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11 million people were 11 million people were exterminatedexterminated
6 million Jews 6 million Jews 5 million others 5 million others ((homosexuals, homosexuals, the mentally and physically the mentally and physically handicapped, handicapped, prisoners of war,prisoners of war, and Gypsiesand Gypsies))
1933-
1945
They were shot, They were shot, starved, gassed starved, gassed and burned…and burned…
Defining the HolocaustDefining the Holocaust the the annihilationannihilation of the Jews and of the Jews and
other groups of European people other groups of European people under the Nazi regime during under the Nazi regime during World War IIWorld War II
GENOCIDEGENOCIDE: the systematic : the systematic exterminationextermination of a nationality or of a nationality or groupgroup
HOLOCAUST - originally meant a sacrifice totally burned by fire
“Jews are not welcome here”
Casualties of the Holocaust:Casualties of the Holocaust: 63% of Jewish population in 63% of Jewish population in EuropeEurope killed killed 91% of Jewish population in Poland killed91% of Jewish population in Poland killed Auschwitz-BirkenauAuschwitz-Birkenau was liberated by Soviet was liberated by Soviet
troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, troops on Jan. 27, 1945. The Soviets found 836, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 255 women’s dresses, 348, 000 men’s suits, 38, 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of 000 pairs of men’s shoes and 14, 000 pounds of human hair. But only… human hair. But only… 7, 6507, 650 live live prisonersprisoners
European Jewish Population European Jewish Population in 1933 was in 1933 was 9,508,3409,508,340
Estimated Jewish Estimated Jewish survivors of Holocaust: survivors of Holocaust:
3,546,2113,546,211
How did the Holocaust How did the Holocaust Happen?Happen?
The Power of WordsThe Power of Words Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism The Stages of The Stages of
IsolationIsolation
The Power of Words…The Power of Words… ““The great masses of the people will more easily The great masses of the people will more easily
fall victims to a big lie than a small one”fall victims to a big lie than a small one”
““How fortunate for leaders that men do not How fortunate for leaders that men do not think”think”
““The victor will never be asked if he told the The victor will never be asked if he told the truth”truth”
““The personification of the devil as the symbol The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew”of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew”
What do all these quotes have in common?What do all these quotes have in common?
All belong to Adolf All belong to Adolf Hitler…Hitler…
Europe’s age-old Anti-Europe’s age-old Anti-SemitismSemitism
the hatred of or prejudice against Jews
common since the Middle Ages when the Catholic Church taught that Jews were responsible for killing Jesus
Jews were expelled for a time from France (1254), England (1290), and Spain (1492)
people blamed the Jews for the Black Death hundreds were burned at the stake amidst general persecution and murder of Jews {16th century drawing }
Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism
pogroms took place in Russiapogroms took place in Russia towards the end of the 19th towards the end of the 19th
century, Jewish century, Jewish bankers were were blamed for Germany’s blamed for Germany’s economic woes. The Jews were economic woes. The Jews were seen as evil and seen as evil and greedy capitalists
Jewish ConspiracyJewish Conspiracy The Protocols of the Elders The Protocols of the Elders
of Zionof Zion
Henry Ford
after the defeat in WWI, German anti-Semitism reached new heights as Jews were blamed for the loss
The Stages of Isolation (The The Stages of Isolation (The Holocaust)Holocaust)The Holocaust was a progression of acts leading to the The Holocaust was a progression of acts leading to the
annihilation of millions:annihilation of millions:
1: Stripping of Rights1: Stripping of Rights
2: Segregation2: Segregation
3: Concentration3: Concentration
4: Extermination4: Extermination
Stage 1: Stripping of Stage 1: Stripping of RightsRightsNuremberg Laws (1935) Nuremberg Laws (1935)
stated that all German JEWS were : stated that all German JEWS were : stripped of German citizenship stripped of German citizenship fired from jobs & businesses fired from jobs & businesses
boycottedboycotted bannedbanned from schools & universities from schools & universities marriages between Jews and Aryans marriages between Jews and Aryans
forbiddenforbidden forced to carry forced to carry ID cards ID cards Passports stamped with a “J”Passports stamped with a “J” forced to wear the arm band of the forced to wear the arm band of the
Yellow “Yellow “Star of DavidStar of David”” Jewish synagogues destroyedJewish synagogues destroyed forced to pay reparations and a forced to pay reparations and a
special income taxspecial income tax
1935
Passports to be carried at all times:
“J” for “Juden”
Seat Restrictions on Streetcars
Identification and Registration
Identifying Jewish Businesses
Boycotting Jewish Shops
Boycott
