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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA.................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 MALAYSIAKINI BAHASA MALAYSIA


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Executive Summary of Key Results for MALAYSIAKINI BAHASAMALAYSIA

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Malaysiakini Bahasa Malaysia, we found the followingtrends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

The coverage of parties and coalitions was relatively equally split between BN and PR, with

a very slight skew towards PR.

The vast majority of the coverage of political parties and coalitions was neutral in tone (over90%), but with regards to non-neutral material, BN received the most positive coverage,while PR received the most negative coverage and very much the most attacks.

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

Najib Razak was the most mentioned politician, but overall, PR politicians were givensomewhat more coverage than BN politicians.

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (76%).

Anwar Ibrahim was the most negatively covered and attacked politician, followed by NajibRazak.

Najib Razak received the most positive coverage by a significant margin, followed by AnwarIbrahim.

Overall, PR politicians received the most of every kind of tonal coverage, with the exception

of attacks, which they received at a rate equal to that of BN.



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Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

BN politicians were used as sources most often (52%), with Najib Razak and Anwar Ibrahimthe individuals most commonly used as sources.

Najib Razak was the source carrying out the highest proportion of all 'attack politics',

followed by Mahathir Mohamad then Muhyiddin Yassin.

Overall, BN coalition politicians were engaged in attack politics significantly more often thaneither opposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given significantly more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.



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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage by a significant margin (31.99%), followed by PAS, PKR, PR,then DAP.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.


BN

PAS

PKR

PR

DAP

UMNO

MCA

PSM

Other

Gerakan

MIC

SAPP

SPDP

SUPP

PBS

UPKO

PBB

PRM

PRS

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

31.99

14.40

13.25

12.01

10.37

8.55

3.40

2.09

1.94

0.76

0.64

0.21

0.12

0.09

0.06

0.06

0.03

0.03

0.00

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, PR received slightly more coverage(50.03%) than BN (45.69%).



BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

45.69

50.03

2.33

1.94

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (90.20%).


0%4%

90%

5%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN was the most negatively covered (33.58%).

The three constituent parties of the opposition coalition (PAS, PKR & DAP) came in second,third and fourth most negatively covered, respectively.

PR was the most attacked party or coalition (31.25%), followed by PAS (25%) then DAP &BN in third equal place (18.75%).



BN

PR

DAP

PAS

UMNO

PKRMCA

Other

SUPP

Gerakan

MIC

PBB

PBS

PRS

PRM

PSM

SAPP

SPDP

UPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (46.75%) and neutral (31.2%) coverage by a significantmargin, followed by PR and its constituent parties.



BN

PR

DAP

PKR

PAS

UMNOOther

MCA

Gerakan

PSM

MIC

SAPP

SPDP

PBS

SUPP

UPKO

PBB

PRM

PRS

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Neutral Positive

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomesclear that BN received the most positive coverage, while PR received the most negativecoverage and very much the most attacks.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.8 5%

Neutral 1 : 1.1 90%

Negative 1 : 1.1 4%

Attacked 1 : 3 1%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

25.00

47.45

45.29

53.25

75.00

49.64

50.25

43.79

0.00

2.92

4.45

2.96

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions (24.65%), followed by AnwarIbrahim (19.15%), then Lim Kit Siang and Lim Guan Eng, with Ibrahim Ali coming in with fifthmost mentions overall.

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.


Najib Razak

Anwar IbrahimLim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Ibrahim Ali

Mahathir Mohamad

Nik Aziz

Khalid Samad

Rafizi Ramli

Muhyiddin Yassin

Khalid Ibrahim

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nizar Jamaluddin

Musa AmanNurul Izzah

Taib Mahmud

Chua Soi Lek

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Hishamuddin Hussein

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

24.65

19.157.54

5.18

4.71

4.40

4.24

4.08

3.14

2.98

2.83

1.88

1.88

1.571.57

1.57

1.10

1.10

1.10

0.94

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionswas somewhat skewed towards PR.



38%

54%

7%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak, Anwar Ibrahim and ECSpokespeople were most commonly used as sources, at 26.74%, 12.84% and 12.35%respectively.



Najib Razak

Anwar Ibrahim

Election Commission Spokesperson

Muhyiddin Yassin

Vox Pop Male

Mahathir Mohamad

Chua Soi Lek

Lim Guan Eng

Hadi Awang

Khalid Ibrahim

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

26.74

12.84

12.35

11.53

8.83

8.42

3.27

3.27

2.78

2.45

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (52%) than both independentpolitical figures and PR.



52%

25%

23%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category was used very much the most often (76%), followed by the negative andpositive categories.


11%

76%

11%3%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (31.34%) and was attacked the second most often (27.78%).

Najib Razak was attacked most often (33.33%) and received the second most negative

coverage (17.91%). All other figures trailed by a significant distance in these categories.

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.


