WTEC Panel on High End Computing in Japan Site visits : March 29 - April 3, 2004

WTEC Panel on High End Computing in Japan

Site visits: March 29 - April 3, 2004

Study Commissioned By:National Coordination OfficeDepartment of EnergyNational Science FoundationNational Aeronautics and Space Administration

WTEC High End Computing in Japan

WTEC OverviewProvides assessments of research and development This was one of 55 international technology assessments done by WTECWTEC ProcessWrite proposals for NSF umbrella grantsPut together a coalition of sponsors Recruit a panel of expertsConduct the study with on-site visitsPublish a reportFull text reports at wtec.org


Purpose & Scope of this StudyGather information on current status and future trends in Japanese high end computingGovt agencies, research communities, vendorsFocus on long-term HEC research in JapanCompare Japanese and U.S. HEC R&D Provide review of ES development process and operational experienceInclude user experience and its impact on computer science and computational science communitiesReport on follow-on projectsDetermine HEC areas amenable for Japan-U.S. cooperation to accelerate future advances


WTEC HEC Panel MembersAl Trivelpiece (Panel Chair)Former DirectorOak Ridge National LaboratoryRupak BiswasGroup Lead, NAS DivisionNASA Ames Research CenterJack DongarraDirector, Innovative Computing LabUniversity of Tennessee & Oak Ridge National LaboratoryPeter PaulDeputy Director, S&TBrookhaven National LaboratoryHorst Simon (Advisor)Director, NERSCLawrence Berkeley National LabKathy YelickComputer Science ProfessorUniversity of California, BerkeleyDan Reed (Advisor)Computer Science ProfessorUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel HillPraveen Chaudhari (Advisor)DirectorBrookhaven National Laboratory


Sites Visited (1)Earth Simulator CenterFrontier Research System for Global ChangeNational Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS)Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)University of TokyoTokyo Institute of TechnologyNational Institute of Advanced Industrial S&T (AIST)High Energy Accelerator Research Org. (KEK)Tsukuba UniversityInst. of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN)National Research Grid Initiative (NAREGI)Research Org. for Information Sci. & Tech. (RIST)Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)


Sites Visited (2)Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP)Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT)Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI)

FujitsuHitachiIBM-JapanSony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SECI)NEC


HEC Business and Government Environment in Japan


Government AgenciesCouncil for Science & Tech. Policy (CSTP)Cabinet Office, PM resides over monthly meetingsSets strategic directions for S&TRates proposals submitted to MEXT, METI and othersMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT)Funds most of S&T R&D activities in JapanFunded the Earth SimulatorMinistry of Economy, Trade, & Industry (METI)Administers industrial policyFunds R&D projects with ties to industryNot interested in HEC, except for grids


Business and GovernmentNew Independent Administrative Institution (IAI) modelSome research institutes had already convertedUniversities were being converted during our visitGovt. funds institution as whole; control own budget Funding being cut annually as well Commercial viability of vector supers is problematic. Only NEC still committed to this architectural modelCommodity PC clusters increasingly prevalent All three Japanese vendors have cluster products


Business PartnershipsEach of the Japanese vendors is partnered with a US vendorNEC and Cray ?Fujitsu and Sun MicrosystemsHitachi and IBM


HEC Hardware in Japan


Architecture/Systems ContinuumCommodity processor with commodity interconnectClusters Pentium, Itanium, Opteron, Alpha, PowerPCGigE, Infiniband, Myrinet, Quadrics, SCINEC TX7Fujitsu IA-ClusterCommodity processor with custom interconnectSGI Altix Intel Itanium 2Cray Red StormAMD OpteronFujitsu PrimePowerSparc basedCustom processor with custom interconnectCray X1NEC SX-7Hitachi SR11000Loosely CoupledTightly Coupled

WTEC High End Computing in JapanJack Dongarra - check bgl status

Fujitsu PRIMEPOWER HPC2500SMPNode8128CPUs High Speed Optical Interconnect128NodesCrossbar Network for Uniform Mem. Access (SMP within node)to High Speed Optical Interconnect System Board x16Channel to I/O DeviceDTU to Channels

memoryCPUAdapterAdapterCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPUCPU

DTU : Data Transfer Unit DTUDTUDTUSMPNode8128CPUsSMPNode8128CPUsSMPNode8128CPUsmemory

Channel4GB/s x4


Fujitsu IA-Cluster: System ConfigurationInfiniBand or Myrinet for Compute Network FUJITSU PRIMERGY (1U) PRIMERGY BX300 Max. 20 blades in a 3U chassis PRIMERGY RXI600 IPF(1.5GHz): 2~4CPU Giga Ethernet SwitchControl NodeInfiniBand orMyrinet SwitchCompute NodesCompute Network InfiniBand, MyrinetControl Network Compute Node Compute NetworkSystem Configuration


Latest Installation of FUJITSU HPC Systems


HITACHIs HPC system

VOS3/HAPHI-OSF/1-MJ

HI-UX/MPP'77'78'79'80'81'82'83'84'85'86'87'88'89'90'91M-200HIAP'92'93'94'95'96'97'98'99'000.010.1110S-820S-810201058060402015M-280H

IAPM-680

IAP100S-3800S-3800S-3600Peak Performance[GFLOPS]480140180120SR2201Vector-Scalar combined typeBA1,00010,000F1E1CSR8000SR11000100,000'01'02'03G1DVectorAutomatic VectorizationAutomaticPseudoVectorizationAuto Parallelization0405

POWER4+AIX 5LVector-ScalarCombinedtypeH1First Japanese Vector SupercomputerSingle CPU peakperformance 8GFlops(Fastest in the world) First commercially available distributed memory parallel processorSingle CPU peak performance 3GFlopsIntegrated Array Processor systemFirst HPC machine combined withvector processing and scalar processingScalar Parallel(MPP type)


Vector Register MSVectorSR8000 Pseudo Vector Processing (PVP)Arithmetic UnitPipeliningPipeliningPrefetch Read data from main memory to cache before calculation- Accelerate sequential data access

Preload- Read data from main memory to Floating Registers before calculation- Accelerate stride memory access and indirectly addressed memory accessProblems of conventional RISC - Reduction of performance for large scale simulations because of cache-overflow- Sustained : Under 10% of peakPVP FeatureMSCacheLoadFloating-point Registers (FPRs) Arithmetic UnitPseudo Vector


Hitachi SR11000Based on IBM Power 4+SMP with 16 processors/node109 Gflop/s / node(6.8 Gflop/s / p)IBM uses 32 in their machineIBM Federation switchHitachi: 6 planes for 16 proc/nodeIBM uses 8 planes for 32 proc/nodePseudo vector processing featuresMinimal hardware enhancements Fast synchronization No preload like SR 8000

Hitachis Compiler effort is separate from IBMAutomatic vectorization, no plans for HPF

3 customers for the SR 11000, National Institute for Material Science Tsukuba - 64 nodes (7 Tflop/s)Okasaki Institute for Molecular Science - 50 nodes (5.5 Tflops)Institute for Statistic Math Institute - 4 nodes


Vector Register MSVectorSR11000 Pseudo Vector Processing (PVP)Arithmetic UnitPipeliningPipeliningPrefetch Read data from main memory to cache before calculation- Accelerate sequential data accessProblems of conventional RISC - Reduction of performance for large scale simulations because of cache-overflow- Sustained : Under 10% of peakPVP FeatureMSCacheLoadFloating-point Registers (FPRs) Arithmetic UnitPseudo Vector


SR11000 Next ModelContinuing IBM partnershipPower5 processorGreatly enhanced memory bandwidth - Flat Memory InterleavingHardware Barrier Synchronisation Register


Express5800/ 1160XaMiddle - Small Size Capacity ComputingSX-6/7 SeriesNEC HPC ProductsParallel Vector ProcessorsIA-64 SERVER TX7Parallel PC- Clusters IA-32 Workstations SERIESExpress 5800/50 SeriesHigh-End Capability ComputingExpress 5800 Parallel Linux Cluster


TX7 Itanium Servercc-NUMA architectureemploys a chipset and crossbar switch developed in-house by NEC achieves near uniform high-speed memory access. up to 32 Itanium Processorsup to 128 GB of RAMLinux operating system with NEC enhancementsmore than 100GF on Linpackfile server functionality for SX


SX-Series EvolutionSX Series-THE FIRST COMPUTER IN THE WORLD SURPASSING 1GFLOPSSX-4 Series-CMOS INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY-ENTIRELY AIR-COOLINGSX-5 Series-HIGH SUSTAINED PERFORMANCE-Large Capacity SHARED MEMORY1983198919981994SX-3 Series-SHARED MEMORYMULTI-FUNCTION PROCESSOR-UNIX OSSX-6 Series- SINGLE-CHIP VECTOR PROCESSOR-GREATER SCALABILITY2001NEXTGENERATIONSXUSE THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY TO BUILD UP AND DEVELOP THE NEWSUPERCOMPUTERThe Latest Technology Always in SX-Series


NEC SX-7/160M5SX-6: 8 proc/node8 GFlop/s, 16 GBprocessor to memory

SX-7: 32 proc/node8.825 GFlop/s, 256 GB, processor to memory


Special Purpose: GRAPE-6The 6th generation of GRAPE (Gravity Pipe) ProjectGravity (N-Body) calculation for many particles with 31 Gflop/s / chip32 chips / board - 0.99 Tflop/s / board64 boards of full system is installed in University of Tokyo - 63 Tflop/sOn each board, all particles data are set onto SRAM memory, and each target particle data is injected into the pipeline, then acceleration data is calculatedNo software!Gordon Bell Prize at SC for a number of years (Prof. Makino, U. Tokyo)


Sony PlayStation2Emotion Engine: 6 Gflop/s peakSuperscalar MIPS 300 MHz core + vector coprocessor + graphics/DRAMAbout $20070M soldPS1 100M sold8K D cache; 32 MB memory not expandable OS goes here as well32 bit fl pt; not IEEE 2.4GB/s to memory (.38 B/Flop)Potential 20 fl pt ops/cycleFPU w/FMAC+FDIVVPU1 w/4FMAC+FDIVVPU2 w/4FMAC+FDIVEFU w/FMAC+FDIV


High-Performance Chips Embedded ApplicationsThe driving market is gaming (PC and game consoles) Motivation for almost all the technology developments.Demonstrate that arithmetic is quite cheap.

