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Quick Check Facts for Windows Server 2008, Active Directory Network Infrastructure

IPv6

IPv6 Addressing

IPv6 addressspace is 128 bits (16 bytes)

Large address space. Divided along 16-bit boundaries, converted to 4 digit hexadecimal

numbers, separated by colons - known as colon hexadecimal .

Simpler host configuration. IPv6 supports dynamic client configuration by using DHCPv6 and IPv6

also enables routers to configure hosts dynamically.

Improved routing efficiency. Reduces how many routes the Internet must process by supporting

hierarchical routing.

Built-in security. IPv6 ensures all hosts encrypt data while in transit by including native IPSec

support.

IPv6 address types

Unicast. Packets delivered to a unicast address are delivered to a single interface, one-

to-one communication

Multicast.Packets are delivered to multiple interfaces, one-to-many. One-to-many

communication between computers that are defined as using the same multicast address.

Multicast addresses have the first 8 bits set to 1111 1111 or FF

Anycast.Identifies multiple interfaces, but delivered to a single interface, the closest

one. Used for locating services or the nearest router.

Global Unicastaddress

Equivalent to IPv4 public addresses

Identified by the FP (Format Prefix) of 001 (globally routable and reachable on the IPv6

Internet

The scope of a global unicast address is the entire IPv6 Internet

The address prefix of a currently assigned global addressis 2000::/3

The combination of the first 3 high-order fixed bits and the 45-bit Global Routing Prefix

is a 48-bit prefix assigned to an individual site

The next 16 bits are the Subnet ID

The Interface ID field is the next 64-bits

Link-local Unicastaddress

Used by nodes to communicate on the local network segment and for neighbor discovery

processes

Identified by the FP of 1111 1110 10

Link-localaddresses are equivalent to APIPA IPv4 addresses and always automatically

configured

Link-local addresses always begin with FE80

The prefix for link-localaddresses is always FE80::/64

An IPv6 router never forwards a link-local address beyond the link

Site-localUnicastaddress

Equivalent to the IPv4 private site addressing

Identified by the FP of 1111 1110 11

The scope of the site-local address is the site/organization

The site-local address must be assigned through stateless or stateful address

configuration

The first 10 bits of a site-local address are always fixed, FEC0::/10

The next 54 bits is a subnet identifier (Subnet ID field)

After the 54-bit Subnet ID field, is the 64-bit Interface ID field that identifies a

specific interface in the subnet

Special IPv6 Unicastaddress

Unspecified address 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0 or :: indicates the absence of an address

Loopback address 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1 or ::1 identifies a loopback interface, enables a node

to send packets to itself; equivalent to the IPv4 loopback address of 127.0.0.1

Compatibility Unicastaddress

To aid in the migration of IPv4 to IPv6 and the coexistence of both types

To enable ISATAP (Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol)

IPv6 transition mechanism to transmit IPv6 packets on top of an IPv4 network

Disabled by default in Server 2008

netsh interface isatap set state enabled

IPv4

IPv4 address space is 32-bit binary (Base 2)

Divided along 8-bit boundaries called octets, converted to decimal,

separated by periods called a dotted decimal notation

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deleteto delete a route or several routes

print to view routing tables

-p to make persistent entries in the routing table by adding a static route directly to

the registry

route command parameters

route[-f] [-p] [Command[Destination] [maskNetmask] [Gateway] [metricMetric]]

[ifInterface]]

Destinationis used to configure the network destination for a route

maskNetmaskis used to configure the subnet mask

Gatewayis used to configure the next hop address

metricMetricis used to configure an integer cost metric for a route

if Interfaceis used to configure the interface index on the interface for which the

destination network can be reached

Windows Firewall with Advanced Security

Manage firewall and IPSec configuration settings

Netsh advfirewall

Windows Firewall with Advanced SecurityGroup Policy settings using GPMC

Authenticate IPSec with domain user accounts using Kerberos

Windows Vista or later OS

Windows Server 2008 and later servers

IPSec can be used for both

Authentication and encryption

Authentication bypass rule

Lets traffic protected by IPSec bypass Windows firewall regardless of incoming rules.

