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Multidimensional poverty measurement:

A human rights based approach The case of Mexico

April, 2011

Content

CONEVAL

Human Rights Approach to

Multidimensional Poverty

Multidimensional Poverty Measurement

in Mexico

Research Agenda

CONEVAL

Social Development

Law(2004)

Evaluation of Social Development Policy

Multidimensional Poverty Measurement

CONEVALCONEVAL• Public institution • Academic researchers • Technical autonomy

Social

Rights

Education

Health

Social security

Food

Housing

Work

Environment

Rights to social development“..to guarantee the full exercise of the social rights set

forth in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, ensuring access

to social development to the population as a whole ”

Measuring poverty by mandate of the Law

Social Developme

nt Law

Dimensions for poverty

measurement

•Current income per capita

• Educational gap

• Access to health services

• Access to social security

• Quality of living spaces

• Housing access to basic services

• Access to food

• Degree of social cohesion

PeriodicityStates

(2 years)Municipalities

(5 years)

2006 2007 2008 2009

Datadelivery

ProcessDiscussions, criteria & design of data sources

Five Specific

consultations

Consultationwith

experts

Consultationabout

indicators, thresholds,

questions with public inst.

SurveyDesign

National and

international seminars

Building the methodology

DataCollection

Presentation(December)

Discussions of

proposalsFinal

discussions & results of

studies

• Bourguignon,Thorbecke, Kakwani, Lustig,Skoufias, Walton, Khander, Reddy, Feres, López-Calva, … among others.

• Julio Boltvinik• Satya Chakravarty• James Foster, Sabine

Alkire• David Gordon• Rubén Hernández and

Humberto Soto

8

Consulted Institutions

Human Rights Approach to Multidimensional Poverty

Measuring poverty

Lack of resources

Concept Capabilities

Unmet needs

Human Rights

“…A human rights approach adds value because it provides a normative framework of obligations that

has the legal power to render governments accountable”

Mary Robinson

Measuring poverty (Sen, 1976)

IdentificationWho is poor?

Theoretical framework

(poverty indicator)

Unidimensional

AggregationFGT measures

Population groups

Identification criteria

(threshold)

Incidence Intensity

Severity

Measuring poverty

Relevant dimensions

Each specificdimensionMultidimension

al

Relative importance

Overall cut-off

• Thresholds• Dual cut-off

method

Weighting

Principles of human rightsUniversal

Inalienable

Interdependent

Indivisible

Interrelated

Absolute

Inherent

Inviolable

Irreversible

Progressive

InterdependentUnfulfillment of any right affects

the others

IndivisibleAll rights have

equal status and cannot be

positioned in a hierarchical order

UniversalEverybody is

entitled to them

Coneval. Human rights based approachto poverty measurement

Unit of analysis

Dimension specific thresholds

Overall cut-off threshold

Weighting & Summary

Data sources

Individuals• Titularity of human

rights• Universality principle

• At least one social deprivation

• Interdependence principle

• Legal norms• Institutional criteria

• All dimensions equally important. Adding deprivations.

• Indivisibility principleInformation from Inegi

Relevant dimensions Constitutional Human

Rights

Multidimensional Poverty Measurement in Mexico

Methodological approach

PovertyMeasureme

ntSocial Rights Economic

Wellbeing

• Constitutional guarantees

• Poverty associated with social deprivation

• Economic policy and income have an impact on social development

Degree of social cohesionTerritorial

What are the main features of the methodology?

Social Rights

Social Deprivation Index (SDI)

Mexican Population

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Current income per capita

• Educational gap

•Access to Health

•Access to Social Security

•Housing• Quality of

living spaces•Access to

Food

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Social RightsDeprivations

Main features(simple to understand)

EWL

Population with social deprivationsEconomic wellbeing line

WithoutDeprivations

035 24 16

MULTIDIMENSIONAL POOR

Vulnerable people by

social deprivation

s


income

Not poor and not

vulnerable

Public policy


Aggregation: the headcount ratio

EWL

Sin

035 24 16

H=qn_


Aggregation: Depth & intensity of poverty

EWL

Sin

035 24 16

1.35.7Average number

of deprivation

s

Results

Social rightsDeprivations

Population with at least one social deprivation, Mexico, 2008

Population with social deprivations

Without D

eprIvatios

035 24 16

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77.2 %82.4 millions 2.4 deprivations on average

22.8 % 24.3 millones

Source: estimates of the CONEVAL based on the MCS-ENIGH 2008.