Kristallnacht - 1938• the Nazis began deporting Polish Jews living in Germany• Herschel Grynszpan had been sent by his parents to Paris• when his family was deported, Grynszpan, by way of protest, attempts to assassinate a German diplomat in the Paris embassy (the official dies two days later)• Nazi hierarchy suggests an international Jewish conspiracy exists• back in Germany (and Austria) anti-Semitic pogroms break out
• on the “Night of Broken Glass” Jewish shops and synagogues are damaged, destroyed and looted• 26,000 Jews are arrested, 91 die• further economic and political persecution of Jews would follow• it marks the ominous beginning of the Holocaust
“International Jewish conspiracy”
Treatment of Jews during the 1930s
Looted stores
Burnt synagogues
Public mistreatment
EmigrationEmigration
early on the Nazi state early on the Nazi state offered its Jews a way offered its Jews a way out: voluntary out: voluntary emigration emigration
faced with faced with discriminatory laws and discriminatory laws and policies, many Jews felt policies, many Jews felt they had no choice but they had no choice but to leaveto leave
the problem was finding the problem was finding nations that would take nations that would take the Jewish refugeesthe Jewish refugees
German Jewish Immigrants reach Montreal in November 1938.
this “First Solution” offered by the Nazis met with little success Canada, for instance, accepted very few Jews
in 1939, The St. Louis, with 900 Jewish refugees, was turned away. The ship returned to Europe where 3/4 of the refugees died in concentration camps
Stage 2: Stage 2: Segregation Segregation GHETTOSGHETTOS
Jews were forced to live in Jews were forced to live in designated areas called “designated areas called “ghettosghettos” to ” to isolateisolate them from the rest of society them from the rest of society
these enclosed and these enclosed and fortified areas fortified areas would become home to the Jews of would become home to the Jews of occupied Europeoccupied Europe
Nazis established 356 ghettos in Nazis established 356 ghettos in PolandPoland, the Soviet Union, , the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary during WWIIHungary during WWII
ghettos were filthy, with poor ghettos were filthy, with poor sanitation and extreme sanitation and extreme overcrowdingovercrowding
Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held Warsaw, the largest ghetto, held 500,000 people and was 3.5 square 500,000 people and was 3.5 square miles in size (It was liquidated in miles in size (It was liquidated in April 1943)April 1943)
1939
Moving in…Registration Card
The Ghetto
Warsaw Ghetto
Warsaw, the Warsaw, the largest ghetto, largest ghetto, held 500,000 held 500,000 people and was people and was 3.5 square miles 3.5 square miles in sizein size
it was liquidated it was liquidated in April 1943in April 1943
Life in the ghettos
diseasedisease was rampant and food was in was rampant and food was in such short supply that many slowly such short supply that many slowly starved to deathstarved to death
ghettos were located both outside of ghettos were located both outside of and inside the citiesand inside the cities
Ghetto Ration Card
Nazi ghettosNazi ghettos were a were a preliminary preliminary step step in the in the annihilation of the Jews, eventually becoming transition annihilation of the Jews, eventually becoming transition
areas and collection points for deportation to areas and collection points for deportation to concentration & death campsconcentration & death camps
Oskar Oskar SchindlerSchindler“Whoever saves one “Whoever saves one life, saves the entire life, saves the entire world”world”• Oskar Schindler, a vain and greedy German businessman, Oskar Schindler, a vain and greedy German businessman, becomes an unlikely becomes an unlikely humanitarianhumanitarian amid the barbaric Nazi reign amid the barbaric Nazi reign• having initially moved to Poland to having initially moved to Poland to profit profit fromfrom Jewish slave Jewish slave labour labour available from the ghetto, Schindler in time feels available from the ghetto, Schindler in time feels compelled to turn his factory into a compelled to turn his factory into a refuge refuge for Jewsfor Jews• Schindler managed to Schindler managed to savesave about 1,100 Jews from being gassed about 1,100 Jews from being gassed at the Auschwitz concentration campat the Auschwitz concentration camp
The Ghettos are emptied… 1943
Stage 3: Concentration Stage 3: Concentration CampsCamps
camps had existed in Germany since 1933, yet camps had existed in Germany since 1933, yet proliferate after proliferate after 1940 1940
essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual murder essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual murder of its enemiesof its enemies
slave labor slave labor is used: “is used: “annihilation by workannihilation by work”” prisoners faced prisoners faced undernourishmentundernourishment and and starvationstarvation prisoners transported in prisoners transported in freight cars freight cars designed for cattledesigned for cattle camps built along railroad lines for efficient transportation camps built along railroad lines for efficient transportation
1940
• beginning in 1938, Jews were targeted for internment solely because they were Jews
• before then, only Jews who fit one of the earlier categories faced internment in the camps
• the camps were run by the S.S.
