WtW Utusan Malaysia Final

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'Watching the Watchdog'Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: UTUSAN MALAYSIA

15/08/13

Dr Tessa J. HoughtonSchool of Modern Languages and Cultures

Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and CultureUniversity of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at:

[email protected] 523 4575

or

Masjaliza HamzahExecutive Officer

Centre for Independent [email protected]

03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspxhttp://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/CentrefortheStudyofCommunicationsandCulture/index.aspxmailto:[email protected]://cijmalaysia.org/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/http://www.nottingham.edu.my/Modern-Languages/index.aspx


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN MALAYSIA.............................................................................3Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.

Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................61.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage ....................................................................8Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10

Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................112.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................................11

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12

2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources.......................................................13Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14

2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs.Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18

2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative

Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' MostOften?............................................................................................................................................................ 19Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20

Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................213.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues.........................................................................................22Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................23

Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables..........................................................................................................................25

Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

2 UTUSAN MALAYSIA


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Executive Summary of Key Results for UTUSAN MALAYSIA

Introduction

Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through themedia the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy.

But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective informationabout national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment,and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for?

The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, televisionnews broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English,Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia,during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration betweenthe University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism.

The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report.

Key Results

In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Utusan Malaysia, we found the following trends:

(1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

PR were given the most coverage or talked about by a significant margin.

BN received the most positive coverage, while PR received the most negative coverage andattacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory was used very much the most often (84%), followed by the positive category (6%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures

Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about?

The volume of mention-level coverage given to politicians from both coalitions was skewedheavily towards PR (75%). Anwar Ibrahim was the most mentioned politician, followed by

Najib Razak. Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the

neutral category was used very much the most often (80%), followed by attacks (10%).

However, of the non-neutral material, much more positive coverage was given to BNpoliticians (over 69.74%), while PR politicians were given much more negative coverage(96.18%) and attacks (90.65%).

Indeed, BN politicians were never attacked.

Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most?

3 UTUSAN MALAYSIA


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Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak, Muyiddin Yassin and MahathirMohamad were most commonly used as sources by the media by a huge margin - theircombined use as sources represents over 60% of all source use.

Due in large part to this dominance, BN politicians were used much more often assources overall than PR politicians, who were used as sources just 15% of the time -notably less than independent political figures.

Mahathir Mohamad (34.78%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed byMuhyiddin Yassin (20.29%) then Najib Razak (19.32%), with these two politicians constitutingalmost 75% of all attacks.

The opposition leaders barely registered, showing that they were a) rarely given the chanceto appear as sources, and b) when they did so, they were rarely quoted as attacking.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.

(3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues.

The Non-Policy Issue of Ethnicity was the most covered issue overall.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions

Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

BN received the most coverage (27.88%), followed by PAS (18.02%), then DAP, PR, and PKR.

Refer to Table 1 for figures.

5 UTUSAN MALAYSIA

BN

PAS

DAP

PR

PKR

UMNO

Other

MCA

MIC

Gerakan

PSM

SUPP

PBS

PRS

SPDP

UPKO

PBB

SAPP

PRM

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

27.88

18.02

14.56

13.86

11.07

6.60

2.78

2.08

1.03

0.92

0.36

0.17

0.14

0.13

0.13

0.10

0.08

0.06

0.00

Volume


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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the PR coalition received the mostmention-level coverage by a significant margin (57.51%), as opposed to BN (39.25%).


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BN

PR

Independent

Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

39.25

57.51

0.43

2.78

Volume


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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutralcategory is used very much the most often (84%), followed by the positive category (6%).

7 UTUSAN MALAYSIA

5%5%

84%

6%

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive


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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

PR was the most negatively covered (27.18%), followed by DAP, PAS, PKR then BN.

PR and PAS were attacked the most, equal at 28.83%. DAP was second most attacked(19.63%), followed by PKR (12.27%).


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PR

DAP

PAS

PKR

BN

MCAOther

UMNO

MIC

Gerakan

SUPP

PSM

PBB

PBS

PRS

PRM

SAPP

SPDP

UPKO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

BN received the most positive (72.55%) and neutral (27.48%) coverage by a very significantmargin, with the opposition coalition/parties receiving very little positive coverage at all.


