associated Glacier number
Orientation
Drainage Condition
Lake Type
Glacial Lakes of River Basins Studied
Types of glacial lakesBasins Blocked Cirque End
MoraineLateral
MoraineErosion Supra-
glacialValley Total
Swat 3 12 37 4 144 1 54 255
Chitral 4 8 19 14 70 20 52 187
Gilgit 2 53 100 49 283 2 125 614
Hunza 4 - 4 3 20 55 24 110
Shigar 21 - - 1 - 30 2 54
Shyok 4 2 12 3 26 11 8 66
Indus 3 53 98 62 228 73 57 574
Shingo 1 25 24 3 141 3 41 238
Astor 8 29 4 3 42 1 39 126
Jhelum 1 43 24 7 110 1 10 196
Total 51 225 322 149 1064 197 412 2420
Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes
Major and Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes
BasinsNumber of lakes Lake Area
(km2)Largest lake
(km2)Total Major Dangerous
Swat 255 163 2 15.86 0.81
Chitral 187 70 1 9.37 1.86
Gilgit 614 380 8 39.17 2.72
Hunza 110 47 1 3.22 0.29
Shigar 54 11 - 1.09 0.24
Shyok 66 31 6 2.68 0.27
Indus 574 328 15 26.06 1.35
Shingo 238 139 5 11.59 1.36
Astor 126 64 9 5.53 0.54
Jhelum 196 95 5 11.79 1.04
Total 2420 1328 52 126.35
Conclusions- I
Total number of Glaciers………. 5,218
Total glaciated area........................... 15041 Km2
Est. Ice Reserves..………………. 2,738 Km3
Glacial Lakes……………………. 2,420
Major Lakes…………………….. 1,328
Potentially Dangerous Lakes…... 52
Continued……
Conclusion-II
Maximum glaciers are on northern aspects
Maximum glacial lakes are in Gilgit and Indus River Basins
Most of the potentially dangerous lakes are in the southern basins
Indus Basinwww.icimod-gis.net/web/glof/glof.php
Forest
Agriculture
Grass Land
Bare Ground
Water
Snow
Shadow/Clouds
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Dangerous Lakes
GeologySedimentary rocks of Indo-Pak plateCambrian granitic rocksIgneous rocksClastic sedimentsUltramafic OphiolitesAmpiobolite beltChilas-Jijal mafic complexKohistan-Ladakh granitic rocksCretaceous sediments & volcanics of YasinCreto-Eocene sediments & volcanics of Kalam-Dir areaSediments and Metasediments of Karakorum plateKhunjerab-Wakhan-Tirichmmir granitesKarakorum granite belt
Fault Line
GeologySedimentary rocks of Indo-Pak plateCambrian granitic rocksIgneous rocksClastic sedimentsUltramafic OphiolitesAmpiobolite beltChilas-Jijal mafic complexKohistan-Ladakh granitic rocksCretaceous sediments & volcanics of YasinCreto-Eocene sediments & volcanics of Kalam-Dir areaSediments and Metasediments of Karakorum plateKhunjerab-Wakhan-Tirichmmir granitesKarakorum granite belt
Fault Line
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Dangerous Lakes
Future Perspectives
What next?• Complete inventory and development of a spatial and
attribute digital database using reliable medium- to large- scale (1:50,000 to 1:10,000) topographic maps and RS data.
• Identify and monitor PDGL using temporal high resolution RS data, and a multi-disciplinary professional team, over-flight observation and field surveys.
• Establish physical monitoring systems around the potentially dangerous glacial lakes and along the corridors downstream.
• Develop an Early Warning System with necessary instrumentation at glacial lakes of concern and downstream to minimize the impacts of GLOF
Cont.....
• Carry out necessary mitigation works in the glacial lakes of concern to avoid the possible GLOF.
• Regional cooperation and interaction among all relevant organizations/institutions/agencies within and outside the Hindu Kush-Himalayan-Karakoram Region.
• Dissemination of scientific findings of detailed studies, practical experiences, mitigation activities, and promote preparedness for possible disasters arising from GLOF events.
• Bring about awareness amongst policymakers and the public in general.
Potential Future ApplicationsProvides a baseline information for Global climate change studies Planning for water Resources Biodiversity and environmental studies Infrastructure development Hazard mitigation Irrigated agricultural planning for food
security for poverty reduction....etc.
Future Initiatives• Mountain Area Conservancy Fund• Italian initiative on the “Regional Decision
Support System for National Park Management in the Hindu Kush-Karakoram-Himalayan Region”...... Ev, K2 CNR, IUCN, ICIMOD, CESVI and Italian Government
• Flood Protection Sector Project-I..... SAMFIL and SOBEK
• Geoinformatics for Watershed Management in the Hindu Kush Himalayas.....ILWIS, DUFLOW, HEC-RAS, etc.