Anwar Ibrahim

Najib Razak

Nik Aziz

Mahathir Mohamad

Khalid Samad

Rafizi Ramli

Muhyiddin Yassin

Ibrahim Ali

Khalid Ibrahim

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Taib Mahmud

Tian Chua

Chua Soi Lek

Dzulkefly Ahmad

Hassan Ali

Karpal Singh

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nizar Jamaluddin

Tony PuaAbdul Rahman Dahlan

Alfred Jabu

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (31.88%) and neutral coverage (24.27%), with Anwar Ibrahim receiving thesecond most neutral coverage (19.09%).

Lim Kit Siang received the second most positive coverage (13.04%), followed by Lim GuanEng and Khalid Ibrahim in third equal place (10.15%).



Najib RazakAnwar Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Ibrahim Ali

Mahathir Mohamad

Khalid Samad

Nik Aziz

Muhyiddin Yassin

Rafizi Ramli

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nizar Jamaluddin

Musa Aman

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Taib Mahmud

Hadi Awang

Hishamuddin Hussein

Chua Soi Lek

Hassan AliAmbiga Sreenevasan

James Masing

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Positive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, PR received the most of every kind of tonal coverage, with the exception of attacks,which they received at a rate equal to that of BN.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PRTonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 1.7 11%Neutral 1 : 1.3 76%

Negative 1 : 2.1 11%

Attacked 1 : 1 3%


Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

50.00

31.34

39.42

34.78

50.00

64.18

52.70

57.97

0.00

4.48

7.88

7.25

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Najib Razak (28.26%) was most commonly quoted as engaged in 'attack politics', followedby Mahathir Mohamad (23.91%), then Muhyiddin Yassin (17.39%).

Anwar Ibrahim and Hadi Awang were the most attack-prone opposition politicians (both6.53%), followed by Lim Guan Eng.



Najib Razak

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Anwar Ibrahim

Hadi Awang

Lim Guan Eng

Chua Soi Lek

Hassan Ali

Lim Kit Siang

Nik Aziz

Taib Mahmud

Vox Pop Male

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Baru Bian

Jeffrey Kitingan

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

28.26

23.91

17.39

6.52

6.52

4.35

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.17

2.17

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics much more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.



74%

22%

4%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.



26%

74%

Policy IssuesNon-PolicyIssues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all policy issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most attention,followed by Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security, and the Economy & Development.



39%

1%

10% 7%

2%

23%

7%

1%

8%

Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealthReligion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed byElectioneering and then Socioeconomic Status or demographic factors.



31%

6%

9% 24%

3%

2%

25%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 11988

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 532

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 17.2

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables


TABLE 1

Party Percentage

BN 31.989

DAP 10.37

Gerakan 0.75804

MCA 3.396

MIC 0.63675

PAS 14.403

PBB 0.030321

PBS 0.060643

PKR 13.25

PR 12.007

PRS 0

PRM 0.030321PSM 2.0922

SAPP 0.21225

SPDP 0.12129

SUPP 0.090964

UMNO 8.5506

UPKO 0.060643

Other 1.9406

TABLE 2

Party Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 31.989

BN 45.694251

Gerakan 0.75804

MCA 3.396

MIC 0.63675

PBB 0.030321

PBS 0.060643

PRS 0

SPDP 0.12129

SUPP 0.090964

UMNO 8.5506

UPKO 0.060643

PR 12.007

PR 50.03DAP 10.37

PAS 14.403

PKR 13.25

PRM 0.030321

Independent 2.334771PSM 2.0922

SAPP 0.21225

Other 1.9406 Other 1.9406

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 18.75 33.577 31.197 46.746 130.27

DAP 18.75 12.409 10.253 9.4675 50.8795

Gerakan 0 0 0.77572 1.1834 1.95912

MCA 0 3.6496 3.4064 1.7751 8.8311

MIC 0 0 0.70826 0 0.70826

PAS 25 10.949 14.941 6.5089 57.3989

PBB 0 0 0.033727 0 0.033727

PBS 0 0 0.067454 0 0.067454

PKR 0 5.1095 13.997 8.284 27.3905

PR 31.25 21.168 11.062 19.527 83.007

PRS 0 0 0 0 0

PRM 0 0 0.033727 0 0.033727

PSM 0 0 2.2934 0.59172 2.88512

SAPP 0 0 0.23609 0 0.23609

SPDP 0 0 0.13491 0 0.13491

SUPP 0 0.72993 0.067454 0 0.797384

UMNO 6.25 9.4891 8.8364 3.5503 28.1258

UPKO 0 0 0.067454 0 0.067454

Other 0 2.9197 1.8887 2.3669 7.1753

Parties &Coalitions


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TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 25