UDP ports 67 and 2535

Support remote administration for DHCP servers

Should be added to the Windows Firewall exceptions list on the target server

Inbound rules

Explicitly allow or block traffic directed to the computer from other hosts that match

the criteria of the rule.

Outbound rules

Explicitly allow or block traffic originating from the computer if it matches the

criteria of the rule.

netsh firewall show state

Displays the current firewall configuration

DNS server

Recursion

By default, DNS performs recursion on behalf of its DNS clients and

servers that have forwarded DNS client queries to it. DNS servers

query other DNS servers for the requesting client to fully resolve

the name and sends an answer back to the client.

Attackers can use recursion to deny the DNS Server service. Unless

recursion is needed, you should disable it. If you disable

recursion, the DNS server will only resolve names for which it is authoritative.

Conditional forwarder

A DNS server used to forward DNS queries according to the DNS domain name in the query.

Root hints

Used to provide a list of names and addresses of DNS servers that are authoritative for

the root zone of the DNS namespace. Root hints can be used for resolving external

names that cannot be resolved from a DNS server or by sending the request to a forwarder.

Root hints are contained in a file named CACHE.DNS that is located in the

\\Windows\System32\DNS folder. It is a text listing of IP addresses with the matching

root DNS servers.

Stub zone

A copy of a zone that contains only the resource records that are necessary to identify

the authoritative DNS servers for the zone. A Stub zone consist of:

Start of Authority (SOA) resource record, Name Server (NS) resource records, andglue A resource records for the zone.

IP address of one or more master servers that can be used to update the zone.

Stub zones help reduce the amount of DNS traffic on your network.

dnscmd /clearcache

Command to clear the DNS server cache. Name resolution problems can occur when a DNS

server has cached a record that has changed. Clearing the cache removes the stale

records.

dnscmd /resetlistenaddresses

Command to set the IP address to service DNS requests.

Example: dnscmd dns1 resetlistenaddresses 192.168.10.1

netsh interface reset

Command to reset an interface's configuration.

netsh interface delete

Command to delete an interface.

start /w ocsetup DNS-Server-Core-Role

Install the DNS Server Role in Server Core. Using the /w prevents the command prompt from

returning until the installation is complete.

oclist

To discover the available server roles. It also lists the server roles and features

currently installed.

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DNS zones

GlobalNames zone

Provides single-name resolution for networks withouta WINS server.

Global Names zone resolution must have all authoritative DNS

servers running Windows Server 2008 or later.

Global Names zone must be integrated with Active Directory for

deployment across multiple domains and forests.

Active Directory Integrated zones

Provide name resolutioneven when a WAN link is temporarily unavailable between domains

if there is an authoritative DNS server installed on a domain controller.

Stub zone

A copy of a zone that contains only the resource records that are necessary to identify

the authoritative DNS servers for the zone. This enables the DNS server hosting the

parent zone to be aware of the authoritative servers for the child zones. A stub zone is

kind of like a secondary zone because it obtains its resource records from other name

servers, and a stub zone is read-only like a secondary zone. However, stub zones contain

only three types of resource records: a copy of the SOA record for the zone, copies of NS

records for all name servers that are authoritative for the zone, and copies of A records

for all the name servers authoritative for the zone.

Secondary zone

A read-only copy of a zonethat was copied from the master server during zone transfer.

Automatic scavenging

Removes outdated DNS records that can accumulate in the zone over time. Disabled by

default, must be enabled for a zone. DNS records that are manually created by an

Administrator are NEVER scavenged.

dnscmd

Used to view and change the properties of DNS servers, zones, resource records, and zone

types.

Three zone types:

Primary

Secondary

Stub

Expiry field of the SOA record

Determines how long the secondary zone server can service records without being able to

contact the primary zone server for an update.