Today there are three big problems with these apparent non-standard "off-the-shelf" chips. Most of these chips have very limited memory bandwidth and little if any support for inter-node communication. Integer or only 32 bit floating pointNo software support to map scientific applications to these processors; minimal general-purpose programming tools.Poor memory capacity for program storage

Not clear that they do much for scientific computing.Developing "custom" software is much more expensive than developing custom hardware.


TOP500 Data


Chart1

1167.08732.24206.16228.68

1469.25860.23353.08255.94

2234.551203.46638.33392.76

2622.941343.21709.05570.68

3927.722144.46975.01808.25

4785.252581.451233.57970.23

5895.482791.61848.511255.37

7984.223506.182507.821970.22

12858.29000000016661.62995.283201.4100000001

16915.14999999998794.373448.074672.71

22625.859999999912851.453733.56040.9099999999

2932417704.293702.57917.21

39091.029999999623789.06000000015523.19778.8699999995

50969.169999999930326.10999999996480.1214162.94

6411336083978518245

88056.080000000250487.2811220.3526348.4500000002

108808.6964614.840000000115887.2828306.5699999999

133912.6177848.109999999918383.5237680.9800000001

221949.9798712.030000000157315.265922.7399999998

292166.759999999148030.9258567.285568.6399999994

374584.96201557.8263062.6109964.54

528485.72299143.863295.4166046.52

All

USA

JAPAN

OTHER

Date

Sum of Rmax

Sum of Rmax Over Time

Sheet1

Rmax Sums9306931194069411950695119606961197069711980698119906991100060011010601110206021103060311

All1167.081469.252234.552622.943927.724785.255895.487984.2212858.290000000116915.149999999922625.85999999992932439091.029999999650969.16999999996411388056.0800000002108808.69133912.61221949.97292166.759999999374584.96528485.72

USA732.24860.231203.461343.212144.462581.452791.63506.186661.68794.3712851.4517704.2923789.060000000130326.10999999993608350487.2864614.840000000177848.109999999998712.0300000001148030.92201557.82299143.8

JAPAN206.16353.08638.33709.05975.011233.571848.512507.822995.283448.073733.53702.55523.16480.12978511220.3515887.2818383.5257315.258567.263062.663295.4

OTHER228.68255.94392.76570.68808.25970.231255.371970.223201.414672.716040.917917.219778.8714162.9418245.0026348.4528306.5737680.9865922.7485568.64109964.54166046.52

USA % top performance63%59%54%51%55%54%47%44%52%52%57%60%61%59%56%57%59%58%44%51%54%57%

Japan % top performance18%24%29%27%25%26%31%31%23%20%17%13%14%13%15%13%15%14%26%20%17%12%

20%17%18%22%21%20%21%25%25%28%27%27%25%28%28%30%26%28%30%29%29%31%

Sheet1

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All

USA

JAPAN

OTHER

Date

Sum of Rmax


Sheet2

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JAPAN

OTHER

Date

Sum of Rmax


Sheet3

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Japan

Date

% of Total Performance for the US and Japanin the Top500

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Chart2

0.62741200260.1766459883

0.58548919520.2403130849

0.53856928690.2856637802

0.51210092490.2703264276

0.54598087440.2482381636

0.53945979830.2577859046

0.47351530320.3135469885

0.43913870110.3140970564

0.51807822040.2329454383

0.51991084920.2038450738

0.56799829930.1650103024

0.60374744240.1262617651

0.60855546660.1412881676

0.59498928470.1271380327

0.56280317560.1526211533

0.57335370820.1274227742

0.59383896640.146011132

0.58133517080.1372799768

0.44474901260.2582347725

0.50666585070.2004581219

0.5380830560.1683532622

0.56603951380.1197674745

US

Japan

Date


Sheet1

Rmax Sums9306931194069411950695119606961197069711980698119906991100060011010601110206021103060311

All1167.081469.252234.552622.943927.724785.255895.487984.2212858.290000000116915.149999999922625.85999999992932439091.029999999650969.16999999996411388056.0800000002108808.69133912.61221949.97292166.759999999374584.96528485.72

USA732.24860.231203.461343.212144.462581.452791.63506.186661.68794.3712851.4517704.2923789.060000000130326.10999999993608350487.2864614.840000000177848.109999999998712.0300000001148030.92201557.82299143.8

JAPAN206.16353.08638.33709.05975.011233.571848.512507.822995.283448.073733.53702.55523.16480.12978511220.3515887.2818383.5257315.258567.263062.663295.4

OTHER228.68255.94392.76570.68808.25970.231255.371970.223201.414672.716040.917917.219778.8714162.9418245.0026348.4528306.5737680.9865922.7485568.64109964.54166046.52

USA % top performance63%59%54%51%55%54%47%44%52%52%57%60%61%59%56%57%59%58%44%51%54%57%

Japan % top performance18%24%29%27%25%26%31%31%23%20%17%13%14%13%15%13%15%14%26%20%17%12%

20%17%18%22%21%20%21%25%25%28%27%27%25%28%28%30%26%28%30%29%29%31%

Sheet1

All

USA

JAPAN

OTHER

Date

Sum of Rmax


Sheet2

All

USA

JAPAN

OTHER

Date

Sum of Rmax


Sheet3

US

Japan

Date


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Top 20 Computers Where They are Located


Sheet1

RankJ-93N-93J-94N-94J-95N-95J-96N-96J-97N-97J-98N-98J-99N-99J-00N-00J-01N-01J-02N-02J-03N-03J-04

1TMCFujitsuIntelFujitsuFujitsuFujitsuHitachiHitachi/TIntelIntelIntelIntelIntelIntelIntelIBMIBMIBMNECNECNECNECNEC

2TMCTMCFujitsuIntelIntelIntelFujitsuFujitsuHitachi/TCraySGICraySGICraySGISGIIBMIBMIntelIBMHPIBMHPHPHPCal DC

3TMCTMCTMCTMCIntelIntelIntelHitachiFujitsuCraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGISGISGIIBMIntelIBMHPHPLinux NQSelf madeHP

4TMCTMCTMCTMCCraySGICraySGIIntelIntelHitachiHitachi/TCraySGISGIHitachiCraySGIIBMSGIIBMIntelHPIBMIBMDellIBM/LLNL

5NECTMCFujitsuFujitsuFujitsuFujitsuIntelIntelCraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGIHitachiHitachiIBMHitachiIBMIBMLinux NQIBMHPDell

6NECNECFujitsuFujitsuTMCIBMCraySGIIntelCraySGIHitachiHitachi/TIBMSGICraySGIHitachiIBMSGIHPHPHPIBM/QLinux NIBM

7TMCNECFujitsuFujitsuFujitsuIBMFujitsuCraySGICraySGIFujitsuCraySGICraySGICraySGISGICrayHitachiIBMHitachiIntelHPFujitsuLinux NQFujitsu

8IntelIntelTMCTMCTMCIBMIBMFujitsuCraySGIFujitsuCraySGIIBMIBMCraySGICrayIBMNECSGIIBMHPTiHPIBMIBM/ LLNL

9CraySGIIntelTMCTMCCraySGINECIBMFujitsuCraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGIHitachiHitachiIBMIBMIBMIBMHPIBMHP

10CraySGITMCHitachiHitachiCraySGITMCNECFujitsuCraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGIIBMCrayCrayIBMIBMIBMIBMHPIBM/QDawning

11CraySGITMCHitachiHitachiIBMFujitsuNECCraySGIIBMCraySGICraySGICraySGIIBMCraySGIIBMCrayCrayIBMIBMIBMHPTiFujitsuLinux N

12CraySGITMCNECCraySGIIBMFujitsuIBMCraySGIIntelCraySGINECCraySGIHitachiIBMSGIFujitsuHitachiNECIBMIBMIBMHPLinux NQ

13CraySGIIntelNECCraySGIIBMTMCTMCCraySGICraySGICraySGINECCraySGICraySGICraySGICrayHitachiIBMIBMHitachiIBMIBMIBMIBM

14CraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGIFujitsuFujitsuFujitsuIBMCraySGICraySGIHitachiHitachi/TCraySGICraySGICrayCrayHitachiIBMHitachiIBMIBMlenovoIBM

15CraySGICraySGICraySGINECFujitsuFujitsuFujitsuIBMIntelCraySGIFujitsuCraySGICraySGIFujitsuCrayIBMCrayCraySGIIntelIBMHPIBM

16CraySGICraySGICraySGINECFujitsuCraySGITMCIBMCraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGIIBMIBMIBMFujitsuIBMIBMIBMIBMIBMIBM/Q

17CraySGICraySGIHitachiNECIntelCraySGIFujitsuNECFujitsuIBMCraySGICraySGICraySGIHitachiHitachiIBMHitachiHitachiIBMAtipaIntelHPTiIBM

18CraySGICraySGINECHitachiCraySGICraySGIFujitsuNECFujitsuIntelCraySGINECHitachi/TCraySGICrayHitachiIBMIBMIBMHPIBMIBMIBM

19CraySGICraySGINECNECTMCFujitsuCraySGINECIntelCraySGIFujitsuNECCraySGICraySGIIBMSGICrayHitachiNECIBMAtipaCrayIBM

20CraySGICraySGIIntelNECTMCFujitsuCraySGINECCraySGICraySGICraySGICraySGIIBMCraySGISGICrayIBMIBMCrayIBMIBMHPCrayCray