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BN

PAS

DAP

PR

PKR

UMNOOther

MCA

MIC

Gerakan

PSM

SUPP

PBS

PRS

SPDP

UPKO

SAPP

PBB

PRM

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, it becomesvery clear that BN's coverage was very significantly positive, while PR received the mostnegative coverage and attacks. This dichotomous trend was extremely pronounced.

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios.

CoverageType

BN : PR TonalWeighting

Positive 1 : 0.2 6%

Neutral 1 : 1.4 84%

Negative 1 : 6.23 5%

Attacked 1 : 8.9 5%

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Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent & Other

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

10.12

13.59

39.46

83.15

89.57

84.67

57.01

14.40

0.31

1.74

3.52

2.45

Coverage Volume


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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph.

Of these 20, Anwar Ibrahim received the most mentions by a significant proportion (26.77%),followed by Najib Razak, then Lim Kit Siang and Lim Guan Eng, with Nik Aziz coming in withthe fifth most mentions overall.

Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Anwar Ibrahim

Najib RazakLim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Nik Aziz

Hadi Awang

Karpal Singh

Mahathir Mohamad

Nurul Izzah

Azmin Ali

Muhyiddin Yassin

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Tian Chua

Khalid IbrahimRafizi Ramli

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Rosmah Mansur

Ibrahim Ali

Hassan Ali

Chua Soi Lek

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

26.77

15.499.49

8.08

7.79

6.82

6.49

3.49

2.57

1.69

1.65

1.55

1.45

1.260.97

0.82

0.63

0.53

0.44

0.34

Coverage Volume


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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and mergedinto their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitionsis skewed heavily towards PR (75%).


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22%

75%

3%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak, Muyiddin Yassin and MahathirMohamad were most commonly used as sources by the media by a huge margin - theircombined use as sources represents over 60% of all source use.

This dominance flows on to the next graph which shows combined source use from eachcoalition across all politicians tracked.

Interestingly, while Muhyiddin was spoken about relatively little, he was used as a source orallowed to speak very often.

Opposition politicians were rarely used as sources.


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Najib Razak

Muhyiddin Yassin

Mahathir Mohamad

Hadi Awang

Hassan Ali

Anwar Ibrahim

Nik Aziz

Election Commission Spokesperson

Lim Guan Eng

Chua Soi Lek

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

26.30

21.86

16.89

5.96

3.45

3.04

2.81

2.45

2.22

1.93

Coverage Volume


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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Governmentvs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (68%) than both independentpolitical figures and PR, whose politicians received only 15% use as sources.


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68%

15%

17%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, theneutral category is used very much the most often (80%), followed by attacks (10%).

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4%

80%

6%

10%

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Attacked


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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim receivedthe most negative coverage (41.99%) and was attacked the most often (36.45%) by a verysignificant margin.

Hadi Awang, Khalid Ibrahim, Nik Aziz and then Lim Kit Siang were second to fifth mostnegatively mentioned, respectively.

Lim Guan Eng was the second most attacked (13.08%), followed by Lim Kit Siang, Nik Aziz,Hadi Awang, then Karpal Singh.

Notably, BN political figures were very rarely attacked and were never covered negatively.

Refer to Table 8 for full figures.

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Anwar Ibrahim

Hadi Awang

Khalid Ibrahim

Nik Aziz

Lim Kit Siang

Azmin Ali

Karpal Singh

Nurul Izzah

Lim Guan Eng

Rafizi Ramli

Rosmah Mansur

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Khalid Samad

Nizar Jamaluddin

Mahathir Mohamad

Chua Soi Lek

Elizabeth Wong

James Masing

Mohamad 'Mat' SabuAbdul Rahman Dahlan

Alfred Jabu

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Attacked Negative

Coverage Volume


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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received themost positive (61.84%) coverage by a very significant margin all others trail by a hugemargin.

Anwar Ibrahim received the most neutral coverage (25.46%), followed by Najib Razak(16.71%).