• they used the camps to make money and rented out labour to industrialists like Krupp
Heinrich Himmler
Jews Political adversaries(Communists & Social Democrats)The socially and racially undesirable (homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Gypsies, the handicapped)Prisoners of war
WHO WHO ??
Forced Labour in Quarry
Slave Labour in Factories
Life in the Life in the CampsCamps possessions were possessions were
confiscatedconfiscated
arms arms tattooedtattooed
men, women and children men, women and children were were separatedseparated
prison uniforms were provided
heads were shaved
Birkenau
CampsGuards
random acts of violence were common
survival based on trade skills / physical strength
the food was terrible and insufficient
Inside the concentration Inside the concentration
campscamps
unsanitary, disease- ridden, and lice infested barracks were the norm
overcrowding was a major problem and contributed to the spread of diseases (such as typhus)
Yellow: Jews {Star of David} Red: Political dissidents Green: Common criminals Purple: Religious fundamentalists Blue: Immigrants Brown: Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) Black: Lesbians and "anti-socials" Pink: Gay men
Eichmann
Freezing Experiment- Dachau
Josef Mengele
“The Angel of Death”
Human Human ExperimentatiExperimentati
onon inhumane medical experiments were conducted freezing starvation exposure to chemicals
Stage 4: Stage 4: ExterminationExtermination EuthanasiaEuthanasia program: Nazi program: Nazi
policy to eliminate those policy to eliminate those “unworthy of life” “unworthy of life” (mentally or physically (mentally or physically challenged, the ill) to challenged, the ill) to promote Aryan “racial integrity” [perhaps 75,000 died in this way]
Einsatzgruppen Einsatzgruppen (mobile (mobile killing units) had begun killing units) had begun operations aimed at killing operations aimed at killing entire Jewish communities entire Jewish communities in occupied Eastern Europe in occupied Eastern Europe (1939-1941)(1939-1941)
special action groups that special action groups that followed the advancing army followed the advancing army to to cleansecleanse conquered areas conquered areas
1942
EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen
ranks composed largely of highly educated and ranks composed largely of highly educated and motivated menmotivated men
many of its leaders represented Nazi intellectual many of its leaders represented Nazi intellectual eliteelite
round up local Jews, leaving round up local Jews, leaving mass graves mass graves in their in their wakewake
Death Camps—Arrival Death Camps—Arrival
DEATH FACTORIESDEATH FACTORIES: : Nazi extermination Nazi extermination camps fulfilled the camps fulfilled the singular function of singular function of mass murder mass murder
Sorting and classification of new arrivals
Death Camps — Death Camps — Selection and Selection and Processing Processing
in the extermination camps, large detention centres created for the confinement, slave labour, and mass executions of prisoners, the “Final Solution” would take place
Jewish children were specifically targeted (kill the next generation)
Death Camps—Final OutcomeDeath Camps—Final Outcome
called for the called for the completecomplete andand mass annihilation mass annihilation andand extermination extermination of the Jews as of the Jews as well as other groups well as other groups
Zyklon B gas became the Zyklon B gas became the agent used in the mass agent used in the mass exterminationextermination
Gas Chambers & Gas Chambers & CrematoriumsCrematoriums
prisoners were sent to prisoners were sent to gas gas chambers chambers disguised asdisguised as showers showers
Zyklon B gas used to gas Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutespeople in 3 – 15 minutes
up to 8,000 people were gassed up to 8,000 people were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with the largest death camp with four operating gas chambersfour operating gas chambers
Gold fillings Gold fillings from victim’s from victim’s teeth were melted down to teeth were melted down to make gold barsmake gold bars
prisoners moved dead bodies prisoners moved dead bodies to massive to massive crematoriumscrematoriums
Chamber Openings to drop in Gas Canisters (Pellets)
Empty Zyklon B Canisters
Birkenau Crematorium
Nearing the Nearing the EndEnd
By 1945, as Allied troops closed in, the Nazis By 1945, as Allied troops closed in, the Nazis began destroying the crematoriums and campsbegan destroying the crematoriums and camps