USA

Japan

Germany

UK

Canada

France

China

top500

listRankSiteManufacturerComputerInst. typeCountryYearRmaxProcessorsRpeakNmaxNhalf

Jun-931Los Alamos National LaboratoryThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/1024ResearchUnited States059.710241315222424064

Jun-932Minnesota Supercomputer CenterThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/544IndustryUnited States030.454469.633686416384

Jun-933NCSAThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/512AcademicUnited States199330.451265.543686416384

Jun-934National Security AgencyThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/512ClassifiedUnited States199330.451265.543686416384

Jun-935NECNECSX-3/44RVendorJapan199023.2425.66400830

Jun-936Atmospheric Environment Service (AES)NECSX-3/44ResearchCanada1991204226144832

Jun-937Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)Thinking Machines CorporationCM-5/256ResearchUnited States199215.125632.772611212032

Jun-938CaltechIntelDeltaAcademicUnited States199113.951220.48250007500

Jun-939DOE/Bettis Atomic Power LaboratoryCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256ResearchUnited States199313.71615.2410000650

Jun-9310DOE/Knolls Atomic Power LaboratoryCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256ResearchUnited States199313.71615.2410000650

Jun-9311ECMWFCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16128ResearchUnited Kingdom199313.71615.2410000650

Jun-9312GovernmentCray Inc.Y-MP C916/161024ClassifiedUnited States199213.71615.2410000650




Jun-9316NASA/Ames Research Center/NASCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256ResearchUnited States199313.71615.2410000650

Jun-9317NERSC/LLNLCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256ResearchUnited States199213.71615.2410000650

Jun-9318Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)Cray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256ResearchUnited States199313.71615.2410000650

Jun-9319Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256AcademicUnited States199213.71615.2410000650

Jun-9320Cray ResearchCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256VendorUnited States199213.71615.2410000650

Nov-931National Aerospace Laboratory of JapanFujitsuNumerical Wind TunnelResearchJapan1993124140235.793192011950

Nov-932Los Alamos National LaboratoryThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/1024ResearchUnited States059.710241315222424064

Nov-933Minnesota Supercomputer CenterThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/544IndustryUnited States030.454469.633686416384

Nov-934NCSAThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/512AcademicUnited States199330.451265.543686416384

Nov-935National Security AgencyThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/512ClassifiedUnited States199330.451265.543686416384

Nov-936NECNECSX-3/44RVendorJapan199023.2425.66400830

Nov-937Atmospheric Environment Service (AES)NECSX-3/44ResearchCanada1991204226144832

Nov-938Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIntelXP/S35ResearchUnited States199215.251225.6230009000

Nov-939Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelXP/S35ResearchUnited States199315.251225.6230009000

Nov-9310GovernmentThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/256ClassifiedUnited States199315.125632.772611212032

Nov-9311Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)Thinking Machines CorporationCM-5/256ResearchUnited States199215.125632.772611212032

Nov-9312Thinking MachinesThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/256VendorUnited States199315.125632.772611212032

Nov-9313CaltechIntelDeltaAcademicUnited States199113.951220.48250007500

Nov-9314DOE/Bettis Atomic Power LaboratoryCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256ResearchUnited States199313.71615.2410000650

Nov-9315DOE/Knolls Atomic Power LaboratoryCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256ResearchUnited States199313.71615.2410000650

Nov-9316ECMWFCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16128ResearchUnited Kingdom199313.71615.2410000650

Nov-9317ERDC MSRCCray Inc.Y-MP C916/16256ResearchUnited States199313.71615.2410000650

Nov-9318GovernmentCray Inc.Y-MP C916/161024ClassifiedUnited States199213.71615.2410000650



Jun-941Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelXP/S140ResearchUnited States1993143.436801845570020500

Jun-942National Aerospace Laboratory of JapanFujitsuNumerical Wind TunnelResearchJapan1993124140235.793192011950

Jun-943Los Alamos National LaboratoryThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/1056ResearchUnited States199359.71056135.175222424064


Jun-945The Angstrom Technology PartnershipFujitsuVPP500/30ResearchJapan199332.9304800

Jun-946University of TsukubaFujitsuVPP500/30ResearchJapan199332.9304800

Jun-947Institute of Physical and Chemical Res. (RIKEN)FujitsuVPP500/28ResearchJapan199330.82844.800



Jun-9410University of TokyoHitachiS-3800/480AcademicJapan199327.543215020870

Jun-9411Hitachi Ltd. ESDHitachiS-3800/480VendorJapan199427.543215020870

Jun-9412Tohoku UniversityNECSX-3/44RAcademicJapan199323.2425.66400830

Jun-9413NECNECSX-3/44RVendorJapan199023.2425.66400830

Jun-9414Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.T3D MC256-8AcademicUnited States199421.425638.4389124768

Jun-9415University of EdinburghCray Inc.T3D MC256-8AcademicUnited Kingdom199421.425638.4389124768

Jun-9416Cray ResearchCray Inc.T3D MC256-8VendorUnited States199421.425638.4389124768

Jun-9417Institute for Materials Research/Tohoku UniversityHitachiS-3800/380AcademicJapan199421.332415020690

Jun-9418Atmospheric Environment Service (AES)NECSX-3/44ResearchCanada1991204226144832

Jun-9419National Inst. for Molecular ScienceNECSX-3/34RResearchJapan199317.4319.26144691

Jun-9420CaltechIntelXP/S35AcademicUnited States199415.251226230009000


Nov-942Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelXP/S140ResearchUnited States1993143.436801845570020500

Nov-943Los Alamos National LaboratoryThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/1056ResearchUnited States199359.71056135.175222424064


Nov-945The Angstrom Technology PartnershipFujitsuVPP500/30ResearchJapan199339.8304800

Nov-946University of TsukubaFujitsuVPP500/30ResearchJapan199339.8304800

Nov-947Institute of Physical and Chemical Res. (RIKEN)FujitsuVPP500/28ResearchJapan199337.22844.800

Nov-948NCSAThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/512AcademicUnited States199330.451265.543686416384

Nov-949National Security AgencyThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/512ClassifiedUnited States199330.451265.543686416384

Nov-9410University of TokyoHitachiS-3800/480AcademicJapan199327.543215020870

Nov-9411Hitachi Ltd. ESDHitachiS-3800/480VendorJapan199427.543215020870

Nov-9412Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.T3D MC256-8AcademicUnited States199425.325638.4409604918

Nov-9413University of EdinburghCray Inc.T3D MC256-8AcademicUnited Kingdom199425.325638.4409604918

Nov-9414Cray ResearchCray Inc.T3D MC256-8VendorUnited States199425.325638.4409604918

Nov-9415Atmospheric Environment Service (AES)NECSX-3/44RResearchCanada199423.2425.66400830

Nov-9416Tohoku UniversityNECSX-3/44RAcademicJapan199323.2425.66400830

Nov-9417NECNECSX-3/44RVendorJapan199023.2425.66400830

Nov-9418Institute for Materials Research/Tohoku UniversityHitachiS-3800/380AcademicJapan199421.332415020690

Nov-9419Atmospheric Environment Service (AES)NECSX-3/44ResearchCanada1991204226144832

Nov-9420National Inst. for Molecular ScienceNECSX-3/34RResearchJapan199317.4319.26144691



Jun-953Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIntelXP/S-MP 150ResearchUnited States1995127.130721548600017800

Jun-954GovernmentCray Inc.T3D MC1024-8ClassifiedUnited States1994100.51024153.68192010224

Jun-955National Lab. for High Energy PhysicsFujitsuVPP500/80ResearchJapan199498.9801283264010050


Jun-957Japan Atomic Energy ResearchFujitsuVPP500/42ResearchJapan199454.54267.200


Jun-959Los Alamos National LaboratoryCray Inc.T3D MC512-8ResearchUnited States199450.851276.8578567136

Jun-9510Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.T3D MC512-8AcademicUnited States199450.851276.8578567136

Jun-9511Cornell Theory CenterIBMSP2/512AcademicUnited States199444.2512136.195300013500

Jun-9512Maui High-Performance Computing Center (MHPCC)IBMSP2/400ResearchUnited States199444.2400106.45300013500

Jun-9513IBMIBMSP2/256VendorUnited States199544.225668.095300013500

Jun-9514The Angstrom Technology PartnershipFujitsuVPP500/30ResearchJapan199339.8304800

Jun-9515University of TsukubaFujitsuVPP500/30ResearchJapan199339.8304800

Jun-9516Institute of Physical and Chemical Res. (RIKEN)FujitsuVPP500/28ResearchJapan199337.22844.800

Jun-9517Air Force Research Laboratory/Information DirectorIntelXP/S-MP 41ResearchUnited States199533.781640.800

Jun-9518University of EdinburghCray Inc.T3D MC320-8AcademicUnited Kingdom199531.73204800





Nov-953Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIntelXP/S-MP 150ResearchUnited States1995127.130721548600017800

Nov-954GovernmentCray Inc.T3D MC1024-8ClassifiedUnited States1994100.51024153.68192010224

Nov-955National Lab. for High Energy PhysicsFujitsuVPP500/80ResearchJapan199498.9801283264010050

Nov-956Cornell Theory CenterIBMSP2/512AcademicUnited States199488.4512136.197350020150

Nov-957IBMIBMSP2/512VendorUnited States199588.4512136.197350020150

Nov-958Maui High-Performance Computing Center (MHPCC)IBMSP2/384ResearchUnited States199466.3384102.1400

Nov-959NEC Fuchu PlantNECSX-4/32VendorJapan199560.72326400

Nov-9510Los Alamos National LaboratoryThinking Machines CorporationCM-5/1056ResearchUnited States199359.71056135.175222424064

Nov-9511Japan Atomic Energy ResearchFujitsuVPP500/42ResearchJapan199454.54267.200

Nov-9512Nagoya UniversityFujitsuVPP500/42AcademicJapan199554.54267.200


Nov-9514National Institute of GeneticsFujitsuVPP500/40ResearchJapan199552406400

Nov-9515University of Tokyo/Institute for Solid State PhysicsFujitsuVPP500/40AcademicJapan199452406400