Negative 43.79603

Neutral 45.294779

Positive 53.2548

PR

Attacked 75

Negative 49.6355

Neutral 50.253

Positive 43.7874

Attacked 0

Negative 2.9197

Neutral 4.451917

Positive 2.95862

Independent &

Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0

Alfred Jabu 0.31397

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.62794Anwar Ibrahim 19.152

Azmin Ali 0

Baru Bian 0

Bernard Dompok 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0

Chua Soi Lek 1.0989

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0.15699

Elizabeth Wong 0

G. Palanivel 0

Hadi Awang 1.0989

Hassan Ali 1.0989

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.94192

Ibrahim Ali 4.7096

James Masing 0.62794

Jeffrey Kitingan 0.15699

Karpal Singh 0.31397

Khalid Ibrahim 2.8257

Khalid Samad 4.0816

Lim Guan Eng 5.1805

Lim Kit Siang 7.5353

Liow Tiong Lai 0.15699Mahathir Mohamad 4.3956

Maximus Ongkili 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 1.8838

Muhyiddin Yassin 2.9827

Musa Aman 1.5699

Najib Razak 24.647

Ng Yen Yen 0

Nik Aziz 4.2386

Nizar Jamaluddin 1.8838

Nurul Izzah 1.5699Rafizi Ramli 3.1397

Rosmah Mansur 0.47096

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 1.5699

Teresa Kok 0.15699

Tian Chua 0.78493

Tony Pua 0.15699

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 0.47096

Percentage(mention)


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TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 1.25589

BN 38.30482

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0

Alfred JabuPBB 1.88387

Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0

James Masing PRS 0.62794

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 34.53712

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa AmanNajib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 13.34375

PR 54.31666

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 13.34369

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 27.62922

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 0.62794

7.37836

Hassan Ali Independent 1.0989

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 4.7096

Rosmah Mansur 0.47096

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0.47096

Independent/Other

'1st lady'


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TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 3.2706

BN 52.00363

Mahathir Mohamad 8.4219


Musa Aman 0.65413

Najib Razak 26.738

Nazri Aziz 0.2453

Taib Mahmud 1.1447

Anwar Ibrahim 12.837

PR 24.69303

Baru Bian 0.16353

Hadi Awang 2.78

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 2.453

Lim Guan Eng 3.2706


Nik Aziz 1.3083

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0.7359

Independent 23.30363

Hassan Ali 0.4906

Vox Pop Male 8.8307

Vox Pop Female 0.7359

0.16353

12.347

Percentage(source)

u ic pinion ox opGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0.41494 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0 0 0.82988 0

Anwar Ibrahim 27.778 31.343 19.087 5.7971

Azmin Ali 0 0 0 0Baru Bian 0 0 0 0

Bernard Dompok 0 0 0 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

Chua Soi Lek 5.5556 1.4925 1.0373 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 1.4925 0 0

Elizabeth Wong 0 0 0 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0 0

Hadi Awang 0 0 1.4523 0

Hassan Ali 0 1.4925 1.0373 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 1.2448 0Ibrahim Ali 0 2.9851 4.7718 7.2464

James Masing 0 0 0.82988 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0.20747 0

Karpal Singh 0 1.4925 0.20747 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0 2.9851 1.8672 10.145

Khalid Samad 0 4.4776 3.9419 5.7971

Lim Guan Eng 0 2.9851 4.9793 10.145

Lim Kit Siang 0 2.9851 7.6763 13.043

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0.20747 0

Mahathir Mohamad 5.5556 5.9701 4.5643 1.4493

Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0 1.4925 2.2822 0

Muhyiddin Yassin 5.5556 2.9851 3.112 1.4493

Musa Aman 0 0 2.0747 0

Najib Razak 33.333 17.91 24.274 31.884

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0 0

Nik Aziz 11.111 5.9701 3.9419 2.8986

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 1.4925 2.0747 1.4493

Nurul Izzah 0 0 1.8672 1.4493

Rafizi Ramli 0 4.4776 2.4896 7.2464

Rosmah Mansur 0 0 0.62241 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 2.9851 1.6598 0

Teresa Kok 0 0 0.20747 0

Tian Chua 11.111 1.4925 0.41494 0

Tony Pua 0 1.4925 0 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0.62241 0


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TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 49.9998

Negative 31.3428

Neutral 39.41919

Positive 34.7826

PR

Attacked 50

Negative 64.1786

Neutral 52.69695

Positive 57.9708

Attacked 0

Negative 4.4776

Neutral 7.8838

Positive 7.2464

Independent/

Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 2.1739

BN 73.9128

Mahathir Mohamad 23.913


Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 28.261

Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 2.1739

Anwar Ibrahim 6.5217

PR 21.739

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 6.5217

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 4.3478


Nik Aziz 2.1739

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 4.3478

Hassan Ali 2.1739

Vox Pop Male 2.1739

Vox Pop Female 0

0

0

Percentage

(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 5.0095

Policy Issues 12.872447

Environment 0.19023

Economy/Development 1.2999Education 0.95117

Foreign Policy 0.31706

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.012

Oppressive Legislation 0.95117

Health 0.095117

Religion 1.0463

Ethnicity 11.763

37.57154

Religion 2.0926

Democracy & Human Rights 3.2974

Socioeconomic Status 9.0996

Mudslinging 1.0463

Gender 0.79264

Electioneering 9.48

Non-Policy

Issues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan2. Alfred Jabu

3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein16. James Masing

17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng43. Wong Soon Koh

44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng10. Lim Kit Siang

11. Mahathir Mohamad12. Muhyiddin Yassin

13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz

17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)

6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun

Murut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga



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8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights

2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration

2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy

2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity

8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors

1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban12. Rural13. Cost of Living

14. Other



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5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah6. Kelantan7. Malacca

8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance7. Sexism

8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

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