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Anwar IbrahimNajib Razak

Lim Kit Siang

Lim Guan Eng

Nik Aziz

Karpal Singh

Hadi Awang

Mahathir Mohamad

Nurul Izzah

Muhyiddin Yassin

Tian Chua

Azmin Ali

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Rafizi Ramli

Khalid Ibrahim

Ibrahim Ali

Hassan Ali

Rosmah Mansur

Chua Soi LekG. Palanivel

Khalid Samad

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Posi tive Neutral

Coverage Volume


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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs.Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Overall, much more positive coverage was given to BN politicians (over 69.74%), while PRpoliticians were given much more negative coverage (96.18%) and attacks (90.65%).

Indeed, BN politicians were never covered negatively (hence the non-standard ratioexpression below).

It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly thelargest category.

Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios.

Coverage

TypeBN : PR

Tonal

Weighting

Positive 1 : 0.4 4%

Neutral 1 : 3.1 79%

Negative 0 : 90.6 6%

Attacked 1 : 21.53 10%

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Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

Attacked

Negative

Neutral

Positive

BN

PR

Independent/ Other

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

4.21

0.00

23.56

69.74

90.65

96.18

73.68

26.32

5.14

3.82

2.75

3.95

Coverage Volume


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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: AttackPolitics or Negative Campaigning

Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics'

Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Mahathir Mohamad (34.78%) was most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed byMuhyiddin Yassin (20.29%) then Najib Razak (19.32%), with these two politicians constitutingalmost 75% of all attacks.

The opposition leaders follow at a distance, with Hadi Awang registering most attacks.


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Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Najib Razak

Hadi Awang

Nik Aziz

Anwar Ibrahim

Hassan Ali

Lim Guan Eng

Ambiga Sreenevasan

Baru Bian

Chua Soi Lek

Jeffrey Kitingan

Khalid Ibrahim

Lim Kit Siang

Musa Aman

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

34.78

20.29

19.32

4.35

3.38

0.97

0.97

0.48

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Attack Volume


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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source.

Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics vastly more often than eitheropposition politicians or independent politicians or political figures.

PR politicians were very rarely 'allowed' to attack others.


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74%

9%

16%

BN

PR

Independent/Other


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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

More coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues than Policy Issues.


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43%

57%

Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues


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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

Of all Policy Issues covered, Religion was given the most attention, followed by Vision Policiesand Programmes, the Economy and Development, then Domestic policy, Crime & NationalSecurity.


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23%

1%

19%

4%12%

14%

2%1%

25%Policy Issues

VisionPolicies/ProgrammesEnvironmentEconomy/DevelopmentEducationForeign PolicyDomestic Policy, Crime &National SecurityOppressive LegislationHealth

Religion


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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Ethnicity was given the most coverage, followed by Religionand Socioeconomic status, then Mudslinging.


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27%

18%

11%

18%

13%

5%

7%

Non-Policy Issues

Ethnicity

Religion

Democracy & Human Rights

Socioeconomic Status

Mudslinging

Gender

Electioneering


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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days)

Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 22852

Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 1096

Average number of articles/day: na/d = 35.4

Data Collection

The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society,coded their assigned media on a daily basis.

Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria:

They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, orwere the paper's editorial (if they run one).

They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily.

They were from within the TV news broadcasts.

They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns,opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level

(from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' areoutlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study.

Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching eachreference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjectivelanguage/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source beingquoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coderswere instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support apositive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted.

Data Analysis

The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinarymathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well asmuch higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key data-codes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of codeddata (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised toprovide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

24 UTUSAN MALAYSIA
http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/http://www.gnu.org/software/octave/


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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