Nov-9516Los Alamos National LaboratoryCray Inc.T3D MC512-8ResearchUnited States199450.851276.8578567136

Nov-9517Network Computing Services, Inc.Cray Inc.T3D MC512-8IndustryUnited States199550.851276.8578567136

Nov-9518Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.T3D MC512-8AcademicUnited States199450.851276.8578567136

Nov-9519The Angstrom Technology PartnershipFujitsuVPP500/32ResearchJapan199342.43251.2207364940

Nov-9520University of TsukubaFujitsuVPP500/30ResearchJapan199339.8304800

Jun-961University of TokyoHitachiSR2201/1024AcademicJapan1996220.41024307.213824034560




Jun-965Japan Atomic Energy ResearchIntelXP/S-MP 125ResearchJapan1996103.52502125.100


Jun-967National Lab. for High Energy PhysicsFujitsuVPP500/80ResearchJapan199498.9801283264010050

Jun-968Cornell Theory CenterIBMSP2/512AcademicUnited States199488.4512136.197350020150

Jun-969IBMIBMSP2/512VendorUnited States199588.4512136.197350020150

Jun-9610HWW/Universitaet StuttgartNECSX-4/32IndustryGermany199666.533264153601792

Jun-9611NEC Fuchu PlantNECSX-4/32VendorJapan199566.533264153601792

Jun-9612Maui High-Performance Computing Center (MHPCC)IBMSP2/384ResearchUnited States199466.3384102.1400


Jun-9614Japan Atomic Energy ResearchFujitsuVPP500/42ResearchJapan199454.54267.200

Jun-9615Nagoya UniversityFujitsuVPP500/42AcademicJapan199554.54267.200


Jun-9617National Institute of GeneticsFujitsuVPP500/40ResearchJapan199552406400

Jun-9618University of Tokyo/Institute for Solid State PhysicsFujitsuVPP500/40AcademicJapan199452406400

Jun-9619Los Alamos National LaboratoryCray Inc.T3D MC512-8ResearchUnited States199450.851276.8578567136

Jun-9620Network Computing Services, Inc.Cray Inc.T3D MC512-8IndustryUnited States199550.851276.8578567136

Nov-961Center for Computational Physics, Univ of TsukubaHitachi/TsukubaCP-PACS/2048AcademicJapan1996368.22048614.410368030720


Nov-963University of TokyoHitachiSR2201/1024AcademicJapan1996220.41024307.213824034560


Nov-965Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIntelXP/S-MP 150ResearchUnited States1995127.130721548600017800

Nov-966Japan Atomic Energy ResearchIntelXP/S-MP 125ResearchJapan1996103.52502125.100

Nov-967GovernmentCray Inc.T3D MC1024-8ClassifiedUnited States1994100.51024153.68192010224

Nov-968National Lab. for High Energy PhysicsFujitsuVPP500/80ResearchJapan199498.9801283264010050

Nov-969Kyushu UniversityFujitsuVPP700/56AcademicJapan199694.356123.21002808280

Nov-9610ECMWFFujitsuVPP700/46ResearchUnited Kingdom199694.346101.21002808280

Nov-9611CNRS/IDRISCray Inc.T3EAcademicFrance199693.2256153.65366411040

Nov-9612ERDC MSRCCray Inc.T3EResearchUnited States199693.2256153.65366411040

Nov-9613Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.T3EAcademicUnited States199693.2256153.65366411040

Nov-9614Cornell Theory CenterIBMSP2/512AcademicUnited States199488.4512136.197350020150

Nov-9615IBMIBMSP2/512VendorUnited States199588.4512136.197350020150

Nov-9616Maui High-Performance Computing Center (MHPCC)IBMSP2/384ResearchUnited States199466.3384102.1400

Nov-9617HWW/Universitaet StuttgartNECSX-4/32IndustryGermany199660.63264100001560

Nov-9618Osaka UniversityNECSX-4/32AcademicJapan199660.63264100001560

Nov-9619Osaka UniversityNECSX-4/32AcademicJapan199660.63264100001560

Nov-9620NEC Fuchu PlantNECSX-4/32VendorJapan199560.63264100001560

Jun-971Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelASCI RedResearchUnited States199710687264145321500053400

Jun-972Center for Computational Physics, Univ of TsukubaHitachi/TsukubaCP-PACS/2048AcademicJapan1996368.22048614.410368030720



Jun-975Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ)Cray Inc.T3EResearchGermany1996176512307.200

Jun-976GovernmentCray Inc.T3EClassifiedUnited States1997176512307.200

Jun-977Max-Planck-Gesellschaft MPI/IPPCray Inc.T3EResearchGermany1997176512307.200

Jun-978NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterCray Inc.T3EResearchUnited States1996176512307.200

Jun-979Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.T3EAcademicUnited States1996176512307.200

Jun-9710Universitaet StuttgartCray Inc.T3EAcademicGermany1996176512307.200

Jun-9711Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryIBMSP P2SC 120 MHzResearchUnited States1997151.8472226.566100022600


Jun-9713Minnesota Supercomputer CenterCray Inc.T3E900IndustryUnited States1997138.7256230.48192010192

Jun-9714Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)Cray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited States1997138.7256230.48192010192


Jun-9716Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)Cray Inc.T3E750ResearchFrance1997115.525619200

Jun-9717Kyushu UniversityFujitsuVPP700/56AcademicJapan199611056123.210920010752

Jun-9718National Lab. for High Energy PhysicsFujitsuVPP500/80ResearchJapan1994109801284640011030

Jun-9719Japan Atomic Energy ResearchIntelXP/S-MP 125ResearchJapan1996103.52502125.100


Nov-971Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelASCI RedResearchUnited States1997133891521830.423500063000

Nov-972GovernmentCray Inc.T3E900ClassifiedUnited States199763412481123.200

Nov-973United Kingdom Meteorological OfficeCray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited Kingdom1997430.384075600


Nov-975NERSC/LBNLCray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited States1997264.8512460.87974414000

Nov-976University of TokyoHitachiSR2201/1024AcademicJapan1996232.41024307.215552034560


Nov-978ECMWFFujitsuVPP700/116ResearchUnited Kingdom1997213116255.211136018560

Nov-979Max-Planck-Gesellschaft MPI/IPPCray Inc.T3EResearchGermany1997196672403.200

Nov-9710Cray ResearchCray Inc.T3EVendorUnited States1997196544326.400

Nov-9711Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ)Cray Inc.T3EResearchGermany1996196512307.27782411264

Nov-9712NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterCray Inc.T3EResearchUnited States1996196512307.27782411264

Nov-9713Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.T3EAcademicUnited States1996196512307.27782411264

Nov-9714Universitaet StuttgartCray Inc.T3EAcademicGermany1996196512307.27782411264

Nov-9715ERDC MSRCCray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited States1997166.28312280.800

Nov-9716Deutscher WetterdienstCray Inc.T3EResearchGermany199715340024000

Nov-9717Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryIBMSP P2SC 120 MHzResearchUnited States1997151.8472226.566100022600


Nov-9719Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ)Cray Inc.T3E900ResearchGermany1997138.7256230.48192010192

Nov-9720Minnesota Supercomputer CenterCray Inc.T3E900IndustryUnited States1997138.7256230.48192010192

Jun-981Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelASCI RedResearchUnited States1997133891521830.423500063000

Jun-982GovernmentCray Inc.T3E1200ClassifiedUnited States19988911080129625920026400

Jun-983GovernmentCray Inc.T3E900ClassifiedUnited States199763412481123.200

Jun-984United Kingdom Meteorological OfficeCray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited Kingdom199745084075600

Jun-985NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterCray Inc.T3EResearchUnited States1998448.61024614.411980819008



Jun-988NERSC/LBNLCray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited States1997321512460.812288015360

Jun-989Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)Cray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited States1997321512460.812288015360

Jun-9810Universitaet StuttgartCray Inc.T3E900AcademicGermany1996321512460.812288015360

Jun-9811Deutscher WetterdienstCray Inc.T3E900ResearchGermany199825140036000

Jun-9812Atmospheric Environment Service (AES)NECSX-4/128M4ResearchCanada199824412825600

Jun-9813Tohoku UniversityNECSX-4/128H4AcademicJapan199724412825600



Jun-9816Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ)Cray Inc.T3EResearchGermany1996222512307.28448012480

Jun-9817Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.T3EAcademicUnited States1996222512307.28448012480

Jun-9818Silicon GraphicsCray Inc.T3EVendorUnited States1997222512307.28448012480

Jun-9819ECMWFFujitsuVPP700/116ResearchUnited Kingdom1997213116255.211136018560

Jun-9820GovernmentCray Inc.T3E1200ClassifiedUnited States1998211.8256307.212595211520

Nov-981Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelASCI RedResearchUnited States1997133891521830.423500063000



Nov-984Los Alamos National LaboratorySGIASCI Blue MountainResearchUnited States1998690.96144307222924880640


Nov-986IBMIBMASCI Blue-Pacific CTR, IBM SP 604eVendorUnited States199854719521296.124400058000

Nov-987CSAR at the University of ManchesterCray Inc.T3E1200AcademicUnited Kingdom1998509612734.400

Nov-988Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific CTR, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1998468.21344892.420500065000

Nov-989Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)Cray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited States199744970063000

Nov-9810NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterCray Inc.T3EResearchUnited States1998448.61084650.411980819008

Nov-9811Cray Inc.Cray Inc.T3E1200VendorUnited States199844754064818144017280

Nov-9812NERSC/LBNLCray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited States1997444692622.800

Nov-9813Deutscher WetterdienstCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchGermany1998401484580.800


Nov-9815Max-Planck-Gesellschaft MPI/IPPCray Inc.T3EResearchGermany1997355812487.200

Nov-9816HWW/Universitaet StuttgartCray Inc.T3E900IndustryGermany199634154048600

Nov-9817Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterCray Inc.T3E900AcademicUnited States199834154048600