between 1944-1945, the Nazis ordered the between 1944-1945, the Nazis ordered the prisoners to undertake long distance prisoners to undertake long distance death death marchesmarches ( (TodesmarscheTodesmarsche))
over 300,000 prisoners perished on these marchesover 300,000 prisoners perished on these marches
1945
1945
• in January the Soviet army entered Auschwitz (the largest camp) and liberated the more than 7,000 mostly ill and dying prisoners that remained
1945
• while rumours of the camps had leaked out, few people realized the full extent of the slaughter taking place
Liberation: the Americans and British arrive
DachauApril ‘45
• storeroom housing confiscated property of storeroom housing confiscated property of prisoners: the sheer amount of loot stored there prisoners: the sheer amount of loot stored there was associated with the riches of Canadawas associated with the riches of Canada
“Kanada”
Holocaust Art
Aftermath: NurembergAftermath: Nuremberg Nuremberg Trials: lasting four years, war crimes trials for
Nazi officials began (24 Nazi leaders were tried; 11 death penalties; three life sentences; four 10-20 year sentences)
State of Israel created in 1947 due to world sympathy Yom ha-Shoah: Holocaust Remembrance Day established in
1951 German government offers pensionsby way of compensation to Holocaust survivors (of death camps and later the Ghettos)
1945-1949
Himmler
Pastor Martin Niemoller spent eight years in the camps
(Dachau and Sachsenhausen)
Heroes who saved Jewish lives...
Raoul Wallenberg
Swedish diplomat stationed in Hungary. He helped 95,000 Hungarian Jews escape by providing them with fake passports which claimed that the bearers were Swedish subjects. He was later arrested by the USSR as a spy and may have died in a Soviet prison camp. It is not known for certain. He was made an honorary citizen of Canada, the US and Israel.
Oskar Schindler
Points to better understand the Holocaust:• anti-Semitism had long been present in Europe and Hitler made use of these feelings• the first stage of the Holocaust involved Stripping away the Rights of Germany’s Jews• the Nuremberg Laws forced Jews to carry IDs and wear arm bands with the “Star of David”, forbade intermarriage, and boycotted Jewish businesses• Kristallnacht in 1938 (when a Jew killed a German diplomat) marked a change in attitude toward the Jews (synagogues were burned and Jews arrested): the Holocaust had truly begun• the second stage of the Holocaust involved segregating the Jews from the rest of the population and placing them in overcrowded ghettos (the most famous being Warsaw)• the third stage of the Holocaust placed the Jews into camps where they would be worked and starved to death (slave labour to support the German military machine)• Oskar Schindler for a time exploited this source of labour• Jews would be joined here by homosexuals, Communists, the disabled, Gypsies & others• the fourth stage of the Holocaust was one of extermination (in areas of recent conquest by the Einsatzgruppen killing units or in the death camps- like Auschwitz)
STUDENT NOTES
MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND:Nuremberg Laws / Kristallnacht / ghettos / camps
Auschwitz / Oskar Schindler / Einsatzgruppen
Swastika: A Symbol of Swastika: A Symbol of Good or Evil?Good or Evil?
•In 1920, Adolf Hitler decided that the Nazi Party needed its own insignia and flag and chose the swastika to represent the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man•Because of the Nazis flag, the swastika soon became a symbol of hate, anti-Semitism, violence, death, and murder.
• the swastika is an ancient Indian symbol (Sanskrit) that is over 3,000 years old meaning well being, life and good luck, prosperity• the swastika is sacred religious symbol for Hindus, Jains and Buddhists •Common symbol in ancient civilizations (Mesopotamia, India, China, Central and South America (Maya)
The Financial LinkThe Financial Link• in Europe, the Medieval Christian Church forbade usury (lending money for profit) by Christians• Jews were, however, free to loan money to Gentiles (Christians) but NOT to fellow Jews (the Old Testament did not permit such charging of interest to Jews)• the result was Jews came to dominate the money lending business• in Europe’s cities they were forced to live in ghettos (Social Exclusion)
• in time Christians (during Italy’s Renaissance) would legitimize the lending of money through the creation of banks, thus making it respectable