25 UTUSAN MALAYSIA

TABLE 1

Par ty Percentage

BN 27.883

DAP 14.56

Gerakan 0.9199

MCA 2.0777

MIC 1.0309

PAS 18.017

PBB 0.079302

PBS 0.14274

PKR 11.071

PR 13.862

PRS 0.12688

PRM 0

PSM 0.36479

SAPP 0.063442

SPDP 0.12688

SUPP 0.17446

UMNO 6.5979

UPKO 0.095163

Other 2.7756

TABLE 2

Par ty Percentage Coalition Percentage

BN 27.883

BN 39.254825

Gerakan 0.9199

MCA 2.0777

MIC 1.0309

PBB 0.079302

PBS 0.14274

PRS 0.12688

SPDP 0.12688

SUPP 0.17446

UMNO 6.5979

UPKO 0.095163

PR 13.862

PR 57.51DAP 14.56

PAS 18.017

PKR 11.071

PRM 0

Independent 0.428232PSM 0.36479

SAPP 0.063442

Other 2.7756 Other 2.7756

TABLE 3

Attacked Negative Neutral Positive TOTAL

BN 3.3742 7.6655 27.478 72.554 111.0717

DAP 19.632 21.603 14.587 4.0761 59.8981

Gerakan 0.6135 0.69686 0.94233 1.087 3.33969

MCA 0.30675 2.0906 2.2239 1.6304 6.25165

MIC 0 1.3937 0.99887 2.1739 4.56647

PAS 28.834 18.815 18.281 3.5326 69.4626

PBB 0 0 0.037693 0.81522 0.852913

PBS0 0 0.16962 0

0.16962

PKR 12.27 17.073 11.233 2.9891 43.5651

PR 28.834 27.178 12.91 3.8043 72.7263

PRS 0 0 0.13193 0.27174 0.40367

PRM 0 0 0 0 0

PSM 0.30675 0 0.41462 0 0.72137

SAPP 0 0 0.075386 0 0.075386

SPDP 0 0 0.13193 0.27174 0.40367

SUPP 0 0.34843 0.16962 0.27174 0.78979

UMNO 5.8282 1.3937 7.0675 4.0761 18.3655

UPKO 0 0 0.11308 0 0.11308

Other 0 1.7422 3.0343 2.4457 7.2222

Parties &Coalitions


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26 UTUSAN MALAYSIA

TABLE 4

BN

Attacked 10.12265

Negative 10.32788

Neutral 39.464473

Positive 83.15184

PR

Attacked 89.57

Negative 84.669

Neutral 57.011

Positive 14.4021

A ttacked 0.30675

Negative 1.7422

Neutral 3 .524306

Positive 2.4457

Independent &

Other

TABLE 5

Politician/Political Figure

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0

Alfred Jabu 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 1.5489

Anwar Ibrahim 26.767Azmin Ali 1.6941

Baru Bian 0.048403

Bernard Dompok 0.048403

Chong Chieng Jen 0

Chua Soi Lek 0.33882

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0

Elizabeth Wong 0.24201

G. Palanivel 0.29042

Hadi Awang 6.8248

Hassan Ali 0.43562

Hishamuddin Hussein 0.096805

Ibrahim Ali 0.53243

James Masing 0.048403

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Karpal Singh 6.486

Khalid Ibrahim 1.2585

Khalid Samad 0.33882

Lim Guan Eng 8.0833

Lim Kit Siang 9.4869

Liow Tiong Lai 0

Mahathir Mohamad 3.485

Maximus Ongkili 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.82285

Muhyiddin Yassin 1.6457

Musa Aman 0.096805

Najib Razak 15.489

Ng Yen Yen 0.14521

Nik Aziz 7.7928

Nizar Jamaluddin 0.096805

Nurul Izzah 2.5653

Rafizi Ramli 0.96805Rosmah Mansur 0.62924

Siti Mariah Mahmud 0

Taib Mahmud 0

Teresa Kok 0.19361

Tian Chua 1.4521

Tony Pua 0

William Mawan 0

Wong Ho Leng 0.048403

Wong Soon Koh 0

Yong Teck Lee 0

Percentage(mention)


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27 UTUSAN MALAYSIA

TABLE 6

Politician/Political Figure Party etc. Percentage Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek

MCA 0.48403

BN 21.684566

Liow Tiong Lai

Ng Yen Yen

G. Palanivel MIC 0.29042

Alfred Jabu PBB 0Taib Mahmud

Maximus Ongkili PBS 0

James Masing PRS 0.048403

William Mawan SPDP 0

Wong Soon Koh SUPP 0

Abdul Rahman Dahlan

UMNO 20.81331

Hishamuddin Hussein

Mahathir Mohamad

Muhyiddin Yassin

Musa AmanNajib Razak

Bernard Dompok UPKO 0.048403

Chong Chieng Jen

DAP 24.298213

PR 75.169751

Karpal Singh

Lim Guan Eng

Lim Kit Siang

Teresa Kok

Tony Pua

Wong Ho Leng

Dzulkefly Ahmad

PAS 15.876075

Hadi Awang

Khalid Samad

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu

Nik Aziz

Nizar Jamaluddin

Siti Mariah Mahmud

Anwar Ibrahim

PKR 34.995463

Azmin Ali

Baru Bian

Elizabeth Wong

Jeffrey KitinganKhalid Ibrahim

Nurul Izzah

Rafizi Ramli

Tian Chua

Ambiga Sreenevasan Bersih 1.5489

3.14619

Hassan Ali Independent 0.43562

Ibrahim Ali Perkasa 0.53243

Rosmah Mansur 0.62924

Yong Teck Lee SAPP 0

Independent/

Other'1st lady'


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28 UTUSAN MALAYSIA

TABLE 7

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 1.9287

BN 67.504715



Musa Aman 0.17534Najib Razak 26.3

Nazri Aziz 0.29223

Taib Mahmud 0.058445

Anwar Ibrahim 3.0392

PR 15.312695

Baru Bian 0.058445

Hadi Awang 5.9614

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0.35067

Lim Guan Eng 2.2209

Lim Kit Siang 0.87668

Nik Aziz 2.8054

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 17.183

Hassan Ali 3.4483

Vox Pop Male 4.9679

Vox Pop Female 1.052

5.2601

2.4547

Percentage

(source)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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29 UTUSAN MALAYSIA

TABLE 8

Politician/Political Figure Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

Abdul Rahman Dahlan 0 0 0 0

Alfred Jabu 0 0 0 0

Ambiga Sreenevasan 4.6729 1.5267 1.1016 2.6316

Anwar Ibrahim 36.449 41.985 25.459 5.2632

Azmin Ali 0.93458 6.1069 1.4688 1.3158Baru Bian 0 0 0 1.3158

Bernard Dompok 0 0 0.0612 0

Chong Chieng Jen 0 0 0 0

Chua Soi Lek 0.46729 0 0.3672 0

Dzulkefly Ahmad 0 0 0 0

Elizabeth Wong 0.46729 0 0.2448 0

G. Palanivel 0 0 0.3672 0

Hadi Awang 7.0093 10.687 6.6707 3.9474

Hassan Ali 0 0 0.5508 0

Hishamuddin Hussein 0 0 0.1224 0Ibrahim Ali 0 0 0.5508 1.3158

James Masing 0.46729 0 0 0

Jeffrey Kitingan 0 0 0 0

Karpal Singh 5.6075 3.8168 7.0991 1.3158

Khalid Ibrahim 1.8692 8.3969 0.67319 0

Khalid Samad 0 1.5267 0.306 0

Lim Guan Eng 13.084 2.2901 8.0171 5.2632

Lim Kit Siang 12.15 6.1069 9.7919 1.3158

Liow Tiong Lai 0 0 0 0

Mahathir Mohamad 3.271 0 3.672 6.5789

Maximus Ongkili 0 0 0 0

Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu 0.46729 0 0.91799 1.3158

Muhyiddin Yassin 0 0 1.9584 1.3158

Musa Aman 0 0 0.1224 0

Najib Razak 0 0 16.707 61.842

Ng Yen Yen 0 0 0.1836 0

Nik Aziz 8.4112 6.8702 7.6499 2.6316

Nizar Jamaluddin 0 0.76336 0.0612 0

Nurul Izzah 1.4019 3.0534 2.8152 0

Rafizi Ramli 2.3364 2.2901 0.73439 0

Rosmah Mansur 0.46729 2.2901 0.5508 0Siti Mariah Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Taib Mahmud 0 0 0 0