DNS Records

AAAA

IPv6 resource record used to resolve FQDN host names to IPv6

addresses.

CNAME

Sometimes called canonical name, the resource record enables you to

register a different FQDN for a computer already registered with a

host A record.

HINFO (host information) record

Contains recorded information about a host's CPU type and operating system.

SRV records

Used to locate computers running specific services.

PTRrecords

Used for reverse lookups.

WKS(Well Known Service)record

Identifies a server that hosts a well-known service, such as the FTP service.

Includes the host, the IP address of the host, whether the protocol is TCP or UDP, and a

list of services the host provides.

DNS Replication

Background zone loading in Windows Server 2008 R2

Allows DNS to respond to queries more quickly because zone data is loaded in the

background from AD DS while the DNS server restarts. Enables the server to respond to

client requests by requesting data from other available zones.

dnscmd ServerName /zoneupdatefromds ZoneName

Use to manually update Active Directory Integrated zones.

dnscmd /zonerefresh

Forces a refresh of the secondary zone from the master zone.

The minimum amount of time before a record can be removed is equal to the refresh

interval plus the no-refresh interval

RODC

Read-only copy of a domain controller.

The DNS Server Role provides primary read-only zones on RODCs.

RODCs are good for branch offices that are not physically secure enough for a domain

controller.

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Name Resolution for client computers

Primary DNS server

Should be thephysically nearest domain controller for a client.

DNS server addresses listbox

Used to specify the IP address of each DNS server.

Priority is determined by the order. If the first DNS server is not

able to respond to a name-resolution request, the next one is used.

Caching-only DNS servers

Also known asforwarding only servers

DNS servers that build a local server cache of names learned while

querying recursively on behalf of clients. The names are then

available when answering subsequent queries.

Caching-only DNS servers do not host any zones.

Caching-only DNS servers are not authoritative.

Good for remote sites with a slow network link where full zone transfers might consume

too much bandwidth.

Conditional forwarder

DNS server configured to forward DNS queries, according to the DNS domain name in the

query, to the authoritative DNS server.

Helps to keep traffic generated by name requests to a minimum by limiting the number of

DNS servers that have to connect to the Internet and other external networks.

LLMNR (Link-local multicast name resolution)

Provides host name resolution on the local subnet for IPv4 andIPv6 addresses.

GNZ (Global Names Zone)

Provides single-name resolution throughout the network, across forest boundaries.

DNS records in a GNZ must be entered manually.

HOST file

Stored on a local computer.

Contains a list of host names and IP addresses.

Used for host-name resolution.

The client first checks the local DNS cache (the Hosts file is loaded here), before

querying the DNS server.

Block name resolution for a computer onDNS

Configure a global query block list

All domain controllers must run Windows Server 2008 R2

Remote Access

Remote Desktop Gateway (RD Gateway)

Formerly known as Terminal Services

Provides Remote Desktop Services for authorized clients with access to internal

resources.

RD Gateway uses Transport Layer Security (TLS) to encrypt communications.

RD Gateway uses Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) over HTTPS to establish a secure, encrypted

connection between remote users on the Internet and internal resources. You should get

user certificates from the internal certificate authority and every server must be

configured for Network Level Authentication to only allow Remote Desktop client computers

access.

When the Remote Desktop session is active, RD locks the target computer to prevent

interactive logons for the session.

Use Remote Desktop Services CAP (Connection Authorization Policy)to identify user or

computer groups to secure access to the server resources.

Define a Remote Desktop Services Resource Authorization Policy (RAP) to identify the

resources for which they have access.

Network Policy and Access Services (NPAS)role

Network Policy Server (NPS)

Replacement for Internet Authentication Service (IAS)

Microsoft implementation of the RADIUSserver

Must have a server certificate.

Can use either Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP) or

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP).

NPS performs centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting for

network access, including:

VPN

Wireless.Wireless access points must support 802.1x to be configured

as clients to NPS.