Nov-9818Atmospheric Environment Service (AES)NECSX-4/128M4ResearchCanada199824412825600

Nov-9819Tohoku UniversityNECSX-4/128H4AcademicJapan199724412825600

Nov-9820Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ)Cray Inc.T3EResearchGermany19962345403248640014400


Jun-992Los Alamos National LaboratorySGIASCI Blue MountainResearchUnited States1998160861443072374400138000


Jun-994University of TokyoHitachiSR8000/128AcademicJapan1999873128102412000016000


Jun-996Los Alamos National Laboratory/ACLSGIORIGIN 2000 250 MHzResearchUnited States1999690.92048102422924880640

Jun-997United Kingdom Meteorological OfficeCray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited Kingdom1997552876788.400

Jun-998IBMIBMASCI Blue-Pacific CTR, IBM SP 604eVendorUnited States199854719521296.124400058000


Jun-9910CSAR at the University of ManchesterCray Inc.T3E1200AcademicUnited Kingdom1998509612734.400

Jun-9911Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific CTR, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1998468.21344892.420500065000

Jun-9912Tsukuba Advanced Computing Center - TACC/AISTHitachiSR8000/64ResearchJapan199944964512920009160

Jun-9913NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterCray Inc.T3EResearchUnited States1998448.61084650.411980819008

Jun-9914Deutscher WetterdienstCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchGermany199844754064818144017280

Jun-9915ERDC MSRCCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchUnited States199944754064818144017280

Jun-9916Cray Inc.Cray Inc.T3E1200VendorUnited States199844754064818144017280

Jun-9917NERSC/LBNLCray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited States1997444692622.800



Jun-9920National Centers for Environmental PredictionIBMSP Power3 200 MHzResearchUnited States1999350.4768614.411300030000

Nov-991Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelASCI RedResearchUnited States199923799632320736288075400

Nov-992Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific SST, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1999214458083856.54313440

Nov-993Los Alamos National LaboratorySGIASCI Blue MountainResearchUnited States1998160861443072374400138000


Nov-995University of TokyoHitachiSR8000/128AcademicJapan1999873128102412000016000


Nov-997Los Alamos National Laboratory/ACLSGIORIGIN 2000 250 MHzResearchUnited States1999690.92048102422924880640

Nov-998Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)Cray Inc.T3E900ResearchUnited States19996751084975.600

Nov-999Deutscher WetterdienstCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchGermany1999671812974.400

Nov-9910UCSD/San Diego Supercomputer CenterIBMSP Power3 222 MHzAcademicUnited States1999558.1960852.420000053000


Nov-9912Charles SchwabIBMSP PC604e 332 MHzIndustryUnited States19995472000132800


Nov-9914CSAR at the University of ManchesterCray Inc.T3E1200AcademicUnited Kingdom1998509612734.400

Nov-9915Kyoto UniversityFujitsuVPP800/63AcademicJapan19994826350423436012852

Nov-9916Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific CTR, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1998468.21344892.420500065000

Nov-9917Tsukuba Advanced Computing Center - TACC/AISTHitachiSR8000/64ResearchJapan199944964512920009160

Nov-9918NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterCray Inc.T3EResearchUnited States1998448.61084650.411980819008

Nov-9919ERDC MSRCCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchUnited States199944754064818144017280

Nov-9920Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ)Cray Inc.T3E1200ResearchGermany199944754064818144017280


Jun-002Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific SST, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1999214458083856.54313440

Jun-003Los Alamos National LaboratorySGIASCI Blue MountainResearchUnited States1998160861443072374400138000

Jun-004IBM/Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)IBMSP Power3 375 MHzVendorUnited States20001417133620043740000

Jun-005Leibniz RechenzentrumHitachiSR8000-F1/112AcademicGermany20001035112134412000015160

Jun-006High Energy Accelerator Research Organization /KEKHitachiSR8000-F1/100ResearchJapan2000917100120011500015000


Jun-008US Army HPC Research Center at NCSCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchUnited States200089110841300.825920026400

Jun-009University of TokyoHitachiSR8000/128AcademicJapan1999873128102412000016000


Jun-0011Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States2000723704105618700037500

Jun-0012Los Alamos National Laboratory/ACLSGIORIGIN 2000 250 MHzResearchUnited States1999690.92048102422924880640


Jun-0014CSAR at the University of ManchesterCray Inc.T3E1200AcademicUnited Kingdom2000671812974.400

Jun-0015Deutscher WetterdienstCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchGermany1999671812974.400

Jun-0016UCSD/San Diego Supercomputer CenterIBMSP Power3 222 MHzAcademicUnited States19996131152102317000050000

Jun-0017University of Tokyo/Institute for Solid State PhysicsHitachiSR8000-F1/60AcademicJapan2000577607208900010000


Jun-0019Charles SchwabIBMSP PC604e 332 MHzIndustryUnited States19995472000132800


Nov-001Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI White, SP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States20004938819212288430000430000

Nov-002Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelASCI RedResearchUnited States199923799632320736288075400

Nov-003Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific SST, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1999214458083856.54313440

Nov-004Los Alamos National LaboratorySGIASCI Blue MountainResearchUnited States1998160861443072374400138000

Nov-005Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)IBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States20001417133620043740000

Nov-006National Centers for Environmental PredictionIBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States200011791104165600

Nov-007Leibniz RechenzentrumHitachiSR8000-F1/112AcademicGermany20001035112134412000015160

Nov-008UCSD/San Diego Supercomputer CenterIBMSP Power3 375 MHz 8 wayAcademicUnited States20009291152172822000062000

Nov-009High Energy Accelerator Research Organization /KEKHitachiSR8000-F1/100ResearchJapan2000917100120011500015000


Nov-0011US Army HPC Research Center at NCSCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchUnited States200089210841300.800

Nov-0012ECMWFFujitsuVPP5000/100ResearchUnited Kingdom200088610096019560018000

Nov-0013University of TokyoHitachiSR8000/128AcademicJapan1999873128102412000016000


Nov-0015Charles SchwabIBMSP Power3 375 MHzIndustryUnited States2000795768115200

Nov-0016North Carolina Supercomputing Center (NCSC)IBMSP Power3 375 MHzAcademicUnited States2000741720108000

Nov-0017Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States2000723704105618700037500

Nov-0018Japan Meteorological AgencyHitachiSR8000-E1/80ResearchJapan2000691.3807681200009408

Nov-0019Los Alamos National Laboratory/ACLSGIORIGIN 2000 250 MHzResearchUnited States1999690.92048102422924880640

Nov-0020NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)IBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States2000688668100200

1-Jun1Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI White, SP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States20007226819212288518096179000

1-Jun2NERSC/LBNLIBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayResearchUnited States2001252625283792371712102400

1-Jun3Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelASCI RedResearchUnited States199923799632320736288075400

1-Jun4Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific SST, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1999214458083856.54313440

1-Jun5University of TokyoHitachiSR8000/MPPAcademicJapan20011709.11152207414100016000

1-Jun6Los Alamos National LaboratorySGIASCI Blue MountainResearchUnited States1998160861443072374400138000

1-Jun7Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)IBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States20001417133620043740000

1-Jun8Osaka UniversityNECSX-5/128M8 3.2nsAcademicJapan20011192128128012953610240

1-Jun9National Centers for Environmental PredictionIBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States200111791104165600


1-Jun11GovernmentCray Inc.T3E1200ClassifiedUnited States200111271900228014880028272

1-Jun12Leibniz RechenzentrumHitachiSR8000-F1/112AcademicGermany20001035112134412000015160

1-Jun13UCSD/San Diego Supercomputer CenterIBMSP Power3 375 MHz 8 wayAcademicUnited States20009291152172822000062000

1-Jun14High Energy Accelerator Research Organization /KEKHitachiSR8000-F1/100ResearchJapan2000917100120011500015000

1-Jun15US Army HPC Research Center at NCSCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchUnited States200089210841300.800

1-Jun16ECMWFFujitsuVPP5000/100ResearchUnited Kingdom200088610096019560018000

1-Jun17University of TokyoHitachiSR8000/128AcademicJapan1999873128102412000016000

1-Jun18Maui High-Performance Computing Center (MHPCC)IBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayResearchUnited States2001837812121800

1-Jun19GovernmentCray Inc.T3E900ClassifiedUnited States199781513241191.613440026880

1-Jun20Charles SchwabIBMSP Power3 375 MHzIndustryUnited States2000795768115200

1-Nov1Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI White, SP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States20007226819212288518096179000

1-Nov2Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterHewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzAcademicUnited States2001405930246048525000105000

1-Nov3NERSC/LBNLIBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayResearchUnited States2001305233284992371712102400

1-Nov4Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelASCI RedResearchUnited States199923799632320736288075400

1-Nov5Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific SST, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1999214458083856.54313440

1-Nov6Los Alamos National LaboratoryHewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzResearchUnited States200120961536307239000071000

1-Nov7University of TokyoHitachiSR8000/MPPAcademicJapan20011709.11152207414100016000

1-Nov8Los Alamos National LaboratorySGIASCI Blue MountainResearchUnited States1998160861443072374400138000

1-Nov9Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)IBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States20001417133620043740000

1-Nov10Deutscher WetterdienstIBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayResearchGermany200112931280192000

1-Nov11NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)IBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayResearchUnited States200112721260189000

1-Nov12Osaka UniversityNECSX-5/128M8 3.2nsAcademicJapan20011192128128012953610240

1-Nov13National Centers for Environmental PredictionIBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States200111791104165600

1-Nov14National Centers for Environmental PredictionIBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States200011791104165600

1-Nov15GovernmentCray Inc.T3E1200ClassifiedUnited States200111271900228014880028272

1-Nov16Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayResearchUnited States200111001088163200

1-Nov17Leibniz RechenzentrumHitachiSR8000-F1/112AcademicGermany20001035112134412000015160