MODERATE POVERTY


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social deprivation

s

Total population 2008 (106,680,526)

33.0%35.2 millions

2.0 deprivations on

average

03 2 1456

EXTREME POVERTY



income 4.5 % 4.8 millions

18.3%19.5 millions

MULTIDIMENSIONALPOVERTY

44.2%47.2 millions2.7 deprivations on average

Not poor and not vulnerable

Indigenous and non-indigenous populationPercentage of population in multidimensional poverty depending on

whether they speak or not an indigenous language

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

National Indigenous Non indigenous

44.2

75.7

42.0

33.0

20.0

33.9

4.5

1.2

4.7

18.3

3.1

19.4

Population not poor and not vulnerable

Population vulnerable due to income

Population vulnerable due to social deprivation

Population in multidimensional poverty


CHIAPAS

Multidimensional poverty by state

RanksTotal

of States


Percentage of population with social deprivations. Mexico, 2008

Social deprivation PercentageAccess to social security 64.7Access to health services 40.7Educational gap 21.7Access to food 21.6Housing access to basic services 18.9Quality of living spaces 17.5


Contribution of social deprivations

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Agu

asca

lient

es

Baj

a C

alifo

rnia

Baj

a C

alifo

rnia

Sur

Cam

pech

e

Coa

huila

Col

ima

Chi

apas

Chi

huah

ua

Dis

trito

Fed

eral

Dur

ango

Gua

naju

ato

Gue

rrero

Hid

algo

Jalis

co

Méx

ico

Mic

hoac

án

Mor

elos

Nac

iona

l

Nay

arit

Nue

vo L

eón

Oax

aca

Pue

bla

Que

réta

ro

Qui

ntan

a R

oo

San

Lui

s P

otos

í

Sin

aloa

Son

ora

Taba

sco

Tam

aulip

as

Tlax

cala

Ver

acru

z

Yuc

atán

Zaca

teca

s

Contribución de cada indicador de carencia social a la intensidad de la pobreza multidimensional,México, 2008

Rezago educativo Acceso a los servicios de salud Acceso a la seguridad social Calidad y espacios de la vivienda Servicios básicos en la vivienda Acceso a la alimentación

Fuente: estimaciones del CONEVAL con base en el MCS-ENIGH 2008.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Aguascalientes

BajaCalifornia

BajaCaliforniaSur

Campeche

Coahuila

Colima

Chiapas

Chihuahua

DistritoFederal

Durango

Guanajuato

Guerrero

Hidalgo

Jalisco

México

Michoacán

Morelos

Nacional

Nayarit

NuevoLeón

Oaxaca

Puebla

Querétaro

QuintanaRoo

SanLuisPotosí

Sinaloa

Sonora

Tabasco

Tamaulipas

Tlaxcala

Veracruz

Yucatán

Zacatecas

México, 2008

Educational gap Access to health servicies Access to social security Quality of living spaces Housing acess to basic services Access to food

Fuente: estimaciones del CONEVAL con base en el MCS -ENIGH 2008.


Population groups decomposableDimension decomposableComparability across timeIn the space of social rights, equivalent to the M0=H·A

Multidimensional poverty measuresProperties

The Social Deprivation Index (SDI) and MD Poverty MeasuresRigorousity

Satisfy a set of axiomatic properties (Alkire y Foster, 2007) The SDI also satisfies the validity, reliability and additivity properties

(Gordon; 2007,2010)

Research Agenda

Using the methodology

• It is now possible to evaluate the effect of social policy not only on income poverty but also on specific social deprivations.

• A remarkable feature of the methodology is that it does not only identify poverty (priority), but also it identifies the whole population without full access to social rights, which is a comprehensive way of evaluating public policies.

• We’re starting to evaluate social programs using this approach.

• By linking social rights deprivations with poverty, policy recommendations are strengthened.