Configure them as RADIUSclients to pass authentication

requests to NPS.

By default, Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol

(PEAP) with Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication

Protocol (MS-CHAP) version 2. PEAP helps to prevent rogue

wireless access points on the network. MS-CHAPv2uses

passwords for authentication.

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NPS as a RADIUS proxy

NPS forwards authentication and accounting messages to other RADIUS

servers

NPS can be configured as a NAP policy server

Acts as a health evaluation server for Network Access Protection (NAP)

Configure connection request policies:

Use the policies node of the Network Policy Server snap-in or use the

netsh command-line utility to create connection request policies

Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS)

Allows remote users or site-to-site connectivity to

access your private network over:

VPN.Routing and Remote Access tunnels data throughthe Internet and acts as a gateway to the internal

network. Data transferred through a VPN is encrypted.

RRAS includes support for three standards-based VPN

protocols:

1. A new VPN protocol Secure Sockets Tunneling

Protocol (SSTP) allows Point-to-Point (PPP)

protocol packets to be sent over Hypertext

Transfer Protocol (HTTP) over SSL (HTTPS) using

port 443.

SSTP supported by Windows Vista and Windows Server

2008.

2. L2TP/IPSec allows end-to-end encryption and computer

authentication on a VPN. L2TP/IPSec uses PPP for user

authentication and IPSec for machine authentication.

L2TP traffic is sent over UDP port 1701.

L2TP/IPSec authenticates both the user and the

computer.

User and computer client certificates are

required.

3. PPTP

Traffic uses TCP port 1723 to create a connection

Uses IP protocol 47to send data.

A PPTP control connection is established from a

dynamically-allocated TCP port on the PPTP client to

TCP port 1723 on the PPTP server.

Uses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)for user

authentication, and 128-bit Microsoft Point-to-Point

Encryption (MPPE)for data encryption.

Client computer is not authenticated with PPTP.

EAP-TLS supports smart card authentication for VPN clients

Dial-up networking

Internet Protocol (IP) router for connecting subnets in a private

network

Network address translator (NAT)for connecting a private network to

the Internet

Dial-up and VPN site-to-site-demand-dial router

Health Registration Authority (HRA)

Host Credential Authorization Protocol (HCAP)

Network Access Protection (NAP)

NAP controls network access based on a client computer's health compliance requirements.

Health checks make sure

Firewall software is enabled.

Antivirus is running and signatures are up to date.

NAP Policy Server

Evaluates statements of health that are sent by NAP-capable client computers attempting

to communicate with the network.

Remediation Server

Placed on the restricted network and can be accessed by non-compliant clients.

Remediation servers are added to the Remediation server groups

Remediation server groups can be used with NAP only when you deploy DHCP NAP

enforcement or VPN Nap enforcement

Remediation server is responsible for

Installing necessary patches, configurations, or applications to bring a non-

compliant client computer to a healthy state.

Direct Access

Allows remote access to intranet resources using bi-directional connectivity

Clients are able to access resources anytime they have an Internet connection without

having to connect to a VPN.

Administrators can restrict who has access and to what resources.

Remote users are able to receive updates and be centrally managed as if they are local.

Requirements for using DirectAccess

One or moreDirectAccess servers with Windows Server 2008

R2 with two NICs

One for the internal network

One for the Internet

The NIC connected to the Internet must be

assigned two public consecutive IPv4 addresses

DirectAccess servers and clients are required to be domain members

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Clients require Windows 7 Enterprise or higher

DirectAccess uses IPv6 over IPSec, so both client and

server required to use IPv6 over IPSec

Domain controller and DNS server running Windows Server

SP2 or Windows Server 2008 R2

Clients required to use the internal DNS server to locate

intranet servers and resolve using a AAAA resource record

PKIrequired because certificates are used for

authentication

DirectAccess Setup Wizardused to configure client computers for DirectAccess

Add computers to a security group

Configure a File Server

File Services Resource Manager (FSRM) MMC has three components for managing storage resources on

local or remote servers:

