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www.renewables-made-in-germany.com
Shallow Geothermal Energy for Heating and Cooling of larger buildings in commerce, offices, tourism
Dr. Burkhard Sanner VDI, Giessen, Germany
Content
Laying the ground:
- Some statistics on GSHP in Germany
- German standards and guidelines for GSHP
Heating and Cooling with GSHP:
- Principle and development
- Various smaller examples
- Example Leica Wetzlar (BHE)
- Example Bonner Bogen (wells)
Conclusions
Some statistics on ground-source heat pumps in Germany
Total number of installed, operational ground-source heat pumps
Calculated after data of BWP
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
nu
mb
er o
f G
SH
P u
nit
s o
per
atio
nal
(x
1000
)
Some statistics on ground-source heat pumps in Germany
Avoided CO2-emissions thanks to ground-source heat pumps
Calculated after data of BWP
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
CO
2-em
issi
on
s re
du
ced
th
rou
gh
GS
HP
(K
t C
O2/
a)
Some statistics on ground-source heat pumps in Germany
Europe, installed capacity per country as of 2013
From EGEC Market Report 2013/14, update
4718
3282
1897
1517
999
923
764
513
338
334
287
246
218
173
173
154
103
64 58 56 39 21 21 11 6 6 2,1
2,0
3,1
26
769
0,3
0,3
0,2
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
Sw
eden
Ger
man
y
Fra
nce
Sw
itzer
land
Fin
land
Aus
tria
Nor
way
Net
herla
nds
Ital
y
Pol
and
Den
mar
k
UK
Est
onia
Bel
gium
Cze
ch R
ep.
Irel
and
Spa
in
Gre
ece
Slo
veni
a
Lith
uani
a
Hun
gary
Tur
key
Slo
vaki
a
Rus
sia
Rom
ania
Ser
bia
Bel
arus
Bul
garia
Mac
edon
ia
Icel
and
Alb
ania
Por
tuga
l
Latv
ia
Bos
nia-
Her
z.
Ins
tall
ed
Ca
pa
cit
y (
MW
th)
shallow geothermal uses
Some statistics on ground-source heat pumps in Germany
Annual sales of ground-source heat pumps since 1978 and some events influencing this development
After data of BWP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
nu
mb
er o
f G
SP
H s
old
an
nu
ally
in G
erm
an
y (
x 10
00
)
2nd oil price crisis
lack of knowledge and experience
1st RUS natural gas crisis
in 1985 start of dedicated R&D
1998 first draft of VDI 4640
Some statistics on ground-source heat pumps in Germany
Annual sales of ground-source and air-source heat pumps
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
nu
mb
er o
f H
P u
nit
s so
ld
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% G
SH
PAir
Geothermal
% GSHP
After data of BWP
German standards and guidelines for ground source heat pumps
DIN EN 15450 (2007-12):“Heating systems in buildings - Design of heat pump heating systems”(German adaptation of EN 15450)
EN 15450 elucidates the basic problem for a geothermal standard on a European level, i.e. the variations in climate, geology, traditions in construction.
As a result, it can only give a general minimum framework for design and installation, with many items to be filled in locally or regionally
German standards and guidelines for ground source heat pumps
DIN 8901 (2002-12):“Refrigeration systems and heat pumps – protection of soil, ground and surface water”
Deals with safety aspects of the heat pumps, in particular for use with groundwater as heat source/sink, and for direct expansion ground coils
German standards and guidelines for ground source heat pumps
VDI 4640 „Thermal Use of the Underground“:
• Part 1: General Issues / Licenses / Environment, revised 2010-04 (draft published 1998, original 2000-12)
• Part 2: Ground Source Heat Pumps, 2001-09 (original draft published 1998, draft of revised text 2015-05)
• Part 3: Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES), 2001-06 (revision ongoing)
• Part 4: Direct uses, 2004-09 (revision started)
• Part 5: Thermal Response Test, draft expected fall 2015
Covers all relevant aspects in very comprehensive wayStarted in 1995 following an initiative from the geothermal sectorElevated shallow geothermal from scratchbuilding to industrial product !