Teresa Kok 0 0 0.1224 2.6316

Tian Chua 0.46729 2.2901 1.5912 0

Tony Pua 0 0 0 0

William Mawan 0 0 0 0

Wong Ho Leng 0 0 0.0612 0

Wong Soon Koh 0 0 0 0

Yong Teck Lee 0 0 0 0


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30 UTUSAN MALAYSIA

TABLE 9

BN

Attacked 4.20558

Negative 0

Neutral 23.5614

Positive 69.7367

PR

Attacked 90.65495

Negative 96.18346

Neutral 73.68407

Positive 26.316

Attacked 5.14019

Negative 3.8168

Neutral 2.754

Positive 3.9474

Independent/

Other

TABLE 10

Politician/Political Figure Coalition Percentage

Chua Soi Lek 0

BN 74.397



Musa Aman 0

Najib Razak 19.324

Nazri Aziz0Taib Mahmud 0

Anwar Ibrahim 0.96618

PR 9.17867

Baru Bian 0

Hadi Awang 4.3478

Jeffrey Kitingan 0

Khalid Ibrahim 0

Lim Guan Eng 0.48309

Lim Kit Siang 0

Nik Aziz 3.3816

Ambiga Sreenevasan 0

Independent 16.42478

Hassan Ali 0.96618

Vox Pop Male 12.56

Vox Pop Female 2.8986

0

0

Percentage

(source +attacking)

Public Opinion/Vox PopGeneral

Election CommissionSpokesperson


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31 UTUSAN MALAYSIA

TABLE 11

Issues Coverage PI/NPI Coverage

Vision Policies/Programmes 6.2005

Policy Issues 26.94969

Environment 0.17762Economy/Development 5.1348

Education 1.0496

Foreign Policy 3.181

Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security 3.6977

Oppressive Legislation 0.50057

Health 0.2745

Religion 6.7334

Ethnicity 9.7529

35.5562

Religion 6.5396

Democracy & Human Rights 4.053

Socioeconomic Status 6.4266

Mudslinging 4.6827

Gender 1.647

Electioneering 2.4544

Non-PolicyIssues


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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned)

1. Abdul Rahman Dalan

2. Alfred Jabu3. Ambiga Sreenevasan4. Anwar Ibrahim5. Azmin Ali6. Baru Bian7. Bernard Dompok8. Chong Chieng Jen9. Chua Soi Lek10. Dzulkefly Ahmad11. Elizabeth Wong12. G. Palanivel13. Hadi Awang14. Hassan Ali15. Hishamuddin Hussein

16. James Masing17. Jeffrey Kitingan18. Karpal Singh19. Khalid Ibrahim20. Khalid Samad21. Lim Guan Eng22. Lim Kit Siang23. Liow Tiong Lai24. Mahathir Mohamad25. Maximus Ongkili26. Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu27. Muhyiddin Yassin28. Musa Aman

29. Najib Razak30. Ng Yen Yen31. Nik Aziz32. Nizar Jamaluddin33. Nurul Izzah34. Rafizi Ramli35. Rosmah Mansur36. Siti Mariah Mahmud37. Taib Mahmud38. Teresa Kok39. Tian Chua40. Tony Pua41. William Mawan42. Wong Ho Leng

43. Wong Soon Koh44. Yong Teck Lee

2. Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source)

1. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih)2. Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)3. Baru Bian4. Chua Soi Lek5. Hadi Awang6. Hassan Ali7. Jeffrey Kitingan8. Khalid Ibrahim9. Lim Guan Eng

10. Lim Kit Siang11. Mahathir Mohamad

12. Muhyiddin Yassin13. Musa Aman14. Najib Razak

15. Nazri Aziz16. Nik Aziz17. Taib Mahmud18. Vox Pop Male19. Vox Pop Female20. Public Opinion/Vox Pop General21. Election Commission Spokesperson

3. Party or Coalition

1. BN (Barisan Nasional)2. DAP (Democratic Action Party)3. Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement

Party)

4. MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association)5. MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress)6. PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party)7. PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu)8. PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah)9. PKR (People's Justice Party)10. PR (Pakatan Rakyat)11. PRS (Sarawak People's Party)12. PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia)13. PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia)14. SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party)15. SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party)16. SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party)

17. UMNO (United Malays National Organisation)18. UPKO (United Pasokmomogun KadazandusunMurut Organisation)

4. Organisations

1. Bersih2. Community-based organisations.3. Democracy- or human rights-oriented

organisations (excluding Bersih)4. Environmentally-oriented organisations5. Ethnicity-oriented organisations6. JATI7. Perkasa8. Professionals organisations9. Religious organisations.10. Trade Unions11. Womens' rights or issues focused organisations.12. Youth or student focused organisations13. Election Commission

5. Policy Issues

1. Vision Policies or Programmes1. 1Malaysia2. GTP (Government Transformation

Programme)3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme)

4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas)5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

32 UTUSAN MALAYSIA


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6. PAS's Welfare State7. PKR's Buku Jingga8. NEM (New Economic Model)9. 'Transformasi'10. BN Manifesto11. PR Manifesto12. Other

2. Environment1. Deforestation/Land Rights2. Recycling3. Lynas4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas)5. Damming Projects6. Other

3. Economy/Development1. Recession2. Welfare3. Unemployment4. Poverty5. Privatisation6. Growth/FDI7. FTA/Globalisation8. Inflation/Price Rises9. Infrastructure10. Housing11. Other

4. Education1. Vernacular Schools2. Access3. PPSMI4. Academic Freedom5. System

6. PTPTN7. Other

5. Foreign Policy1. Western World2. Singapore (Mentions of)3. Singapore (Comparison with)4. China5. India6. Islamic World7. Israel/Palestine8. Indonesia9. Other

6. Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security1. Immigration2. Illegals/Refugees3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu)4. Crime5. Lahad Datu Incident6. Other

7. Oppressive Legislation1. ISA (Internal Security Act)2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University

Colleges Act 1971)3. Sedition Act

4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act)5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012)

6. SOSMA (Security Offences (SpecialMeasures) Act 2012)

7. Other

8. Health1. 1Care2. Other

9. Religion1. Apostasy2. Islamic State3. Hudud4. Conversion (into Islam)5. 'Allah' issue6. Other

6. Non-Policy Issues

1. Ethnicity1. Malaysia2. Chinese3. Indian/South Asian4. Orang Asli5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak6. Thai7. Portuguese/Eurasian8. Malay Rights9. Other

2. Religion1. Islam2. Buddhism/Taoism3. Hinduism4. Christianity5. Sikhism

6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related)7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity8. Interfaith Friction9. Other

3. Democracy & Human Rights1. General Corruption2. Electoral Corruption3. Media Freedom4. Electoral Reform5. Electoral Legislation6. 2-Party System7. Protest/Rallies8. Other

4. Socioeconomic Sectors1. Middle Class/Professionals2. Working Class3. Aristocracy/Monarchy4. Civil Service5. Military and Police6. FELDA7. Plantation/Estate Workers8. Chine New Villagers9. Senior Citizens/Retirees10. RELA/Wataniah11. Urban

12. Rural13. Cost of Living

33 UTUSAN MALAYSIA


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14. Other

5. Territory1. Kuala Lumpur2. Labuan3. Putrajaya4. Johor5. Kedah

6. Kelantan7. Malacca8. Negeri Sembilan9. Pahang10. Perak11. Perlis12. Penang13. Sabah14. Sarawak15. Selangor16. Terengganu17. Sarawak Independence18. Sabah Independence

6. Mudslinging1. Anwar/Sodomy2. Altantuya3. Rosmah4. Penang CM5. Selangor CM6. NFC7. Arms Deals8. Psy/CNY Concert9. Project IC10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose11. Other

7. Gender

1. Sexuality2. Women in politics3. Personal/Private life4. Womens' Issues5. LGBT/Q6. Appearance

7. Sexism8. Other

8. Electioneering1. Event-specific Gifts2. Handouts3. Timely Developments4. Election Promises5. Baby-kissing6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War7. Other

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