Quota Management

Can apply quota templates or can apply quotas manually on individual folders

If you later change the settings in the template, the new quota will

be reflected for all quotas created in the template

Configure quotas by volume or folder (Windows Server 2008 R2)

Quota Usage report shows quotas that have reached the specified level

File-screening management

Can apply screening templates to filter certain file types from being saved

By volume or directory tree

Configure Notification Types for exceeding quota limits or attempting to save an

unauthorized file

Email

Event log

Command

Report

Storage reports management

Built-in reports to track quota usage, file screening, and storage management

Distributed File System (DFS)

DFS offers WAN-friendly replication and simplified access and high-

availability to geographically dispersed files. Two technologies are

available in DFS:

DFS Namespaces lets you group shared folders located on different

servers into one or more namespaces that appear to the user as one

folder with a series of sub-folders

dfscmd /add

Add a shared folder as a target folder to an existing DFS

folder

Access-based enumeration.

Enable so users will only see files and folders they have permission

to access. Not enabled by default, though it is enabled by default on

newly created shared folders in Windows Server 2008.

dfsutil property abde enable \\

dfsdiag

Used to diagnose and help resolve namespace issues.

dfsradmin

Command-line utility for configuring and managing DFS replication.

DFS Replication

Replaces FRS as the replication engine for DFS.

Uses multimaster replication engine to keep folders synchronized across servers

for limited-bandwidth network connections.

Replicates AD DS SYSVOL for domains using Windows Server 2008.

DFS Manager

Used to check DFS replication efficiency

Backup and Restore * Windows Server Backup feature

Non-authoritative restore.

Default method for restoring Active Directory.

Start the domain controller in DSRM (Directory Services Restore Mode) and restore to a

state at the time of the backup and then normal replication overwrites that state with

any changes after the backup.

Wbadmin in Windows Server 2008 R2

Replaces Ntbackup for backing up from the command line.

Windows Server 2008 R2 supports backing up directly to removable media, including DVD.

Scheduledbackups must go to a second local volume or a shared folder.

Windows creates a WindowsImageBackup folder in the root of the backup media. Inside that folder, it

creates a folder with the current computer name. The backup is stored in

\\WindowsImageBackup\FileServer\

Start the Windows Recovery Environment:

Boot from the Windows Server 2008 R2 installation CD

Choose Repair Computer

Once in the Windows Recovery Environment, use the wbadmincommand to

recover volumes.

Use the wbadmin start sys recovery command to recover volumes

Specify -restoreallvolumesto recover all volumes. Otherwise,

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only the operating system will be restored.

systemstaterecovery option restores only system state. It

does not recover the operating system files or data files.

Manage File Server Resources

Shadow copiesshould be written to a volume on a different hard disk

than the shared files.

Maintain up to 64 copies of each shared file.

Enabled at the volumelevel (enabled for all shared folders or none

of the shared folders).

vssadmin create shadowcreates a shadow copy

vssadmin add shadowstorage adds a volume shadow copy storage

association

File Service Resource Management (Quotas)

Can apply quota templates or can apply quotas manually on individual folders

If you later change the settings in the template, the new quota will be

reflected for all quotas created in the template

Configure quotas by volume or folder (Windows Server 2008 R2)

Quota Usage report shows quotes that have reached the specified level

NFS Network File System.

Services for NFS provides UNIX and Linux clients with access to resources on a file

server running Windows Server 2008 R2.

Print Services

Printer Management

A single interface administrators can use to administer multiple print servers and

printers

A GUI utility not supported on Server Core Installs. Located in Administrative Tools.

Add a printer in Printer Management lets you search for network printers.

Print filter can be used to manage a set of printers

Send notification when a print condition occurs.

Run a script when a printer condition occurs.

Printbrm.exe

Command-line utility used to migrate printer settingsfrom one print server to another .

Can export printer settings as a backup.