German standards and guidelines for ground source heat pumps
VDI 4640-2, draft 2015-05
• groundwater wells as heat source/sink
• horizontal ground collectors
• borehole heat exchangers (incl. heat pipes)
• special issues for direct expansion systems
• other ground heat exchange devices (energy piles and concrete parts, tunnel walls, compact ground collectors)
• system integration
• issues related to the heating system
• materials for ground heat exchange devices
• measures in case of system failure, de-installation
German standards and guidelines for ground source heat pumps
VDI 4640-2, draft 2015-05Chapter 7 on borehole heat exchangers, systems <30 kW
Basic load profile for tables on specific heat extraction
German standards and guidelines for ground source heat pumps
VDI 4640-2, draft 2015-05Chapter 7 on borehole heat exchangers, systems <30 kW
Target temperature values and formula for tables on specific heat extraction
Minimum temperature from heat pump:- for base load ≥ 0 °C- for peak load, three scenarios:
≥ -5 °C, ≥ -3 °C, ≥ 0 °C
Maximum temperature from heat pump/ system:
- in cooling mode ≤ 20 °C
German standards and guidelines for ground source heat pumps
VDI 4640-2, draft 2015-05Chapter 7 on borehole heat exchangers, systems <30 kW
Example of tables on specificheat extraction
German standards and guidelines for ground source heat pumps
VDI 4640-2, draft 2015-05Chapter 7 on borehole heat exchangers, systems >30 kW
Individual calculations or simulations are required
Possible methods:- analytical solutions (heat transfer calculation)- nomograms or simplified calculation methods- simulations using approximative functions- numerical simulations
German standards and guidelines for ground source heat pumps
DVGW (German Water and Gas association) guidelines for certification of drilling companies:
• DVGW W120-1 „Qualification requirements for drilling technology, well construction, rehabilitation and de-installation“, 2012-08
• DVGW W120-2 „Qualification requirements for drilling technology and shallow geothermal energy (borehole heat exchangers)“, 2013-07
These guidelines set the requirements in equipment and skilled personal for certification of drilling companies
Virtually all construction licenses for shallow geothermal installations in Germany require the drilling company to be certified
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
While heating demand will decrease in the EU, cooling demand is expected to increase further
Graph from the Common Vision of the RHC-Plat-form, 2011
www.rhc-platform.org
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
Cooling in shallow geothermal installations can be achieved in different ways:
- Running the heat pump as cooling machine (either by changing refrigerant flow or by external hydraulics)
- Using the ground directly for cooling (as long as supply temperatures from the ground are low enough)
- Combination of the two methods mentioned above
- Dedicate cold storage in the ground (lowering the ground temperature in winter intentionally, e.g. by air coolers)
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
Already an early (probably the first) GSHP in the USA used heating and cooling, Indianapolis, 1945
Heat source and –sink: - horizontal coils in trenches- direct expansion
Figure from Crandall (1946)electric m otor 3 hp (2,2 kW )
com pressor
warm air
expansion valve
pipes in the ground (garden)
blower 1/2 hp (0,36 kW )
Winter, heating
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
Already an early (probably the first) GSHP in the USA used heating and cooling, Indianapolis, 1945
Heat source and –sink: - horizontal coils in trenches- direct expansion
Figure from Crandall (1946)electric m otor 3 hp (2,2 kW )
com pressor
cold a ir
expansion valve
pipes in the ground (garden)
blower 1/2 hp (0,36 kW )
Summer, cooling
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
First practical application of direct cooling from the ground in Europe, using closed-loop BHE, at Helmut Hund GmbH, Wetzlar, 1987
Figure published at IEA Heat Pump Conference Tokyo 1990 (from Sanner , 1990)
Summer, coolingWinter, heating
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
Small optical factory with cooling of dust-free rooms (almost all year round) in Rathenow, 1992
Figure from Sanner (1993)
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
Office building VIKA in Aachen, 2003
28 BHE each 43 m deep
Heating and cooling through pipes in floor/ceiling slabs
Very well suited for direct cooling fromthe ground
Graph and photos VIKA / EWS
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
Heating and cooling with GSHP works far North:Hotel Storforsen in Bredsel, Älvsbyn, Sweden
33 BHE each 160 m deep
Hotel Storforsen on the Pite river
(Piteälv)
Location: 65°51’ N
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
Heating and cooling with GSHP works far North:Hotel Storforsen in Bredsel, Älvsbyn, Sweden
Heatpum ps
(2 x 113 kW )prim ary circuit
Coolingm achines
re frigeratorsfreezers
33 Borehole heat exchangers each 160 m deep
H X H X
H X: H eat ExchangerE-boiler: E lectric heating (peak/back-up)TD : Tow el D ryingH W -St.: H ot W ater Storage
R echarge C ooling(room air)
secondary circ.
E -boiler
H X
Sw im m ing pool
F loorheating
H X
cold tap w ater
E-boiler
w arm tapw ater
TDH W -St.