Research Agenda

ENAPOS. Access to social security

Deepen knowledge of dimensions

Access to health services

Right to Education (INEE)

ENIGH-MCSComparison 2008-2010 (July)Municipality MDP estimates (December)

National System of Social Development

Indicators

Reform to the LGDSTo measure the degree of full exercise of social rights

Thank you!

Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social

(CONEVAL)

Boulevard Adolfo López Mateos No.160 Col. San Ángel Inn, Delegación Álvaro Obregón, C.P. 01060, México, D.F.

Contact information

www.coneval.gob.mx

Ricardo AparicioDirector, Poverty Analysis

E-mail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

SUPPORTINGSLIDES

EXAMPLES

Examples

Manual worker

House without

tap water

Income below

the wellbein

g line

He just complete

d primary school

MODERATE POVERTY


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EXTREME POVERTY

MULTIDIMENSIONALPOVERTY

Examples

She is 15 years old

She quitted

school to help her family

She lives in a house with one bedroom

for 8 people

She completed

the 1st year of

secondary school and does not

have social security

Sometimes her family

eats once a day due to lack of resources

POBREZA EXTREMA

POBREZA MODERADA


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EXTREME POVERTY

Examples

Self-employe

d

Earns an average of 2,400

dlls monthly

He does not have

social security

He will turn 62 years old


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Vulnerable by social

deprivation

03 2 1456

Examples

Her sales fell

She owns her home which has

all services

She pays voluntary

social security.

She finished

high school

For the last four months

her company costs are

larger than her income

Vulnerable by income


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USING THE METHODOLOGY FOR PUBLIC POLICY


What policies should be carried out?

EWL

Sin

035 24 16

MWL

Economic Policies:•Economic growth•Job creation



EWL

Sin

035 24 16

MWL

Social Policies:•Health•Education•Housing



EWL

Sin

035 24 16

MWL

Targeted policies

•Social Programs for the population in poverty



EWL

Sin

035 24 16

MWL

Universal policies•Social Security•Education for all•Access to health services•Economic growth

THRESHOLDS

Legal criteria

Experts criteria

How to determine thresholds? Social rights

Consultation with specialists

Use of legal norms, if they exist

Public institutions

Health, Housing, Social Security, Education

Educational gap

Population aged 3-15

years

Population aged

16 years or older

She or he is not attending a formal educational center

• When someone was born before 1981 and lacks the mandatory basic education current at the time he or she should have completed it. Primary

• When someone was bornbefore 1982 and lacks the mandatory basic education current at the time she should have completed it. Secondary

How to determine thresholds of social deprivations?

When a person is not enrolled in or not entitled to receive medical services from:

Popular Insurance

A social security public institution

A private medical service

Acces to health services


Access to social

security

• If the worker does not receive medical services as a work benefit or through voluntary enrollment and a retirement investment plan

Direct access

Family nucleus

Other family nucleus and

voluntary enrollment

• If a person is not enrolled in an institution that provides medical services by voluntary enrollment.

• If the spouse,child, parent, -law of the head of household is not enrolled in an medical institution

If the person does not have a relative who has access to social security

If the person is not beneficiary of a social program of pensions for senior citizens


Quality of living spaces

When the material is cardboard sheets or residue materialRoofs

Walls

Floors

Overcrowding

When the material is mud or daub&wattle; reed, bamboo or palm; cardboard, metal or asbestos sheets; residue material

When the material of the floor is soil

When the ratio of people per room is greater than 2.5


Housing access to basic services

• When it is obtained from a well, river, lake, stream, or truck.

• When piped water is carried from another dwelling or gotten at a public faucet or hydrant

Water

Drainage

service

Electricity

• No drainage service.• When the drain is connected to

pipes leading to a river, lake, sea, ravine or crack

When there is no electricity


Food security

Food insecurity

Acess tofood

Deprivation due to lack of

access to food

Slight

Moderate

Severe


Food basket Non food basket

Minimum economic

wellbeing line

Changes on current consumption patterns

Calorics requirements & micronutrients

Rural & urban settings

Economic wellbeing

How to determine thresholds? Economic Wellbeing

Goods and services have an income

elasticity<1

Necessary goods & services

Rural & urban settings

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