Cannot migrate directly from older operating systems to Windows Server 2008 R2.

Lpq Line Printer Queue

View print jobs queued through the Line Printer Daemon (LPD). The LPD is a network

protocol for submitting print jobs to a remote printer.

Publishing printer in Active Directory

Controlled by the List in Active Directorycheck box on the Sharingtab of the

Properties sheet for each printer.

Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)

WSUSutil.exe

Command-line management utility for WSUS.

When you create a WSUS Website during WSUS install, the Website is configured to use HTTP port 8530

for unencrypted communication.

Open port 8530 to enable communication with the servers.

Port 443 is used for secure communication.

Upstream server

Server on which updates are approved.

Downstream server

Receives updates from the upstream server.

WSUS allows you to approve updates before they are made available to the WSUS clients

You can create a group of computers and approve updates only for specific groups (WSUS

3.0)

Performance Monitoring

Performance and Reliability Monitor

Reliability Monitor (Windows Server 2008 R2)

Computer required to have been running for at least 24 hours

RACAgent, Reliability Analysis Component, a hidden scheduled

task that must be running on the computer. It is automatically

configured during system install. Responsible for gathering

the reliability data and displaying in the chart view.

System Stability report shows a graph of these events:

System clock changes

Successful and failed software installs

Server failures due to hardware problems

Server failures due to operating system problems

Application failures

Reliability and Performance Monitor Resource View

Provides detailed info about system resource use and how the resources are

allocated

Data collector set

Can be created with the performance counters you want to log

Choose the default creation settings to have the data collector set based on the

currently selected performance counters.

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Posted by Tina Thorsen

Event Logs

Wevutil (Windows Event Logs)

Command-line utility lets you view and manage Windows Event Logs

wevutil qe

The ge or query-event command is used to retrieve a list of events in the

Windows Event Logs

wevutil gl

The gl or qet-log command is used to retrieve info about the log, such as its

location

Wecutil (Windows Event Collector)

Command-line utility lets you view and manage info about event subscriptions like

hardware events that are forwarded from a remote computer which support WS-Management

protocol

You can use the wecutil utility to automatically configure a computer to collect events

Audit events

Written to the Windows Security Event Log

Windows Server 2008 R2 Active Directory audit policy (auditpol.exe) supports:

Directory Service Access

Directory Service Changes

Directory Service Replication

Detailed Directory Service Replication

Gather Network Data

Task Manager

Gives a quick overview of total network bandwidth usage.

Network Monitor

Collect and save detailed network usage statistics like individualpackets transmitted across the network (note: log file would be

huge)

Create an address database first to specify address pairs in a

capture filter

Must be an Administrator or member of the netmon users group

Must be downloaded from the Microsoft website (free)

nmcap /? command line

Carefully choose the location to install Network Monitor

To capture all traffic switch on promiscuous mode (p-mode)

SNMP. Simple Network Management Protocol, is supported by Windows Server 2008

SNMP is an Internet standard protocol for managing devices on an IP network

3rd party software required to analyze SNMP data

Netcap

Network Monitor Capture command-line utility can capture network traffic using the

Network Monitor driver

Netcap installs the Network Monitor driverand binds it to all adapters when you first

run the Netcap command

Monitors traffic on a LAN and write the information to a log file

Can consume lots of system resources. Not recommended in a production environment, best

to use netcap.exe command line version to monitor production.

Data Collector Set.

You can create a data collector set with the network performance counters you want to

monitor, and schedule Windows Reliability and Performance Monitor to start automatically

and log counter values at various times during the day.

Networking and Access Technologies

Microsoft Server and Cloud Platform

Windows Server 2008 R2

Microsoft Support

The Precision Guide to Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Configuration: MCTS Exam 70-640 Study Guide

[Kindle Edition]

IPv6 Addresses

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol

http://www.windowsnetworking.com/articles_tutorials/DNS_Stub_Zones.html

Configure Network Level Authentication for Remote Desktop Services Connections

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