1-Nov18UCSD/San Diego Supercomputer CenterIBMSP Power3 375 MHz 8 wayAcademicUnited States20009291152172822000062000

1-Nov19High Energy Accelerator Research Organization /KEKHitachiSR8000-F1/100ResearchJapan2000917100120011500015000

1-Nov20US Army HPC Research Center at NCSCray Inc.T3E1200ResearchUnited States200089210841300.800

2-Jun1Earth Simulator CenterNECEarth-SimulatorResearchJapan2002358605120409601.08E+06266240


2-Jun3Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterHewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzAcademicUnited States200144633016603228000085000

2-Jun4Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)Hewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzResearchFrance200139802560512036000085000


2-Jun6Los Alamos National LaboratoryHewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzResearchUnited States20022916204840962720000


2-Jun8Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited States200223108644492.827500062000

2-Jun9Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific SST, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1999214458083856.54313440

2-Jun10IBM/US Army Research Laboratory (ARL)IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzVendorUnited States200220507683993.62520000

2-Jun11Atomic Weapons EstablishmentIBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayClassifiedUnited Kingdom200219101920288000

2-Jun12IBM/ECMWFIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzVendorUnited States200218497043660.824000032500

2-Jun13University of TokyoHitachiSR8000/MPPAcademicJapan20011709.11152207414100016000

2-Jun14Leibniz RechenzentrumHitachiSR8000-F1/168AcademicGermany20021653168201616000019560

2-Jun15Los Alamos National LaboratorySGIASCI Blue MountainResearchUnited States1998160861443072374400138000

2-Jun16Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)IBMSP Power3 375 MHzResearchUnited States20001417133620043740000

2-Jun17Deutscher WetterdienstIBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayResearchGermany200112931280192000

2-Jun18NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)IBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayResearchUnited States200112721260189000

2-Jun19Osaka UniversityNECSX-5/128M8 3.2nsAcademicJapan20011192128128012953610240


2-Nov1Earth Simulator CenterNECEarth-SimulatorResearchJapan2002358605120409601.08E+06266240

2-Nov2Los Alamos National LaboratoryHewlett-PackardASCI Q - AlphaServer SC45, 1.25 GHzResearchUnited States20027727409610240590000126100



2-Nov5Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLinux Networx/QuadricsMCR Linux Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - QuadricsResearchUnited States2002569423041106045000090000


2-Nov7Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)Hewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzResearchFrance200139802560512036000085000

2-Nov8Forecast Systems Laboratory - NOAAHPTiAspen Systems, Dual Xeon 2.2 GHz - Myrinet2000ResearchUnited States200233371536675828500075000

2-Nov9HPCxIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzAcademicUnited Kingdom20023241128066563000000

2-Nov10NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited States200231641216632340000073000

2-Nov11Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited States2002316011846156.800


2-Nov13ECMWFIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited Kingdom20022560960499200

2-Nov14ECMWFIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited Kingdom20022560960499200

2-Nov15Sandia National LaboratoriesIntelASCI RedResearchUnited States199923799632320736288075400

2-Nov16Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited States200223108644492.827500062000

2-Nov17Louisiana State UniversityAtipa TechnologyP4 Xeon 1.8 GHz - MyrinetAcademicUnited States2002220710243686.428000056000

2-Nov18NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterHewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzResearchUnited States200221641392278432000040000

2-Nov19Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMASCI Blue-Pacific SST, IBM SP 604eResearchUnited States1999214458083856.54313440

2-Nov20US Army Research Laboratory (ARL)IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited States20022140800416000


3-Jun2Los Alamos National LaboratoryHewlett-PackardASCI Q - AlphaServer SC45, 1.25 GHzResearchUnited States200213880819220480633000225000

3-Jun3Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLinux Networx/QuadricsMCR Linux Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - QuadricsResearchUnited States2002763423041106035000075000



3-Jun6Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBM/QuadricsxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - QuadricsResearchUnited States200365861920921642500090000

3-Jun7National Aerospace Laboratory of JapanFujitsuPRIMEPOWER HPC2500 (1.3 GHz)ResearchJapan20025406230411980658800100080

3-Jun8Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryHewlett-PackardIntegrity rx2600 Itanium2 1 GHz Cluster - QuadricsResearchUnited States2003488115406160550000110000

3-Jun9Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterHewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzAcademicUnited States200144633016603228000085000

3-Jun10Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)Hewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzResearchFrance200139802560512036000085000

3-Jun11Forecast Systems Laboratory - NOAAHPTiAspen Systems, Dual Xeon 2.2 GHz - Myrinet2000ResearchUnited States200233371536675828500075000

3-Jun12HPCxIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzAcademicUnited Kingdom20023241128066563000000

3-Jun13NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited States200231641216632340000073000

3-Jun14Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited States2002316011846156.800

3-Jun15ECMWFIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited Kingdom20022560960499200

3-Jun16ECMWFIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited Kingdom20022560960499200


3-Jun18Oak Ridge National LaboratoryIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited States200223108644492.827500062000

3-Jun19Louisiana State UniversityAtipa TechnologyP4 Xeon 1.8 GHz - MyrinetAcademicUnited States2002220710243686.428000056000

3-Jun20NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterHewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzResearchUnited States200221641392278432000040000

3-Nov1Earth Simulator CenterNECEarth-SimulatorResearchJapan2002358605120409601.08E+06266240


3-Nov3Virginia TechSelf-made1100 Dual 2.0 GHz Apple G5/Mellanox Infiniband 4X/Cisco GigEAcademicUnited States200310280220017600520000152000

3-Nov4NCSADellPowerEdge 1750, P4 Xeon 3.06 GHz, MyrinetAcademicUnited States200398192500153006300000

3-Nov5Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryHewlett-PackardIntegrity rx2600 Itanium2 1.5 GHz, QuadricsResearchUnited States20038633193611616835000140000

3-Nov6Los Alamos National LaboratoryLinux NetworxOpteron 2 GHz, MyrinetResearchUnited States20038051281611264761160109208

3-Nov7Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLinux Networx/QuadricsMCR Linux Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - QuadricsResearchUnited States2002763423041106035000075000



3-Nov10Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBM/QuadricsxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - QuadricsResearchUnited States200365861920921642500090000

3-Nov11National Aerospace Laboratory of JapanFujitsuPRIMEPOWER HPC2500 (1.3 GHz)ResearchJapan20025406230411980658800100080


3-Nov13NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3 GHzResearchUnited States200341841600832055000093000

3-Nov14Chinese Academy of SciencelenovoDeepComp 6800, Itanium2 1.3 GHz, QsNetAcademicChina2003418310245324.84914880

3-Nov15Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)Hewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzResearchFrance200139802560512036000085000

3-Nov16HPCxIBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzAcademicUnited Kingdom20023406128066563170000

3-Nov17Forecast Systems Laboratory - NOAAHPTiAspen Systems, Dual Xeon 2.2 GHz - Myrinet2000ResearchUnited States200233371536675828500075000

3-Nov18Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzResearchUnited States2002316011846156.800

3-Nov19GovernmentCray Inc.Cray X1ClassifiedUnited States20032932.92523225.633868844288

3-Nov20Oak Ridge National LaboratoryCray Inc.Cray X1ResearchUnited States20032932.92523225.633868844288


4-Jun2Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryCalifornia Digital CorporationIntel Itanium2 Tiger4 1.4GHz - QuadricsResearchUnited States200419940409622938975000110000

4-Jun3Los Alamos National LaboratoryHewlett-PackardASCI Q - AlphaServer SC45, 1.25 GHzResearchUnited States200213880819220480633000225000

4-Jun4IBM - RochesterIBM/ LLNLBlueGene/L DD1 Prototype (0.5GHz PowerPC 440 w/Custom)VendorUnited States2004116808192163843317750

4-Jun5NCSADellPowerEdge 1750, P4 Xeon 3.06 GHz, MyrinetAcademicUnited States200398192500153006300000

4-Jun6ECMWFIBMeServer pSeries 690 (1.9 GHz Power4+)ResearchUnited Kingdom200489552112160513500000

4-Jun7Institute of Physical and Chemical Res. (RIKEN)FujitsuRIKEN Super Combined ClusterResearchJapan20048728204812534474200120000

4-Jun8IBM - Thomas Watson Research CenterIBM/ LLNLBlueGene/L DD2 Prototype (0.7 GHz PowerPC 440)ResearchUnited States200486554096114692949110

4-Jun9Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryHewlett-PackardIntegrity rx2600 Itanium2 1.5 GHz, QuadricsResearchUnited States20038633193611616835000140000

4-Jun10Shanghai Supercomputer CenterDawningDawning 4000A, Opteron 2.2 GHz, MyrinetResearchChina20048061256011264728400180000

4-Jun11Los Alamos National LaboratoryLinux NetworxOpteron 2 GHz, MyrinetResearchUnited States20038051281611264761160109208

4-Jun12Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLinux Networx/QuadricsMCR Linux Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - QuadricsResearchUnited States2002763423041106035000075000



4-Jun15NCSAIBMTeraGrid, Itanium2 1.3/1.5 GHZ, MyrinetAcademicUnited States200472151776102595400000

4-Jun16Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBM/QuadricsxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - QuadricsResearchUnited States200365861920921642500090000

4-Jun17Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryIBMxSeries Xeon 3.06 GHz, QuadricsResearchUnited States200462321540942500

4-Jun18HPCxIBMeServer pSeries 690 (1.7 GHz Power4+)AcademicUnited Kingdom200461881600108803550000

4-Jun19Grid Technology Research Center, AISTIBMAIST Super Cluster P-32, Opteron 2.0 GHz, MyrinetResearchJapan200461552200880000

4-Jun20Oak Ridge National LaboratoryCray Inc.Cray X1ResearchUnited States20045895504645149459253760

Efficiency is Declining Over timeAnalysis of top 100 machines in 1994 and 2004Shows the # of machines in the top 100 that achieve a given efficiency on the Linpack benchmarkIn 1994 40 machines had >90% efficiency