DHW
Location: 65°51’ N
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
Heating and cooling with GSHP also works in the South:European Centre for Public Law in Legrena, Lavrio, Greece(built in the frame of Thermie-project MEDUCA in 1999/2000)
2 groundwater heat pumps (80 and 120 kW) with production and injection well, yield up to 25 m3/h
Photo: Google
Photo: CRES
Location: 37°40’ N
Heating and cooling with ground source heat pumps
Further successful (non-residential) applications in Germany
- convention centre- factory- logistics facility- railway station- shopping mall - supermarket- town hall- …and many more
Leica Wetzlar – example of large, complex system
New headquarters of Leica AG, Wetzlar(inaugurated May 2014)
Photo: UBeG
Leica Wetzlar – example of large, complex system
New headquarters of Leica AG, Wetzlar
Located in a formermilitary area, now converted into a business- and science-park
Already other BHEsystems in same area
Leica Wetzlar – example of large, complex system
New headquarters of Leica AG, Wetzlar
Total of 80 BHE each 120 m deep in two fields
Very complex energy system, including heat pump, CHP, peak boiler, absorption chiller, etc.
G as-Kessel
BH KWBH KW
Puffer-speicher
BH KW und Verte ilung H T-W ärm e
Absorpt.- Kältem . (KE1)
Verte iler Kälte (ZSp)
Luftkühler2 Not-Kälte-
m aschinen Luft
W T 3
Kühlung
H eizung
U nterverte iler in E rdw ärm esondenfe ld
ca. 130 kW zu w eiteren G ebäuden(nur Kälte)
Erdw ärm esonden-Verte iler kann so geschalte t werden,
dass H eizen/Kühlen auf beide Felder oder auf jeweils e ines
der Felder gefahren w ird.
Sprinklertank(a ls therm ischer Pufferspeicher)
W T 2a/b
direkte Kühlung
W T 1a/b
W T 5a/bW T4 W ärm e-
pum pe (W KE2)
Luftkühler (N ot/Spitze)
H eizen
aktiv Kühlen
im G ebäude
außerhalb G ebäude
U nterverte iler in E rdw ärm esondenfe ld
R K2
aktiv Kühlen
R K1
Nutzkälte
H eizung
Puffer-speicher W P und
Verte ilung N T-W ärm e
Notein-speisung
Not-Rück-kühlung BHKW
KE3/4
Kühlung M aschinen
W T 3a
Kühlung Beschichtung
W T 3b
Notein-speisung
Abwärm e D ruckluft
Simplified schematic of the energy system
FEFLOW- modeling to determine temperature distribution in the field and prove their is not interaction of the fields (figure: UBeG)
Leica Wetzlar – example of large, complex system
New headquarters of Leica AG, Wetzlar
Photos: UBeG
Drilling with 3 rigs simultaneously (February 2012)
Finished BHE field before connecting (March 2012)
Bonner Bogen – new development on former industrial area
Photo and graph: BonnVisio - Bonner Bogen
Reclamation of a former industrial site:
- 5-star-plus hotel “Kameha Grand”
- Several blocks of offices
- Location on banks of river Rhine
- Preservation of some landmark elements from former buildings
First, smaller GSHP project in 2004
Second, much larger stage in 2009
20042009
Bonner Bogen – new development on former industrial area
Groundwater heat pump system based on 6 wells
Photos and graphs: UBeG GbR / BonnVisio - Bonner Bogen
Bonner Bogen – new development on former industrial area
Groundwater heat pump system based on 6 wells
Photos and graphs: UBeG GbR / BonnVisio - Bonner Bogen
Final well diameter Ø 800 mm
Bonner Bogen – new development on former industrial area
Large groundwater heat pump system require numerical simulation for design
In the sample case, influence of varying groundwater level, and interaction with river Rhine and with neighbouring plants had to be checked
Photos and graphs: UBeG GbR / BonnVisio - Bonner Bogen
neighbour
neighbour
2004
2009
River Rhine
Bonner Bogen – new development on former industrial area
Photos and graphs: UBeG GbR / BonnVisio - Bonner Bogen
well 8The groundwater system provides ca 1 MW of heat and cold as baseload
Conclusions
Shallow Geothermal Cooling can save energy !
Highest efficiency is with direct cooling:
- Only possible in moderate climates, not too humid
- Cooling-SPF in the order of 20-50 is possible
Cooling using heat pump as chiller can be done everywhere
- Can replace directly conventional air conditioning
- Cooling-SPF much better than with chillers using air as heat sink
Conclusions
Some hints to reading from Europe:
www.egec.org www.regeocities.eu www.rhc-platform.org
Thank you very much for your attention!