In 2004 50 have < 50% efficiency


Chart4

00

00

01

02

02

02

02

23

23

178

448

458

459

459

4712

4712

4712

4713

4715

4715

4715

4716

4819

4819

4819

4819

4922

5227

5227

5231

5233

5534

5735

5736

5736

5736

5737

5739

5739

5741

6142

6343

6545

6546

7447

7548

7548

7649

7653

7665

7867

8069

8071

8671

9471

9472

9572

9572

9572

9573

9573

9574

9674

9976

9980

9981

9983

9987

9987

9988

10091

10093

10095

10098

10098

10098

10098

10098

10098

10099

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

1994

2004

Efficiency (%)

# of machines in top 100

Efficiency of Machines in Top 100

Chart1

0.7147549720.9092571920.6777343750.5840909090.8240597880.8754882810.6417647060.4095167650.7431990360.5234375

0.634223090.9092571920.7398872680.5944010420.8199404760.9661458330.6902350810.778996394

0.6428571430.9092571920.777343750.7315705130.9753680630.7146267360.480018029

0.9125630040.7772988510.5028846150.931250.4937851440.792518029

0.9125630040.5114035090.511718750.6685729850.828941285

0.5832916460.5132536380.741814780.501272624

0.7443820220.5128205130.5986870660.857872596

0.7843750.5128205130.6958333330.857872596

0.5141559830.1993593240.857872596

0.5141559830.2664905250.857872596

0.5143271570.2749060150.719620253

0.5559445090.274906015

0.5144230770.280043658

0.731250.290178571

0.731250.30426491

0.5050808570.304856865

0.5050808570.304856865

0.4757785470.332386364

0.7006835940.348878817

0.5453431370.357055664

0.7070858280.357055664

0.5198317310.357055664

0.7312169310.61039414

0.7310049020.61039414

0.7119565220.280747484

0.519307590.307210714

0.519307590.360328426

0.5197115380.532641442

0.5198317310.36631392

0.5198317310.507593655

0.5198317310.489098601

0.574100379

0.287188127

0.372895833

0.633300781

0.327891036

0.327891036

0.327891036

0.210680017

0.393619373

0.340042121

0.340315476

0.643181818

0.343171182

0.401408246

0.435606061

0.315667288

0.588557792

0.403562426

0.686785131

0.17041973

0.676572712

0.574064026

0.58984375

0.79469697

0.72265625

0.72265625

0.353049451

0.411891026

0.413631185

0.413631185

0.354919468

0.548562127

0.581140351

AMD

Cray X1

Alpha

IBM

Hitachi

NEC SX

Pentium

Sparc

Itanium

SGI

Rank

Efficency

Efficiency of Systems > 1 Tflop/s

Sheet1

rankmanufacturercomputerr-maxinstallation-site-namecountryyeararea-of-installationnumber-of-processorsr-peakn-maxn-halfinstallation-site-addresseficiency

1NECEarth-Simulatormppn35860Earth Simulator CenterJapan2002Research5120409601.0752e+06266240http://www.es.jamstec.go.jp/esc/eng/ESC/index.html0.8754882812

2Hewlett-PackardASCI Q - AlphaServer SC45, 1.25 GHzch13880Los Alamos National LaboratoryUnited States2002Research819220480633000225000http://www.lanl.gov/0.677734375

3Self-made1100 Dual 2.0 GHz Apple G5/Mellanox Infiniband 4X/Cisco GigEci10280Virginia Polytechnic InstituteUnited States2003Academic220017600520000152000http://www.vt.edu/0.5840909091

4DellPowerEdge 1750, P4 Xeon 3.06 GHz, Myrinetcp9819NCSAUnited States2003Academic250015300630000http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/0.6417647059

5Hewlett-PackardIntegrity rx2600 Itanium2 1.5 GHz, Quadricsct8633Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryUnited States2003Research193611616835000140000http://www.pnl.gov/0.7431990358

6Linux NetworxOpteron 2 GHz, Myrinetca8051Los Alamos National LaboratoryUnited States2003Research281611264761160109208http://www.lanl.gov/0.7147549716

7Linux NetworxMCR Linux Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Quadricscp7634Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryUnited States2002Research23041106035000075000http://www.llnl.gov/0.6902350814

8IBMASCI White, SP Power3 375 MHzmppi7304Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryUnited States2000Research819212288640000http://www.llnl.gov/0.5944010417

9IBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 waymppi7304NERSC/LBNLUnited States2002Research66569984640000http://www.nersc.gov/0.7315705128

10IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Quadricscp6586Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryUnited States2003Research1920921642500090000http://www.llnl.gov/0.7146267361

11FujitsuPRIMEPOWER HPC2500 (1.3 GHz)t5406National Aerospace Laboratory of JapanJapan2002Research230411980658800100080http://www.nal.go.jp/0.4512520868

12Hewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzch4463Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterUnited States2001Academic3016603228000085000http://www.psc.edu/0.7398872679

13IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3 GHzmppi4184NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)United States2003Research1600832055000093000http://www.scd.ucar.edu/0.5028846154

14Legend GroupDeepComp 6800, Itanium2 1.3 GHz, QsNetct4148Chinese Academy of ScienceChina2003Academic10245324.84910001200000.7789963942

15Hewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzch3980Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA)France2001Research2560512036000085000http://www.cea.fr/0.77734375

16IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzmppi3406HPCxUnited Kingdom2002Academic12806656317000http://www.hpcx.ac.uk/0.51171875

17HPTiAspen Systems, Dual Xeon 2.2 GHz - Myrinet2000cp3337Forecast Systems Laboratory - NOAAUnited States2002Research1536675828500075000http://www-fd.fsl.noaa.gov/hpcs0.4937851435

18IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzmppi3160Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)United States2002Research11846156.8http://www.navo.hpc.mil/0.5132536383

19Cray Inc.Cray X1mppc2932.9GovernmentUnited States2003Classified2523225.6338688442880.9092571925

20Cray Inc.Cray X1mppc2932.9Oak Ridge National LaboratoryUnited States2003Research2523225.633868844288http://www.csm.ornl.gov/0.9092571925

21Cray Inc.Cray X1mppc2932.9Cray Inc.United States2003Vendor2523225.633868844288http://www.cray.com/0.9092571925

22IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzmppi2560ECMWFUnited Kingdom2002Research9604992http://www.ecmwf.int/0.5128205128

23IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzmppi2560ECMWFUnited Kingdom2002Research9604992http://www.ecmwf.int/0.5128205128

24Hewlett-PackardIntegrity rx5670-4x256, Itanium2 1.3 GHz, GigEct2556Energy CompanyUnited States2003Industry10245324.80.4800180288

25DellPowerEdge 1750, Pentium4 Xeon 3.06 GHz, Myrinetcp2455Texas Advanced Computing Center/Univ. of TexasUnited States2003Academic6003672252000http://www.tacc.utexas.edu/0.6685729847

26IntelASCI Redmppp2379Sandia National LaboratoriesUnited States1999Research9632320736288075400http://www.sandia.gov/0.7418147802

27IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzmppi2310Oak Ridge National LaboratoryUnited States2002Research8644492.827500062000http://www.csm.ornl.gov/0.5141559829

28IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzmppi2310IBMCanada2003Vendor8644492.827500062000http://www.ibm.com0.5141559829

29Atipa TechnologyP4 Xeon 1.8 GHz - Myrinetcp2207Louisiana State UniversityUnited States2002Academic10243686.428000056000http://www.lsu.edu0.598687066

30IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3 GHzmppi2198.44Max-Planck-Gesellschaft MPI/IPPGermany2003Research8224274.4http://www.rzg.mpg.de/0.514327157

31Hewlett-PackardAlphaServer SC45, 1 GHzch2164NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterUnited States2002Research1392278432000040000http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/0.7772988506

32IBMASCI Blue-Pacific SST, IBM SP 604emppi2144Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryUnited States1999Research58083856.5431344http://www.llnl.gov/0.5559445093

33IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzmppi2140US Army Research Laboratory (ARL)United States2002Research8004160http://www.arl.mil/0.5144230769

34IBMTeraGrid, Itanium2 1.3 GHz, Myrinetct2110NCSAUnited States2003Academic5122662.4308350http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/0.7925180288

35IBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayi2106Atomic Weapons EstablishmentUnited Kingdom2002Classified19202880http://www.awe.co.uk0.73125

36IBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayi2106Deutscher WetterdienstGermany2003Research19202880http://www.dwd.de/0.73125

37DellPowerEdge 2650 Cluster P4 Xeon 2.4 GHz - Myrinetcp2004University at Buffalo, SUNY, Center for Computational Res.United States2002Academic600288025340042200http://www.ccr.buffalo.edu/0.6958333333

38IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzi1849National Centers for Environmental PredictionUnited States2002Research7043660.824000032500http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/0.5050808566

39IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzi1849National Centers for Environmental PredictionUnited States2002Research7043660.824000032500http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/0.5050808566

40SGISGI Altix 1.3 GHzt1793SARA (Stichting Academisch Rekencentrum)Netherlands2003Academic4162163298799http://www.sara.nl/0.8289412853

41IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.7 GHzi1760KISTI Supercomputing CenterKorea, South2003Research5443699.2400000http://www.hpcnet.ne.kr/0.4757785467

42IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1755Semiconductor Company (C)United States2003Industry18348803.20.1993593239

43IBMBladeCenter Cluster Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1755WETA DigitalNew Zealand2003Industry11766585.6http://www.wetadigital.com/0.2664905248

44IBMxSeries Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1755Semiconductor Company (C)United States2003Industry114063840.274906015


46IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 3.06 GHz - Gig-Ecp1755PGSUnited States2003Industry10246266.88http://www.pgs.com/0.2800436581

47IBMBladeCenter Cluster Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1755WETA DigitalNew Zealand2003Industry10806048http://www.wetadigital.com/0.2901785714


49IBMxSeries Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1755Semiconductor Company (C)United States2003Industry10285756.80.3048568649

50IBMxSeries Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1755Semiconductor Company (C)United States2003Industry10285756.80.3048568649

51IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1755Compagnie Generale de Geophysique (CGG)United Kingdom2003Industry11005280http://www.cgg.com0.3323863636

52IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1755Arizona State University/TGENUnited States2003Academic10485030.4http://www.tgen.org/0.3488788168

53IBMxSeries Xeon 2.4 GHz, Myrinetcp1755Korea Institute of Science and TechnologyKorea, South2003Research10244915.233500041600http://www.kist.re.kr/0.3570556641

54IBMBladeCenter Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1755Paradigm GeophysicalUnited States2003Research10244915.233500041600http://www.paradigmgeo.com/0.3570556641

55IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1755TotalFinaElfFrance2003Industry10244915.2335000416000.3570556641

56Hewlett-PackardDL360G3, Pentium4 Xeon 2.8 GHz, Myrinetcp1750Sandia National LaboratoriesUnited States2003Research5122867http://www.sandia.gov/0.6103941402

57Hewlett-PackardDL360G3, Pentium4 Xeon 2.8 GHz, Myrinetcp1750Sandia National LaboratoriesUnited States2003Research5122867http://www.sandia.gov/0.6103941402

58IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 3.06 GHz - Gig-Ecp1731.92University of British ColumbiaCanada2003Academic10086168.96http://www.eos.ubc.ca/0.2807474842

59IBMxSeries Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1720.38GeotraceUnited States2003Industry10005600http://www.geotrace.com/0.3072107143

60HitachiSR8000/MPPj1709.1University of TokyoJapan2001Academic1152207414100016000http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/0.8240597878

61IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1674.23SG SGBIFrance2003Industry9684646.4http://www.sgib.com0.3603284263

62IBMxSeries Xeon 3.06 GHz, Myrinetcp1669CINECAItaly2003Academic5123133.44http://www.cineca.it0.532641442

63Self-madeSun Fire V60 2.8 GHz, IBM Netfinity 2 GHz, Myrinetcs1661University of Southern CaliforniaUnited States2003Academic870405621000065000http://www.usc.edu/hpc/0.4095167653

64HitachiSR8000-F1/168j1653Leibniz RechenzentrumGermany2002Academic168201616000019560http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/0.8199404762

65SGIASCI Blue Mountain1608Los Alamos National LaboratoryUnited States1998Research61443072374400138000http://www.lanl.gov/0.5234375

66IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1547.31GX TechnologyUnited States2003Industry8804224http://www.gxt.com/0.3663139205

67DellVplant Cluster P4 XEON 2.4/2.0 GHz - Myrinetcp1504Sandia National LaboratoriesUnited States2002Research6602963160000http://www.sandia.gov/0.5075936551

68DellPowerEdge 2650 Cluster P4 Xeon 2.4 GHz/MSWindows - GigEcp1503Cornell Theory CenterUnited States2003Academic6403073230400http://www.tc.cornell.edu/0.4890986007

69NECSX-6/192M24n1484DKRZ - Deutsches KlimarechenzentrumGermany2003Research192153620006415744http://www.dkrz.de0.9661458333

70Self-madePowerRACK-HX dual Xeon 2.4 GHz - SMC GigEcp1455University of TorontoCanada2003Academic5282534.417000080000http://www.utoronto.ca/0.5741003788

71Cray Inc.Cray X1c1448.42US Army HPC Research Center at NCSUnited States2003Research1241587.2http://www.arc.umn.edu/0.912563004

72Cray Inc.Cray X1c1448.42University of Alaska - ARSCUnited States2003Academic1241587.2http://www.arsc.edu/0.912563004

73IBMBlueGene/L Test Prototype, PowerPC 440 (Custom)i1435IBM - Thomas Watson Research CenterUnited States2003Research10242048110592http://www.research.ibm.com0.7006835938

74IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 3.06 GHz - Gig-Ecp1431.92Semiconductor Company (E)United States2003Industry80049860.2871881268

75IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1431.92VerisignUnited States2003Industry8003840http://www.verisign.com/0.3728958333

76IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.7 GHz GigEthci1424IBMUnited States2003Vendor3842611.2325000http://www.ibm.com0.5453431373

77Hewlett-PackardIntegrity rx4640-4x136 Itanium2 1.3 GHz, GigEct1418Energy CompanyUnited States2003Industry5442828.80.5012726244

78IBMSP Power3 375 MHzi1417Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO)United States2000Research13362004374000http://www.navo.hpc.mil/0.7070858283

79IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzi1384CINECAItaly2002Academic5122662.4200000http://www.cineca.it0.5198317308

80IBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayi1382NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research)United States2001Research12601890http://www.scd.ucar.edu/0.7312169312

81NECSX-7/160M5n1378National Institute for Fusion ScienceJapan2003Research1601412.820000015200http://www.nifs.ac.jp0.9753680634

82Legend GroupDeepComp 1800 - P4 Xeon 2 GHz - Myrinetcp1297Academy of Mathematics and System ScienceChina2002Academic51220481720000.6333007812

83IBMxSeries Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1296.35Geoscience CompanyMexico2003Industry7063953.60.327891036



86DellPowerEdge 650, 3.06 GHz, Gig Ethernetcp1212University of LiverpoolUnited Kingdom2003Academic9405752.8210000http://www.liv.ac.uk/0.2106800167

87IBMSP Power3 375 MHz 16 wayi1193Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryUnited States2001Research10881632http://www.llnl.gov/0.731004902

88NECSX-5/128M8 3.2nsn1192Osaka UniversityJapan2001Academic128128012953610240http://www.osaka-u.ac.jp/0.93125

89IBMSP Power3 375 MHzi1179National Centers for Environmental PredictionUnited States2000Research11041656http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/0.7119565217

90IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1175.19Public SectorChina2003Government6222985.60.393619373

91IBMpSeries 690 1.1GHzi1170CSC (Center for Scientific Computing)Finland2002Academic5122253http://www.csc.fi/english/0.5193075899

92IBMpSeries 690 1.1GHzi1170Florida State UniversityUnited States2002Academic5122253http://www.fsu.edu/0.5193075899

93Visual TechnologyOpteron 1.8 GHz, Gig Ethernetca1169Doshisha University, Intelligent Systems Design LaboratoryJapan2003Academic5121843.222000059000http://www.is.doshisha.ac.jp/0.6342230903

94Cray Inc.T3E1200h1166GovernmentUnited States2001Classified190022802300160.5114035088

95Cray Inc.T3E1200/900h1166ERDC MSRCUnited States1999Research17921999230016http://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/0.5832916458

96IBMxSeries Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1146.35Semiconductor Company (C)United States2003Industry6023371.20.3400421215

97IBMxSeries Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1143.46Semiconductor Company (D)Israel2003Industry60033600.3403154762

98SGISGI Altix 1.3 GHzt1142CSAR at the University of ManchesterUnited Kingdom2003Academic2561331.233408046000http://www.csar.cfs.ac.uk/0.8578725962

99SGISGI Altix 1.3 GHzt1142NASA/Ames Research Center/NASUnited States2003Research2561331.233408046000http://www.nas.nasa.gov/0.8578725962

100SGISGI Altix 1.5 GHzt1142Oak Ridge National LaboratoryUnited States2003Research2561331.233408046000http://www.csm.ornl.gov/0.8578725962

101SGISGI Altix 1.3 GHzt1142Silicon GraphicsUnited States2003Vendor2561331.233408046000http://www.sgi.com/0.8578725962

102Hewlett-PackardIntegrity rx2600 Itanium2 1.3 GHz Clusterct1137University of HoustonUnited States2003Academic3041580http://www.uh.edu/0.7196202532

103Self-madePentium Xeon Cluster 2.2 GHz - SCI 3Dcp1132National Supercomputer Centre (NSC)Sweden2002Academic400176021200032800http://www.nsc.liu.se0.6431818182

104IBMxSeries Xeon 2.8 GHz, Gig-Ethernetcp1114.62Semiconductor Company (C)United States2003Industry58032480.3431711823

105IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1105.96IntelIndia2003Industry5742755.2http://www.intel.com/0.4014082462

106Self-madePentium4 Xeon 2.4 GHz, Myrinetp1104NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterUnited States2003Research5282534.412000035000http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/0.4356060606

107IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 3.06 GHz - Gig-Ep1097.31Sony Pictures ImageworksUnited States2003Industry5683476.16http://www.sony.com/0.315667288

108DellPowerEdge 1750, Pentium4 Xeon 3.06 GHz, GigEcp1095Australian Centre for Advanced Computing and CommunicationsAustralia2003Academic3041860.4817900040000http://www.ac3.edu.au/0.5885577915

109IBMxSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Gig-Ecp1088.65Saudi AramcoSaudia Arabia2003Industry5622697.6http://www.saudiaramco.com/0.4035624259

110IBMpSeries 690 Turbo 1.3GHzi1081Nestec S.A.Switzerland2003Industry4002080http://www.nestle.com/0.5197115385

111Linux NetworxP4 Xeon 3.06 GHz, Infinibandcp1076Sandia National LaboratoriesUnited States2003Research2561566.7214500027350http://www.sandia.gov/0.6867851307

112DellPowerEdge 1750, P4 Xeon 3.06 GHz, GigEcp1068Compagnie Generale de Geophysique (CGG)United States2003Industry10246266.88http://www.cgg.com0.1704197304

113Linux NetworxPentium4 Xeon 3.06 GHz, Myrinetcp1060US Army Research Laboratory (ARL)United States2003Research2561566.7215943229858http://www.arl.mil/0.6765727124

114IBMAVIDD-B+AVIDD-I - xSeries Cluster Xeon 2.4 GHz - Myrinet&Force10cp1058Indiana UniversityUnited States2003Academic3

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WTEC Panel on High End Computing in Japan Site visits : March 29 - April 3, 2004

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